Cronobacter Carriage in Neonate and Adult Intestinal Tracts

A total of 7 Cronobocter strains were isolated from 703 fecal samples collected in Jinan from June 13 to December 30, 2011, with the positive rate of Cronobacter spp. being 1.0% （95% confidence interval 0.6%-1.4%）. Three Cronobacter sakazakii stains were isolated from 157 fecal samples of healthy neonates （95% confidence interval 0.4%-5.5%）. This number was slightly higher than that isolated from 273 fecal samples of healthy adults, in which 1 strain of C. sakazakii and 1 strain of Cronobacter malonaticus were isolated, and that from 173 fecal samples of adults with acute diarrhea, in which 1 strain of C sakazakii and 1 strain of C. malonaticus were isolated, but the differences were not statistically significant （P〉O.05）. The Cronobocter isolates were all from different genetic sources. It should be noted that Cronobacter carriage may cause infection under certain conditions, especially in neonates.

The transporters of intestinal tract and techniques applied to evaluate interactions between drugs and transporters

Most drug products on the global pharmaceutical market are administered orally.The absorption of oral drug in the intestine is an important factor to determine the drug bioavailability.There are many intestinal transporters expressed on the small intestine and the transporters can be classified into two major families,SLC family and ABC family.They mediate drug absorption,distribution,excretion and drugedrug interaction.Understanding the transport mechanism can improve the effectivity and safety of drug and guide clinical rational use of drugs.The roles of drug transporters can be assessed in vitro and in vivo,using techniques spanning from cellular expression systems to gene knockout animals.The purposes of this article were to introduce the main transporters in the intestinal tract,to explain the transport mechanism and to compare the limitations and applications of techniques used to evaluate interactions of drugs and transporters.

An openable artificial intestinal tract system for the in vitro evaluation of medicines

In vitro drug screening systems for pharmacological targets have been studied as substitutes for whole-animal experiments.Cultured cells or tissues provide promising substitution models when coupled with technological innovations in micro total analysis systems.In this study,we focus on an intestinal drug absorption assay,as the oral route is most frequently used for drug administration.Pharmacological studies have reported the development of artificial vessels that include tubular structures.However,it is difficult to observe the insides of these tubes in situ.To address this problem,we developed a micro-device that uses a pneumatic balloon actuator(PBA)to open and close an artificial intestinal tract.A human colon carcinoma cell line(Caco-2)was cultivated on the flat surface of the micro-device for 7 days to form the inner cellular layer of an artificial intestinal tract with which to evaluate drug transport.The artificial intestinal tract was completely actuated from a flat plate to a circular tube via a PBA with a pressure of 65 kPa,and drugs were perfused at a flow rate of 0.05 mL min^(−1) into the tubular artificial intestinal tract for 1 h.Using the openable artificial intestinal tract,the in vitro absorption of calcein and Texas Red were successfully estimated as models of hydrophilic and hydrophobic drugs,respectively.The artificial intestinal tract enables the effective evaluation of the in vitro intestinal absorption of drug candidates and contributes to the reduction of costs incurred during the initial stage of drug development.

LOOSENING AND LENGTHENING OF INTESTINAL TRACT AFTER RECTAL ISOLATION IN ANUS－SAVING RESECTION FOR RECTAL CARCINOMA

In low rectal cancer surgery,the section of rectum destal to the lower tumor maigin is relaxed and lengthened after fully isolation of the organ. This would facilitate the adoption of anus saving operation.Before and after fully isolation of the rectum in low ratal cancer surgery, the distance between the lower tumor margin and the anorectal line was measured by the same rectuscope introduced through the anus.The two results were compared .The average lengthening was less than 1 cm if the lower tumor marginanorectal line distance was 5 cm.It was 1─2 cm if the lower tumor margin-anorectal distance was 6 cm.It was more than 2 cm if the distance was 7─9 cm.The loosening and lengthening of the rectal canal was related to the presence of lymphnode metastasis and the skill of the operator.The lengthening was also influenced by the body build of the patient,involvement of the rectal circumference and the Dukes stage. Modified Park's operation,trans abdominosacral resection with anastormosis of rectum,and anterior resection on transpubic approach are indicated for those in whom the lower tumor margin-anorectal line distance was 5 cm The rectectomy-anastomosis in the abdominal cavity(Dixon's operation)is indicated for those in whom the lower tumor margin-anorectal line was 6 cm.If manual anastomosis is difficult,stapling device may be used. The anus saving resection is easy if the distance was 7─9 cm.

Microflora in Digestive Tract of Apostichopus japonicus and Enzyme Producing and Hemolytic Analysis

Microflora in the intestinal tract and on the intestinal wall of both cultured and wild Apostichopus japonicus was studied in this paper. The screening for probiotics was performed based on enzyme producing and hemolytic analysis. The results showed that the number of bacteria in the intestinal wall and tract of wild Apostichopus japonicus was（3.30 ± 0.41） ×107cfu/g and（6.39 ± 0.32） ×10~7cfu/g, respectively. The number of bacteria in the intestinal wall and tract of cultured group was（2.83 ± 0.31） ×10~7cfu/g and（5.67 ± 0.53） ×10~7cfu/g, respectively. The dominant species in the intestinal tract of wild group was Vibrio and the Pseudomonas and Shewanella were the secondary dominant species. The dominant species in the cultured group was Vibrio and Pseudomonas. In 224 strains of bacteria, a total of160 strains of bacteria produced enzyme with a ratio of 71.43%. Among these bacteria, 114 strains could produce protease, 114 strains could produce amylase, and108 strains could produce lipase. The percentages were 50.89%, 50.89%, and48.21%, respectively. A total of 23 strains of bacteria could produce hemolytic toxin in 99 strains of bacteria, which accounts for 23.23% of the total bacterial population.Through the comprehensive analysis of test data, we selected 6 strains of bacteria as intestinal potential probiotic strains of Apostichopus japonicus, which were HS1（Pseudomonas）, HS5（Bacillus）, HS7（Shewanella）, HS8（Vibrio）, HS10（Vibrio）, and HS11（Vibrio） respectively.

Synbiotic as Feed Additives Relating to Animal Health and Performance

According to the increasing of human population in the world, it reached about seven billion people and it continuously increased. In this background, the food source in both animal and plant origin must be increased accordingly. For these we must use and add some feed additives such as antibiotic, probiotic, prebiotic, postbiotic and synbiotic for the animal feed to increase production (meat, egg, milk and fish) and improve health. In early cases, probiotic as mono or mixed beneficial live microorganism was used as feed additive that plays a significant role in several health conditions and performances. In another way, the scientists use some ingredients indigestible with carbohydrates origin, especially oligosaccharides as a source of energy for beneficial microorganisms in the body which were called prebiotic, and it is indigestible fermented food substrates that stimulate the growth, composition and activity of microorganisms in gastrointestinal and improve host. Most of the scientists urged to use all the above in such way that have more benefits in animal health and performance which were therefore called synbiotic, that was a combination between probiotic and prebiotic which beneficially had significant effects on the host by improving the survival and implantation of live microbial dietary supplements in the gastrointestinal tract, and thus improving animal health and performance. So, it was proposed that the synbiotic in this research increased beneficial microorganisms in the gastrointestinal tract and improved intestinal architect, and then promoted intestine environment. Consequently, it can improve blood indices, and especially decrease bad cholesterol (Low-density lipoprotein), decrease harmful microorganisms and toxins. However, it can also improve ingredient product, increase mineral absorption and nutrient. In conclusion, it can improve animal health and performance.

The Relationship of Oxalobacter Formigenes and Calcium Oxalate Calculi

The intestinal Oxalobacter Formigenes were isolated in 30 cases of urolithiasis and in 45 controls. The biologic characters and morphology of the bacteria were also observed. The results showed that the colony counts in urolith group 9 (mean 103/g. faeces) were significantly less than that of controls (mean 108/g. faeces) (P<0. 001). It is believed that the lesser amount of oxalobacter formigenes in urolith was the important factor of the calcium oxalate calculi formation.

Reniforma rhynchophori sp.nov.(Basidiomycota,Microbotryales)from guts of red palm weevil

During a survey of mycobiota inhabiting guts of red palm weevil(Rhynchophorus ferrugineus)in Assiut area of Egypt,two interesting yeast isolates were obtained from 2 different gut samples(out of 11 gut samples investigated).Two isolates were identified phenotypically and genotypically with 87%ITS sequencing similarities with the type strain Reniforma strues.The name Reniforma rhynchophori was assigned for the new species.The two strains were deposited in Assiut University Mycological Centre Culture Collection and AUMC numbers 10263^(T)(as the type strain)and AUMC 10264 were given.The ITS gene sequences for AUMC 10263^(T)&AUMC 10264 were also deposited at the National Center for Biotechnological Information(NCBI)and accession numbers are given as KX011609 and KX015891 respectively.Full description and photos of the new species are presented.This new species was recorded as the second species of the genus Reniforma.

Development of a non-cable whole tectorial membrane micro-robot for an endoscope

A novel non-cable whole tectorial membrane micro-robot for an endoscope is developed. The micro-robot we have fabricated and tested can propel itself in the intestine tract of a pig in an autonomous manner by earthworm-like locomotion. The silicone of bellow shape is laid over the outer surface of the micro-robot to reduce the affection of the viscoelastic properties of the intestine. Wireless power transfer and communication systems are employed to realize the non-cable locomotion of the mi-cro-robot. The prototype of the micro-robot is 13.5 mm in diameter and 108 mm in length. The experimental results show that the towing force for the micro-robot is about 0.8 N, which is much smaller than the maximum driving force 2.55 N of the linear actuator. The supplying power of the wireless power transfer system fulfills the needs of the micro-robot system and the mi-cro-robot can creep reliably in the large intestine of a pig and other contact environments.

Double-balloon enteroscopy in detecting small intestinal bleeding

Digestive tract hemorrhage is a common disease of the digestive system, but about 0. 4% -5% intestinal bleeding can not be detected with gastroscope or colonscope. 1 Since the intestine is long, tortuous, far away from both ends of the digestive tract and unfixed in position, clinical diagnosis of the bleeding is relatively difficult. Yamamoto and Sugano2 reported the clinical application of double-balloon enteroscope at American DDW in 2003. Since this new instrument can help to observe the entire intestine, obtain biopsy sample, mark lesions and carry out treatments, it has drawn the attention of researchers all over the world. In 2003, we successfully used Japanese Fujinon double-balloon enteroscope in detecting suspected intestinal hemorrhage in 57 patients.

Comparative analysis of two nonlethal methods for the study of the gut bacterial communities in wild lizards

Fecal samples or cloacal swabs are preferred over lethal dissections to study vertebrate gut microbiota for ethical reasons,but it remains unclear which nonlethal methods provide more accurate information about gut microbiota.We compared the bacterial communities of three gastrointestinal tract(GIT)segments,that is,stomach,small intestine(midgut),and rectum(hindgut)with the bacterial communities of the cloaca and feces in the mesquite lizard Sceloporus grammicus.The hindgut had the highest taxonomic and functional alpha diversity,followed by midgut and feces,whereas the stomach and cloaca showed the lowest diversities.The taxonomic assemblages of the GIT segments at the phylum level were strongly correlated with those retrieved from feces and cloacal swabs(rs>0.84 in all cases).The turnover ratio of Amplicon Sequence Variants(ASVs)between midgut and hindgut and the feces was lower than the ratio between these segments and the cloaca.More than half of the core-ASVs in the midgut(24 of 32)and hindgut(58 of 97)were also found in feces,while less than 5 were found in the cloaca.At the ASVs level,however,the structure of the bacterial communities of the midgut and hindgut were similar to those detected in feces and cloaca.Our findings suggest that fecal samples and cloacal swabs of spiny lizards provide a good approximation of the taxonomic assemblages and beta diversity of midgut and hindgut microbiota,while feces better represent the bacterial communities of the intestinal segments at a single nucleotide variation level than cloacal swabs.