Responses of growth performance,antioxidant function,small intestinal morphology and mRNA expression of jejunal tight junction protein to dietary iron in yellow-feathered broilers

This study aimed to investigate the dose-effect of iron on growth performance,antioxidant function.intestinal morphology,and mRNA expression of jejunal tight junction protein in 1-to21-d-old yellow-feathered broilers.A total of 7201-d-old yellow-feathered maleb roilers were allocated to 9 treatments with 8 replicate cages of 10 birds per cage.The dietary treatments were consisted of a basal diet(contained 79.6 mg Fe kg^(-1))supplemented with 0,20,40,60,80,160,320,640,and 1,280 mg Fe kg^(-1)in the form of FeSO_(4)·7H_(2)O.Compared with the birds in the control group,birds supplemented with 20mg Fe kg^(-1)had higher average daily gain(ADG)(P<0.0001).Adding 640 and 1,280 mg Fe kg^(-1)significantly decreased ADG(P<0.0001)and average daily feed intake(ADFI)(P<0.0001)compared with supplementation of 20mg Fe kg^(-1).Malondialdehyde(MDA)concentration in plasma and duodenum increased linearly(P<0.0001),but MDA concentration in liver and jejunum increased linearly(P<0.05)or quadratically(P<0.05)with increased dietary Fe concentration.The villus height(VH)in duodenum and jejunum,and the ratio of villus height to crypt depth(V/C)in duodenum decreased linearly(P?0.05)as dietary Feincreased.As dietary Fe increased,the jejunal relative mRNA abundance of claudin-1 decreased linearly(P=0.001),but the jejunal relative mRNA abundance of zona occludens-1(ZO-1)and occludin decreased linearly(P?0.05)or quadratically(P?0.05).Compared with the supplementation of 20 mg Fe kg^(-1),the supplementation of640 mg Fe kg^(-1)or higher increased(P?0.05)MDA concentrations in plasma,duodenum,and jejunum,decreased VH in the duodenum and jejunum,and the addition of 1,280 mg Fe kg^(-1)reduced(P?0.05)the jejunal tight junction protein(claudin-1,ZO-1,occludin)mRNA abundance.In summary,640 mg of supplemental Fe kg^(-1)or greater was associated with decreased growth performance,increased oxidative stress,disrupted intestinal morphology,and reduced mRNA expression of jejunal tight junction protein.

A critical review towards the causes of the iron-based catalysts deactivation mechanisms in the selective oxidation of hydrogen sulfide to elemental sulfur from biogas

Hydrogen sulfide(H_(2)S) not only presents significant environmental concerns but also induces severe corrosion in industrial equipment,even at low concentrations.Among various technologies,the selective oxidation of hydrogen sulfide(SOH_(2)S) to elemental sulfur(S) has emerged as a sustainable and environmentally friendly solution.Due to its unique properties,iron oxide has been extensively investigated as a catalyst for SOH_(2)S;however,rapid deactivation has remained a significant drawback.The causes of iron oxide-based catalysts deactivation mechanisms in SOH_(2)S,including sulfur or sulfate deposition,the transformation of iron species,sintering and excessive oxygen vacancy formation,and active site loss,are thoroughly examined in this review.By focusing on the deactivation mechanisms,this review aims to provide valuable insights into enhancing the stability and efficiency of iron-based catalysts for SOH_(2)S.

Effects of Sulfur Fertilizer Application Methods on Grain Protein Content During Filling Stage of Winter Wheat

[ Objective] The experiment aimed to provide a theoretical base of optimal cultivation management for the high yield and good quality and high efficiency of winter wheat. [ Method] The effects of two sulfur fertilizer application methods on dynamic changes of grain protein content and glutenin content of Yumai 49 and Yumai 66 during wheat grain filling stage were studied under the field conditions. [Result] Both the grain protein and glutenin content of two cultivars were increased by sulfur fertilizer, particularly, the effects on Yumai 49 were more significant.[ Conclusion] The grain content and glutenin content of different wheat cultivars could be increased by taking different sulfur fertilizer application methods.

Geochemistry of Iron,Sulfur and Related Heavy Metals in Metal-Polluted Taihu Lake Sediments

To understand the geochemical characteristics of iron and sulfur and the extent of iron-sulfide minerals influencing heavy metal behaviour in metal-polluted sediments of Talhu Lake, two sites, in Meiliang Bay （ML） and Wuli Lake （WL）, were selected to study the fractionation of iron, sulfur and related heavy metals. There were relatively high concentrations of Fe^2＋ and low concentrations of total S^2- in porewaters, indicating that conditions in these sediments favored iron reduction. The concentrations of acid volatile sulfides in sediments were 1.9-9.6 μmol g^-1 at ML and 1.0-11.7 μmool g^-1 at WL, both in the range of values detected in unpolluted lakes. Pyrite-S was 10.2-49.4 μmol g^-1 at ML and 10.3- 33.0 μmol g^-1 at WL, accounting for more than 69% of the reduced inorganic sulfur at both sites. The low degree of sulphidization （〈 14%） and pyritization （〈 10%） indicate that sulfate may be the limiting factor for pyrite formation. The extractability of Mn, Cu, Pb, Zn, Ni, and Cr in sediments all suggest that sulfides are not the major binding phase for these metals during early diagenesis. Sulfur may play a modest role in the geochemistry of iron and traced metals in the sediments.

The Experimental Study of Iron Sulfide Mineral Evolution Under Thermal Sulfurization Condition

Iron sulfide minerals are widely distributed, of which characteristics had the identification significance of formation environment. Previously, there were more research on iron sulfide minerals under hydrothermal condition, and few studies under volcanism formation condition. To simulate volcanic mineralization, the study of different temperature from 250 to 410℃ , different iron sulfur ratio from Fe:S=2∶1 to 1∶8, and two different sources of iron, reduced iron powder (Fe) and ferrous sulfide (FeS), on iron sulfide mineral evolution was investigated under thermal sulfurization condition. By using scanning electron microscopy (SEM), X-ray diffraction (XRD) and other methods, the morphology, composition and structural characteristics of the products were observed and analyzed.

DISTRIBUTION OF SULFUR IN HIGH TEMPERATURE PHASES OF CAST IRON

The distribution of subversive element sulfur in high temperature phases during solidification of cast iron was investigated by means of liquid quenching method and autoradiography.The results show that in grey cast iron,sulfur is concentrated in the liquid,flake graphite and in the peripherial area of D-type supercooled graphite eutectic cells,but less sulfur is in austenite. Besides,the content of sulfur in A-type graphite is higher than that in D-type graphite,and sulfur content in eutectic austenite is a little higher than that in primary austenite.While,in nodular graphite cast iron less sulfur is in liquid and austenite,but more in nodular graphite. The blackness of the spots on the emulsion film corresponds to the atomic percentage of radioactive substances located on the surface of the specimen.

Hepcidin and HFE protein: Iron metabolism as a target for the anemia of chronic kidney disease?

The anemia of chronic kidney disease and hemodialysisis characterized by chronic inflammation and releaseof cytokines, resulting in the upregulation of the ironhormone hepcidin, also increased by iron therapy andreduced glomerular filtration, with consequent reduc-tion in iron absorption, recycling, and availability to theerythron. This response proves advantageous in theshort-term to restrain iron availability to pathogens, buultimately leads to severe anemia, and impairs the re-sponse to erythropoietin （Epo） and iron. Homozygosityfor the common C282Y and H63D HFE polymorphismsinfluence iron metabolism by hampering hepcidin re-lease by hepatocytes in response to increased ironstores, thereby resulting in inadequate inhibition othe activity of Ferroportin-1, inappropriately high ironabsorption and recycling, and iron overload. However, in hemodialysis patients, carriage of HFE mutations may confer an adaptive beneft by decreasing hepcidin release in response to iron infusion and infammation, thereby improving iron availability to erythropoiesis,anemia control, the response to Epo, and possibly sur-vival. Therefore, anti-hepcidin therapies may improve anemia management in hemodialysis. However, HFE mutations directly favor hemoglobinization indepen-dently of hepcidin, and reduce macrophages activation in response to inflammation, whereas hepcidin might also play a benefcial anti-infammatory and anti-micro-bic action during sepsis, so that direct inhibition of HFE-mediated regulation of iron metabolism may represent a valuable alternative therapeutic target. Genetic stud-ies may offer a valuable tool to test these hypotheses and guide the research of new therapies.

Iron Fertilization with Enhanced Phytoplankton Productivity under Minimal Sulfur Compounds and Grazing Control Analysis in HNLC Region

The present study investigated quantitatively the significance of HNLC (high-nutrient low-chlorophyll) regions and its grazing control with the improved iron fertilization for climate change. The limitation of iron (Fe) for phytoplankton growth in HNLC regions was confirmed by sulfur compounds (S) such as volcanic ash and hydrogen sulfide (H2S) in batch cultures, whose chemical sediment of Fe3S4 showed 4.06 wt%. The technologies developed for iron fertilization since 1993 till now were not practical to provide sufficient amounts of bioavailable iron due to sedimentary iron sulfides induced by undersea volcanic sulfur compounds. The proposed technology for iron fertilization was improved to enhance the bioavailable iron to phytoplankton by keeping minimal sulfur compounds in HNLC regions. The low productivity of phytoplankton by grazing control in HNLC regions was 6% diatoms whose 52% was grazed by copepods and 42% by krill on the basis of data analysis in 2000 EisenEx Experiment at boundary of Antarctic and African tectonic plates. All of the previous iron fertilization experiments were conducted at volcanic sulfur compounds enriched HNLC regions. The present study revealed that the enhanced phytoplankton productivity in batch culture without sedimentary iron sulfides can be possible only if sulfur compounds are minimal, as is in Shag Rocks (53°S, 42°W) of South Georgia in Scotia Sea in the Southern Ocean.

Geochemical and Behavioral Modeling of Phosphorus and Sulfur as Deleterious Elements of Iron Ore to Be Used in Geometallurgical Studies, Sheytoor Iron Ore, Iran

Sheytoor Iron Ore deposit is located in Yazd province of Iran (Bafq). The most abundant ore is magnetite, which can be seen in the form of mass and granular tissue in various forms of self-shaped, semi-self-shaped and amorphous. The main purpose of this study is to identify the geochemical relationship of phosphorus and sulfur elements and also three-dimensional modeling of mineralization of these elements in iron ore. In order to achieve the research goal, methods such as k-mean clustering technique, concentration-volume fractal as well as block modeling with kriging estimator and Inverse Distance Weighting (IDW) interpolator were used. The model of geochemical behavior of phosphorus and sulfur elements compared to iron is of great importance because these two elements are known as deleterious elements in mineral processing and steelmaking processes, which are the post-mining stages. Existence of geochemical model and identification of elements’ behavior towards each other play a key role in optimizing mining operations in order to achieve geometallurgical goals. The results of this study are the three-dimensional model of mineralization of iron, phosphorus and sulfur elements, separation of phosphorus and sulfur mineralization communities and also presenting the model of enrichment community of these two elements. All the results are in line with geometallurgical studies and can optimize the next steps by optimizing the mining process.

Evaluation of the Dietary Reference Intakes for Japanese (2010 Edition): Recommended Protein, Pantothenic acid, Vitamin D, and Iron Intakes for Breast-Fed Infants Aged 6 - 11 Months

Objective: With regard to the 2010 edition of Dietary Reference Intakes for Japanese (DRIs-2010), we investigated whether the DRIs for two age groups, breast-fed infants aged 6-8 and 9-11 months, can be fulfilled for every nutrient in actual dietary practice. Design: We evaluated (1) whether the DRIs for all nutrients can be fulfilled in a formula with energy and protein exceeding their DRIs, (2) whether the DRIs for all nutrients can be fulfilled in a formula prepared in accordance with Japanese government-recommended weaning guidelines, and (3) what kinds of formulas can be prepared if the DRIs for all nutrients are fulfilled without referring to the weaning guidelines. Setting: Simulation of diet menu on the basis of published data in our university and survey of diet menu in a university hospital attached to a national medical school. Subjects: The three types of formulas were planned for ten days. Results: It was impossible to simultaneously fulfil the DRIs for 6 - 8-month-old infants concerning pantothenic acid, vitamin D, and iron and those for 9 - 11-month-old infants concerning these nutrients plus protein. Conclusion: According to the DRIs-2010, the DRI for all nutrients could not be fulfilled in an ingestible formula.

Sulfur activation-related extracellular proteins of Acidithiobacillus ferrooxidans

在二不同精力底层，元素的硫和铁的硫酸盐上种，有选择地与热水处理被准备并且清楚地由二维的胶化电气泳动出现的 Acidithiobacillus ferrooxidans 的细胞外的蛋白质的部分。某蛋白质比在铁的硫酸盐精力在硫精力底层与显然更高的丰富看到底层被使用 MALDI-TOF/TOF 识别。基于肽团指纹和 bioinformatical 分析，细胞外的蛋白质作为夫妇的转移蛋白质， pilin， vacJ 脂蛋白，多糖 deacetylase 家庭蛋白质， Ser/Thr 蛋白质磷酸酶家庭蛋白质和假想蛋白质根据他们的功能被分类。几细胞外的蛋白质在 thiol 组并且与 CXXC 功能的主题被发现丰富，这些蛋白质可以被他们的 thiol 组的使用直接涉及硫激活(Pr 嘘) 结合元素的硫。

Upregulation of CDGSH iron sulfur domain 2 attenuates cerebral ischemia/reperfusion injury

CDGSH iron sulfur domain 2 can inhibit ferroptosis,which has been associated with cerebral ischemia/reperfusion,in individuals with head and neck cancer.Therefore,CDGSH iron sulfur domain 2 may be implicated in cerebral ischemia/reperfusion injury.To validate this hypothesis in the present study,we established mouse models of occlusion of the middle cerebral artery and HT22 cell models of oxygen-glucose deprivation and reoxygenation to mimic cerebral ischemia/reperfusion injury in vivo and in vitro,respectively.We found remarkably decreased CDGSH iron sulfur domain 2 expression in the mouse brain tissue and HT22 cells.When we used adeno-associated virus and plasmid to up-regulate CDGSH iron sulfur domain 2 expression in the brain tissue and HT22 cell models separately,mouse neurological dysfunction was greatly improved;the cerebral infarct volume was reduced;the survival rate of HT22 cells was increased;HT22 cell injury was alleviated;the expression of ferroptosis-related glutathione peroxidase 4,cystine-glutamate antiporter,and glutathione was increased;the levels of malondialdehyde,iron ions,and the expression of transferrin receptor 1 were decreased;and the expression of nuclear-factor E2-related factor 2/heme oxygenase 1 was increased.Inhibition of CDGSH iron sulfur domain 2 upregulation via the nuclear-factor E2-related factor 2 inhibitor ML385 in oxygen-glucose deprived and reoxygenated HT22 cells blocked the neuroprotective effects of CDGSH iron sulfur domain 2 up-regulation and the activation of the nuclear-factor E2-related factor 2/heme oxygenase 1 pathway.Our data indicate that the up-regulation of CDGSH iron sulfur domain 2 can attenuate cerebral ischemia/reperfusion injury,thus providing theoretical support from the perspectives of cytology and experimental zoology for the use of this protein as a therapeutic target in patients with cerebral ischemia/reperfusion injury.

Sulfuric acid leaching of high iron-bearing zinc calcine

Sulfuric acid leaching of high iron-bearing zinc calcine was investigated to assess the effects of sulfuric acid concentration, liquid-to-solid ratio, leaching time, leaching temperature, and the stirring speed on the leaching rates of zinc and iron. The results showed that the sulfuric acid concentration, liquid-to-solid ratio, leaching time, and leaching temperature strongly influenced the leaching of zinc and iron, whereas stirring speed had little influence. Zinc was mainly leached and the leaching rate of iron was low when the sulfuric acid concentration was less than 100 g/L. At sulfuric acid concentrations higher than 100 g/L, the leaching rate of iron increased quickly with increasing sulfuric acid concentration. This behavior is attributed to iron-bearing minerals such as zinc ferrite in zinc calcine dissolving at high temperatures and high sulfuric acid concentrations but not at low temperatures and low sulfuric acid concentrations.

Process Mineralogy of Iranian High Sulfur Iron Ore

Processing of Iranian high sulfur iron ore is problematic in minerals industry. The iron ores were studied by the means of polarizing microscopy, chemical analysis, X-ray diffraction. The study shows that the iron ores have high grade of iron, and complex structures. XRD showed that the iron ore consists of metallic minerals such as magnetite with a small amount of hematite and limonite and non-metallic minerals as serpentine, chlorite, and talc. The average particle size of magnetite crystals is 0.182 mm. The ore contains 1.62% sulfur as harmful impurity in form of pyrite mineral. Due to the isomorphism of magnesium and iron, magnetite mono crystal grade is lower than 68%, and difficult to be physically upgraded to a higher-grade iron concentrate using the available mineral processing technologies.

Effect of Carbon and Sulfur on Iron Melting at High Pressure:Implications for Composition and Evolution of the Planetary Terrestrial Cores

The presence of light element(s)in the Earth’s core is necessary in order to explain the observed density and velocity discrepancy for the core(Anderson and Ahrens,1994).O,Si,S,C and H were suggested as potential candidates based on cosmochemical considerations(Stevenson,1981).High-pressure experiment results,in conjunction with theoretical and cosmochemical evidences,argued that it is difficult for any one of them to account for the core

Syntheses and Crystal Structures of Two New Iron-sulfur Carbonyl Complexes: [Fe_2(SC_6H_4Cl)_2(CO)_6]·0.5(Et_2O) and [Fe_3(SC_6H_4NH_2)_6(CO)_6]·2(MeOH)

Two new iron-sulfur carbonyl complexes, [Fe2（SC6H4Cl）2（CO）6]·0.5（Et2O） 1 and [Fe3（SC6H4NH2）6（CO）6]·2（MeOH） 2, have been prepared and characterized by elemental analysis, IR spectra and single-crystal X-ray diffraction. Crystal data for 1： monoclinic, C2/c, a = 18.4439（8）, b = 11.0999（5）, c = 25.1830（10）A°, β = 97.0370（10）°, V = 5116.8（4） A°^3, Z = 8, C20H13Cl2Fe2O6.50S2, Mr = 604.02, Dc = 1.568 g/cm^3, μ = 1.540 mm^-1, F（000） = 2424, the final R = 0.0545 and wR = 0.1454 for 3443 observed reflections with I 〉 2σ（I）; 2： monoclinic, P21/n, a = 12.350, b = 26.3050（11）, c = 16.057A°, β = 97.891 （3）°, V = 5166.9（2）A°^3, Z = 4, C44H44Fe3N6O8S6, Mr = 1144.76, Dc = 1.472 g/cm^3, μ = 1.128 mm^-1, F（000） = 2352, the final R = 0.0442 and wR = 0.1197 for 7978 observed reflections with I 〉 2σ（I）. Complex 1 contains one iron dimer, in which two tricarbonyliron（Ⅰ） fragments are bridged together by two 4-chlorophenylthiolate ligands, whereas complex 2 contains a linear tri-iron cluster, in which two terminal tricarbonyliron（Ⅱ） fragments and the central Fe（Ⅱ） atom are linked together by six 4-aminophenylthiolate bridging ligands.

Relationships among bioleaching performance, additional elemental sulfur, microbial population dynamics and its energy metabolism in bioleaching of chalcopyrite

To estimate the relationships among bioleaching performance, additional elemental sulfur （S0）, microbial population dynamics and its energy metabolism, bioleaching of chalcopyrite by three typical sulfur- and/or iron-oxidizing bacteria, Acidithiobacillus ferrooxidans, Leptospirillum ferriphilum and Acidithiobacillus thiooxidans with different levels of sulfur were studied in batch shake flask cultures incubated at 30 °C. Copper dissolution capability （71%） was increased with the addition of 3.193 g/L S0, compared to that （67%） without S0. However, lower copper extraction was obtained in bioleaching with excessive sulfur. Microbial population dynamics during chalcopyrite bioleaching process was monitored by using PCR-restriction fragment length polymorphism （PCR-RFLP）. Additional S0 accelerated the growth of sulfur-oxidizing bacteria, inhibited the iron-oxidizing metabolism and led to the decrease of iron-oxidizing microorganisms, finally affected iron concentration, redox potential and bioleaching performance. It is suggested that mixed iron and sulfur-oxidizing microorganisms with further optimized additional S0 concentration could improve copper recovery from chalcopyrite.

Effects of Different Nitrogen Fertilizer Levels and Native Soil Properties on Rice Grain Fe, Zn and Protein Contents

Deposition of protein and metal ions （Fe, Zn） in rice grains is a complex polygenic trait showing considerable environmental effect. To analyze the effect of nitrogen application levels and native soil properties on rice grain protein, iron （Fe） and zinc （Zn） contents, 32 rice genotypes were grown at three different locations each under 80 and 120 kg/hm2 nitrogen fertilizer applications. In treatments with nitrogen fertilizer application, the brown rice grain protein content （GPC） increased significantly （1.1% to 7.0%） under higher nitrogen fertilizer application （120 kg/hm2） whereas grain Fe/Zn contents showed non-significant effect of nitrogen application level, thus suggesting that the rate of uptake and translocation of macro-elements does not influence the uptake and translocation of micro-elements. The pH, organic matter content and inherent Fe/Zn levels of native soil showed significant effects on grain Fe and Zn contents of all the rice genotypes. Grain Zn content of almost all the tested rice genotypes was found to increase at Location III having loamy soil texture, neutral pH value （pH 6.83） and higher organic matter content than the other two locations （Locations I and II）, indicating significant influence of native soil properties on brown rice grain Zn content while grain Fe content showed significant genotype × environment interaction effect. Genotypic difference was found to be the most significant factor to affect grain Fe/Zn contents in all the tested rice genotypes, indicating that although native soil properties influence phyto-availability of micronutrients and consequently influencing absorption, translocation and grain deposition of Fe/Zn ions, yet genetic makeup of a plant determines its response to varied soil conditions and other external factors. Two indica rice genotypes R-RF-31 （27.62 μg/g grain Zn content and 7.80% GPC） and R1033-968-2-1 （30.05 μg/g grain Zn content and 8.47% GPC） were identified as high grain Zn and moderate GPC rice genotypes. These results indicate that soil property and organic matter content increase the availability of Fe and Zn in rhizosphere, which in turn enhances the uptake, translocation and redistribution of Fe/Zn into rice grains.

Iron increases HMOX1 and decreases hepatitis C viral expression in HCV-expressing cells

AIM： To investigate effects of iron on oxidative stress, heme oxygenase-1 （HMOX1） and hepatitis C viral （HCV） expression in human hepatoma ceils stably expressing HCV proteins. METHODS： Effects of iron on oxidative stress, HMOX1, and HCV expression were assessed in CON1 cells. Measurements included mRNA by quantitative reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction, and protein levels by Western blots. RESULTS： Iron, in the form of ferric nitrilotriacetate,increased oxidative stress and upegulated HMOX1 gene expression. Iron did not affect mRNA or protein levels of Bach1, a repressor of HMOXl. Silencing the up-regulation of HMOXl nuclear factor-erythroid 2-related factor 2 （Nrf2） by Nrf2-siRNA decreased FeNTA-mediated up-regulation of HMOXl mRNA levels. These iron effects were completely blocked by deferoxamine （DFO）. Iron also significantly decreased levels of HCV core mRNA and protein by 80%-90%, nonstructural 5A mRNA by 90% and protein by about 50% in the Con1 full length HCV replicon cells, whereas DFO increased them. CONCLUSION： Excess iron up-regulates HMOXl and down-regulates HCV gene expression in hepatoma cells. This probably mitigates liver injury caused by combined iron overload and HCV infection.

Expression of fluorescent tagged recombinant erythroferrone protein

Objective: To produce fluorescent tagged recombinant erythroferrone protein(ERFE_eGFP) for laboratory investigations. Methods: Erythroferrone(ERFE) gene was fused to green fluorescent protein(eGFP) gene and cloned in a pSecTag2Hygro plasmid. The constructed plasmid was amplified in Escherichia coli DH5α and the eGFP-fused ERFE(ERFE_eGFP) protein was expressed in human embryonic kidney(HEK293T) cell line. Results: The plasmid constructed from colony C6 contained ERFE_eGFP with the correct restriction sizes of 4.2 kb and expressed secretory ERFE_eGFP fusion protein(approximately size of 75 kDa) in HEK293T cell line. Conclusions: ERFE_eGFP recombinant protein is successfully expressed as a secretory functional protein and could be sensitively detected using fluorometry. This fusion protein might benefit future applications for localization of cellular ERFE receptors and competitive immunoassay of ERFE concentration.