KARST ENVIRONMENT AND ECO-POVERTY IN SOUTH-WESTERN CHINA:A CASE STUDY OF GUIZHOU PROVINCE

Guizhou Province is one of the least developed areas with the largest number of counties in poverty and the widest coverage of karst landscape in China. The vulnerability of its karst eco-environment seriously threatens the survival of local residents and the development of local economy. Rapid population growth results in higher demand of various resources, which leads to more intensive development activities. For example, the blindfolded development on steep slopes has caused rock desertification of local rare soil in this karst area. It has induced a vicious circle in the poverty -> population growth -> ecosystem degradation and so on. About 3.13 x 10(6) people belong to the absolute impoverished population in Guizhou Province and most of them are living in rock-desertification areas. The essential reasons for destitution are the atrocious eco-environment and the huge population stress. Degradation of mountain ecosystems in southwestern China has continued at unprecedented speed and scale in recent decades. It is necessary to control population growth strictly and prevent further expansion of rock-desertification in order to develop local economy and better living conditions for local people. The only way to ensure a sustainable, stable and harmonious development of human, nature and economy is to restore a good condition of eco-environment and resolve the conflicts between human and land use.

Environmental Geochemistry of Fluorine in the Rock-Soil-Water System in the Karst Region of Central Guizhou Province

Systematic determination of and adsorption experiment on fluorine in the carbonate rock\|soil\|water system in the karst region studied in Guizhou Province, in conjunction with the mineral surface and soil chemistry data, have revealed the geochemical characteristics of F and the mechanisms of its transport and enrichment in the rock\|soil\|water system of the karst region, central Guizhou Province. Deep\|seated underground waters (-100m or lower) and soil layers in the karst region of central Guizhou are characterized by high\|F anomalies whereas shallow\|level underground and surface waters by low contents of F (mostly lower than 0.5 mg/L). Fluorine in soil and water in the region studied comes largely from Triassic marine strata dominated by gypsum\|bearing carbonate rocks. The special adsorption and desorption of F on the surface of geothite in soil layers are the important mechanisms of its transport and enrichment in the rock\|soil\|water system of the karst region studied.

Hydrochemical Variations of the Karstic Spring and Its Environmental Effects

The groundwater was polluted in some extent by pesticides and fertilizers.There are few research on the monitoring groundwater in karst areas at present. This paper list a case study of the jiangjia spring in Qingmuguan karst valley experimental site,ChongQing China.Rainfall and physico-chemical variations of groundwater were monitored by HOBO

On the Karst Ecosystem

In this paper the author gives a definition of the karst ecosystem and discusses the characteristics of the karst environment and karst ecosystem and the relationship between life and the karst environment. Finally he clarifies the structure, driving force and functions of the karst system.

中亚热带典型岩溶森林植物多样性与环境因子关系的研究

为深入了解岩溶石山森林植被物种多样性和功能多样性及其与环境因子的关系,该研究通过群落学调查、功能性状和环境因子的测定,结合方差分析、多重比较和冗余分析等统计方法,对桂林岩溶石山落叶阔叶林、常绿落叶阔叶混交林和常绿阔叶林的物种多样性和功能多样性进行对比分析,探究环境因子对不同植被类型物种多样性与功能多样性的影响机制。结果表明:(1)常绿阔叶林的Patrick丰富度指数显著高于落叶阔叶林和常绿落叶阔叶混交林;Pielou均匀度指数在常绿落叶阔叶混交林最高,落叶阔叶林次之,常绿阔叶林最低。(2)常绿阔叶林的功能丰富度指数显著高于常绿落叶阔叶混交林和落叶阔叶林;功能均匀度指数在常绿落叶阔叶混交林中最高,落叶阔叶林次之,常绿阔叶林最低。(3)冗余分析结合蒙特卡洛随机置换检验结果显示,落叶阔叶林物种多样性主要受林冠开阔度和土壤水溶钙影响;功能多样性则受到土壤水溶钙和岩石裸露率的影响;岩石裸露率和土壤厚度是影响常绿落叶阔叶混交林物种多样性和功能多样性的主要制约因子。此外,物种多样性还受到土壤速效氮的显著影响;常绿阔叶林物种多样性和功能多样性主要受岩石裸露率、土壤含水量和土壤厚度的显著影响。该研究结果揭示了不同森林植被物种多样性和功能多样性对非生物环境变化的响应,拓展了对岩溶石山物种多样性和功能多样性的认识,为岩溶石山生物多样性保护提供了进一步的参考依据。

裸露型岩溶区人类活动输入对地下河水化学的影响

地下河是西南岩溶水的重要赋存形式,在区域人畜供水中发挥重要作用,裸露型岩溶区因其特殊水文地质结构,地下河易受到人类活动输入的影响。利用水文地球化学分析、水化学演化图(Hydrochemical Facies Evolution Diagram,HFE-D)、环境同位素辨析等多手段研究人类活动输入对开阳地下河水化学的影响。结果表明:阴阳主要离子分别是HCO_(3)^(-)、SO_(4)^(2-)和Ca^(2+)、Mg^(2+),水化学类型为HCO_(3)-Ca·Mg,主要受控于岩石风化控制,但地下河系统中SO_(4)^(2-)、NO_(3)^(-)及Cl^(-)受到南部县城、垃圾填埋场和渣场输入的影响。HFE-D发现地下河下游始终处于受影响状态,δ^(34) S-SO_(4)^(2-)同位素表明SO_(4)^(2-)主要来源生活污水输入(71%),其次是大气降雨(22%)。δ^(15) N-NO_(3)^(-)-δ^(18) O-NO_(3)^(-)同位素计算显示NO_(3)^(-)主要来源于污水排放(42%)、大气降雨(37%)和农业输入(21%),地下河系统的开放性不利于氮素的反硝化降解。

岩溶地下水开发利用及环境保护地质工程研究

隨着国民经济发展,需要建设更多的水利工程,包括蓄水工程、引调水工程、提水工程、地下水开采工程等,其开发建设条件越来受到限制,且工程投资较大,受生态环境、资源开发利用的制约,也受到地形地质条件限制。岩溶水循环带水动力类型研究划分,不仅有利于研究各类型岩溶地下水水动力特征、岩溶发育规律及岩溶地下水运动规律,还有利于解决岩溶水利工程的建库方案,解决引调水、输水工程、矿坑开采工程的岩溶环境工程地质问题,为其充分利用开发、保护岩溶地下水资源都具有重要意义。

高寒岩溶土壤微生物群落组成及其多样性

高寒岩溶是四川黄龙风景区独特的地质特征。为分析高寒岩溶区土壤微生物群落组成特征与土壤理化性质间的相关性,以黄龙风景区土壤为研究对象,对土壤细菌的16SrRNA基因序列和真菌ITS序列进行高通量测序。结果表明:不同岩溶区的土壤细菌多样性和丰富度具有显著差异,但土壤真菌差异不显著,且土壤细菌群落占主导地位;细菌群落以变形菌门(Proteobacteria)、酸杆菌门(Acidobacteria)为主;真菌群落以子囊菌门(Ascomycota)、担子菌门(Basidiomycota)为主,真菌在门和属水平的差异较大。冗余分析发现总磷和温度是黄龙风景区土壤微生物群落结构变化的重要环境因子,pH是第二重要的环境因子。

基于AHP的岩溶区废弃矿井环境风险评估应用与实践

对广西岩溶区废弃矿井进行环境风险评估。基于广西岩溶区139口废弃矿井的实际情况和环境因素,综合考虑了源、径、汇3项指标以及矿种类型等9个因子,利用层次分析法确定了岩溶区废弃矿井环境风险评估影响因子及其权重值,结合数据分析和专家打分构建判断矩阵对废弃矿井环境风险进行了分级评估。影响因子的重要性从大到小依次为矿种类型、水源地、矿种数量、地下水系统、土地、开拓类型、含水层岩性、废弃时间、建井结构。通过赋值计算,发现中、高风险废弃矿井占比较大,占比高达93.53%。高风险废弃矿井分布最多的为桂林(占比50.00%)和河池(占比15.79%)。该评价结果与实际调查情况相符,有一定的可靠性和实用性,可为后续其他岩溶地区的废弃矿井环境风险评估和管理提供参考。

基于三维模型的岩溶洞穴环境承载力测算及影响因子探讨——以云南宜良九乡三脚洞为例

针对现有岩溶洞穴环境承载力主题研究不足的现状,以云南宜良九乡三脚洞为例,通过TLS获取溶洞点云数据,建立精细三维模型。根据旅游溶洞规划设计要求,利用研究区安全水位线高度对初始模型进行切割和面片提取,去除安全水位线下部模型,得到旅游洞穴空间模型,准确计算游客游览空间。在此基础上,综合考虑CO_(2)浓度、热量、灯光、河流等多种洞穴环境影响因子,对传统生态环境容量法进行改进,建立基于三维模型的岩溶洞穴环境承载力数学模型,测算尚未开发洞穴的最大环境承载力,从而更好地指导岩溶洞穴开发设计。通过与传统测算方法从理论及结果进行对比分析发现,洞穴旅游环境承载力的最大限制因子是热量。根据测算结果,瞬时承载力最大相差19146人,全天承载力最大相差123189人,本文方法更加科学合理,更加符合实际情况。

ENVIRONMENTAL MIGRATION AND SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT——A Case Study of Southwest China

This paper focuses on migration occurrence as a result of environmental degradation and population growth. It briefly reviews previous practices in some less developed courtries and then considers the extent to which environmental factors have been and may be significant in initiating migration. A case study of the karst region of southwest China is used to illustrate the phenomenon, including root causes, restrictive factors, nature of the migration, desires of migrants, strategies of response and optional policies. It is argued that a comprehensive approach to the prevention of environmentally caused displacement should be developed.

Natural resources deterioration,environmental degradation and sustainable resetlement in Southwest China

As a consequence of increased population growth and environmental degradation, a particular type of population mobility-environmental migration-has emerged in the Third World. In this paper environmental migration is defined and previous practices in some developing countries are reviewed. A case study of the Karst Region of Southwest China is used to illustrate the phenomenon, including root causes, restrictive factors, nature of the migration, desires of migrants, strategies of response and optional policies. It is argued that a comprehensive approach to the prevention of environmentally caused displacement should be developed.

The research of Chinese karst ecological hydrology

Karst environment is very common in southwest China. Soil and vegetation are the most sensitive elements for the variation of karst environment. The weathering of carbonate is important soil formation mechanism in karst area, but its soil forming ability is so poor that the thickness of soil layer becomes thin by the water erosion, though the soil loss is insignificant but serious. The karst process, the ecology process, the hydrology process are three important circulation mechanisms in the karst multiple media environment. In the Chinese North and South karst area, the eco-environmental protection and restoration has already been the important part as the national territorial resources and the environmen- tal comprehensive development and management. The character of karst plants mainly depends on the environmental conditions, i.e. lack of water, richness of Ca, poor soil and shortage of organic matter. The plants have low growth pace and low life-form resource; it is vulnerable under the disturbance of irrational human activities. Therefore, the rocky desertification is the final result of karst ecosystem degradation. But ecological condition is severe in the North and South karst area, especially in the south karst stone mountainous area and the north arid karst area. There are many problems with the eco-environmental protection and restoration. This paper takes the karst multiple media environment as a core, comprehensively discusses the relations of the three processes – karst, hydrology, and ecology, and puts forward the direction of the research on karst ecology hydrology and the future.

ECOLOGICAL AND SOCIO-ECONOMIC REHABILITATION IN THE KARST OF SOUTHWEST CHINA

The Karst of Southwest China is a typical representative of poverty stricken region with impoverishment-degradation spiral. To essentially break away from this vicious circle, the local ecology, economy and society should be rehabilitated, and hence to strengthen the self-development capacity building of the localities. Two considerations are stressed in this article: (1) Poverty alleviation is a system project with great complexities. Any single approach is difficult to success and integrated measures should be taken. (2) Some typical and feasible areas should be selected to demonstrate the project of poverty alleviation and ecological, socio-economic reconstruction. Then, they can be used as a model to promote the sustainable development of the whole region. Based upon these ideals, a project entitled “Reversal of Impoverishment-Degradation Spiral in the Karst of Southwest China' was proposed and has been listed in 《Priority Programme for China's Agenda 21》.

古堆-南梁泉域岩溶水环境问题现状与泉源区保护

古堆-南梁泉域位于山西省南部,是一个深循环与浅循环共存、冷水系统与热水系统循环转化、多级次排泄的复合型岩溶水系统,因长期不合理的开发利用,泉域内出现了一系列岩溶水环境地质问题。以水文地质调查工作为基础,综合采用地下水流场对比分析、水文地球化学及同位素分析、岩溶水资源评价等方法,详细论述了古堆-南梁泉域内岩溶水环境问题现状及其成因,并提出了泉源区生态修复与规划方案。结果表明:受气候变化与人类活动的叠加影响,系统内古堆泉、南梁泉、海头泉分别于1999年、1992年、2002年断流,2013-2021年区域地下水位平均下降速度达2.53 m/a;水化学、同位素分析结果指示了排泄区九原山附近松散岩类孔隙水越流补给量、三泉水库渗漏补给量对岩溶地下水的影响已不可忽略;泉域内岩溶水超Ⅲ类水水质标准样品占比由2014年的62.5%升高至2021年的81.25%;泉源区0.904 km 2范围可细分为核心保护区、水库蓄水区、一般保护区,应分区进行生态保护与修复规划。研究结果可为山西省超采区综合治理、古堆泉水生态修复与保护工作提供基础依据。

基于MaxEnt模型的贵州特有植物普定杜鹃花潜在适生区预测

【目的】研究普定杜鹃花在贵州省的潜在适生区,为后期研究普定杜鹃花提供分布数据支撑,为其引种区规划提供依据。【方法】收集野外实地调查记录的普定杜鹃花GPS定位信息,利用MaxEnt模型模拟普定杜鹃花在贵州省的潜在适生区,综合利用贡献率和刀切法检验对气候、地形和土壤因子进行分析。【结果】基于MaxEnt模拟的普定杜鹃花潜在适生区精确度很高,其中测试数据AUC值为0.970。普定杜鹃花的中、高适生区主要分布于安顺市、黔南州和黔西南州。影响普定杜鹃花分布的主导环境变量是最湿月降水量、海拔、最冷月最低温、昼夜温差月均值、坡向和最干季降水量,贡献率分别为33.7%、16.8%、12.7%、12.7%、11.1%和3.6%。普定杜鹃花在贵州省的总适生区面积占全省总面积的12.2%,占地面积约2.15万km2,其中高、中、低适生区分别为0.22万、0.46万和1.47万km2;2070s未来2种气候情景下(SSP1-2.6和SSP5-8.5),普定杜鹃花潜在适生区面积将增大,并有向东、向北方向延伸的趋势。【建议】优先考虑适生区内普定杜鹃花分布点调查及标本采集,根据适生区分布情况,合理规划适宜的种植区,有效推动普定杜鹃花的保育工作。

黔中水利枢纽工程区“三生”空间用地生态环境效应

基于TM/Landsat8 OLI影像数据和土地利用变化数据,采用生态环境质量指数和分布指数,分析了贵州省黔中水利枢纽工程区2000—2020年的“三生”空间用地变化和生态环境效应,以及“三生”空间用地变化和生态环境效应对地形地貌的响应特征。结果表明:2000—2020年黔中水利枢纽工程区的“三生”空间用地总体特征为生态用地最多,生产用地次之,生活用地最少,其中生态用地面积先减少后增加,生产用地面积先减少后增加再减少,生活用地面积则呈持续增加趋势;草地生态用地、林地生态用地和农业生产用地三者之间的相互转换高于其他用地类型之间的相互转换,草地生态用地面积转移最大;工程区生态环境质量整体呈波动变化,东部和西部的生态环境质量总体优于中部地区,其中海拔大于1700 m、坡度大于15°的区域及东坡和南坡生态环境质量较好,而低海拔区生态环境质量呈逐渐变好趋势,非喀斯特区和纯喀斯特区生态环境质量好于亚喀斯特区,但非喀斯特区和纯喀斯特区生态环境质量呈下降趋势。

不同喀斯特小生境下普定杜鹃花土壤酶活性变异特征

【目的】研究典型喀斯特不同小生境下土壤酶活性及其变异特征,为喀斯特地区植被恢复提供科学依据。【方法】以贵州喀斯特区(镇宁县、晴隆县、望谟县)的圆果化香树+普定杜鹃花(Rhododendron pudingense)群落为对象,通过测定3种小生境(土面、石沟、石面)中土壤胞内酶(脲酶、蔗糖酶、纤维素酶、蛋白酶)和胞外酶[(酸性磷酸酶(AP)、过氧化物酶(POD)、过氧化氢酶(CAT)、超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)]活性,分析其在不同小生境中的变异特征及其与环境因子的相互关系。【结果】3种小生境下胞内酶和胞外酶均呈现出土面>石沟>石面,且胞内酶活性均小于胞外酶,胞外酶约占总体酶活性的93%;不同小生境下土壤酶活性差异显著(P<0.05),除晴隆的群落土壤脲酶、POD和SOD活性表现为土面>石面>石沟外,其余的土壤酶活性均为土面>石沟>石面;土壤酶活性受到群落中植物物种多样性影响,晴隆的群落中植物生长最旺盛,土壤酶活性相较于镇宁和望谟更高;小生境间的差异性影响土壤酶活性变化,尤其是水分、温度、腐殖质含量及土壤厚度等影响较大,而生境间差异导致地上植物多样性丰度不均,对底物供应也具有一定影响;喀斯特土面小生境条件最优,最适合植物生长,石沟小生境次之,石面小生境条件最差。【结论】喀斯特生境土壤酶活性受小生境类型影响,土面小生境土壤的酶活性普遍高于石沟和石面,土壤酶活性变化一定程度解释特有种普定杜鹃花生长在喀斯特小生境。