Preliminary Study on the Liquid Fermentation and Polysaccharide Production of Ganoderma

Strain of Ganoderma japonicum with higher mycelial growth rate and higher levels of polysaccharide production was selected from seven tested strains of Ganoderma. The effects of nitrogen source, carbon source and metal ions on the polysaccharide production of selected Ganoderma japonicum were studied. The results showed that the optimum nitrogen source and carbon source were 2% and 0.2% ,respectively. And the existence of 0.2% Fe^2＋ could improve the polysaccharide yield significantly. The result of fermentor enlargement test indicated that extracellular crude polysaccharide content per 100 mL fermentation liquor and mycelium content yielded highest amount of 181.7 mg and 151.0 mg,respectively,with relatively mild change of pH value. It was concluded that fermentation in fermentor was more suitable for the secretion of C, anoderma polysaccharide.

Study on the Liquid Fermentation Condition of Trichoderma hamatum Th12 Strain

[Objective] The research aimed to study the optimum liquid fermentation condition of Trichoderma hamatum Th12 strain,which provided the theory basis for studying and developing the biological control agent of Trichoderma spp.[Method] By using the diluted soil plate method and the plate confrontation method,Trichoderma hamatum Th12 strain was identified.Moreover,the influences of carbon source,nitrogen source,fermentation time,fermentation temperature,initial pH,inoculation amount,bottling capacity and shaker speed on the mycelium yield of Trichoderma hamatum Th12 were studied.[Result] The optimum liquid fermentation conditions of Trichoderma hamatum Th12 strain were：glucose as the carbon source,peptone as the nitrogen source,fermentation temperature was 25 ℃,initial pH was 6,inoculation amount was 0.8 ml,bottling capacity was 50 ml,shaker speed was 180 r/min.Trichoderma hamatum Th12 strain was cultivated 3 d under the condition,and the mycelium yield was the highest.[Conclusion] Under the optimum liquid cultivation condition,Trichoderma hamatum Th12 strain could provide the mycelium amount which was used for preventing and controlling Fusarium oxysporum and Rhizoctonia solani of lawn to the utmost extent.

Purification of four strains of endophytic fungi from Astragalus and their optimized liquid fermentations

This study was designed to isolate endophytic fungi from A. mongholicus （growing in northeast China） to determine whether they can produce bioactive metabolites. Four strains of endophytic fungi （strains 16, 17, 23 and 75） were successfully isolated from A. mongholicus using the surface disinfection method. According to ITS-rDNA sequences analysis, strains 16 and 75 were identified as Fusarium oxysporum, and strains 17 and 23 were identified as Bionectria ochroleuca. We applied the Box-Behnken design （BBD） to optimize the liquid fermentation conditions and obtain the maximum cell dry weight （CDW） yield. Opti-mal parameters were obtained under the following experimental condi-tions：temperature of 28＆#176;C, potato dextrose agar （PDA） liquid medium of 80 mL and rotation speed of 150 rpm. The four isolated endophytic fungi did not produce astragalosides I-IV, flavonoids or polysaccharides. Iso-lation of additional species of endophytic fungi from A. mongholicus and determination of their capacity to produce biologically active substances are subjects in need of further research.

Application Effect of Cassava Starch Anaerobic Fermentation Liquid on Watermelon Production

In order to find out a new way for environment-friendly and resourcelized utilization of cassava starch processing wastewater, the cassava starch anaerobic fermentation liquid was applied in watermelon production, and its effects on the growth and development, yield and fruit quality of watermelon were investigated. The results showed that the cassava starch anaerobic fermentation liquid significant- ly promoted the vegetative and reproductive growth and improved the yield and fruit quality of watermelon. Compared with conventional fertilization, the application of cassava starch anaerobic fermentation both with COD concentration of 1 200 mg/L according to the amount of 150 t/hm2 promoted the growth of vines and leaves of watermelon plants, brought forward the flowering, fruiting and harvest of watermelon and significantly increased the fruit number, fruit weight, yield, fruit size, fruit shape index, soluble solid content, soluble sugar content, soluble protein content and Vita- min C content of watermelon. At the same time of improving the yield and quality of watermelon, cassava starch anaerobic fermentation liquid was turned into treasure as a liquid fertilizer. This study provides a new ideal for the yield and quality im- provement of watermelon and the wastewater treating of starch factories.

Waste Activated Sludge Alkaline Fermentation Liquid as Carbon Source for Biological Nutrients Removal in Anaerobic Followed by Alternating Aerobic-Anoxic Sequencing Batch Reactors

Activated sludge process has been widely used to remove phosphorus and nitrogen from wastewater. However,the nitrogen and phosphorus removal is sometimes unsatisfactory due to the low influent COD.Another problem with the activated sludge process is that large amount of waste activated sludge is produced,which needs further treatment.In this study,the waste activated sludge alkaline fermentation liquid was used as the main carbon source for phosphorus and nitrogen removal under anaerobic followed by alternating aerobic-anoxic conditions,and the results were compared with those using acetic acid as the carbon source.The use of alkaline fermentation liquid not only affected the transformations of phosphorus,nitrogen,intracellular polyhydroxyalkanoates and glycogen, but also led to higher removal efficiencies for phosphorus and nitrogen compared with acetic acid.It was observed that ammonium was completely removed with either alkaline fermentation liquid or acetic acid as the carbon source. However,the former resulted in higher removal efficiencies for phosphorus(95%)and nitrogen(82%),while the latter showed lower ones(87%and 74%,respectively).The presence of a large amount of propionic acid in the alkaline fermentation liquid was one possible reason for its higher phosphorus removal efficiency.Exogenous instead of endogenous denitrification was the main pathway for nitrogen removal with the alkaline fermentation liquid as the carbon source,which was responsible for its higher nitrogen removal efficiency.It seems that the alkaline fermentation liquid can replace acetic acid as the carbon source for phosphorus and nitrogen removal in anaerobic fol- lowed by alternating aerobic-anoxic sequencing batch reactor.

Fermentation Conditions on the Production of Single Cell Protein Feed by Water Chestnut Peel

In order to improve the comprehensive utilization value of water chestnut peel and the income of farmers. Contents of crude protein （ CP）, total sugar and reducing sugar were taken as indicators. Effects of initial pH, ratio of yeast to fungi species, incubation time and liquid volume on production of single cell pro- tein （SCP） feed was studied, and technological conditions on production of SCP feed by water chestnut peel were optimized by orthogonal test. Results showed that the production of SCP feed by water chestnut peel was optimal when pH was 5.0, ratio of yeast to fungi species was 2： 1, fermentation time was 2 d and the liquid volume was 70 mL / 250 mL. Under the optimum conditions, content of fermentation CP was 64.25%, content of total sugar was 19.8%, content of reducing sugar was 5.0%, content of coarse fibre was 0.0% and content of ash was 8.04%.

Components of Liquid Media on the Production of High Spore Concentrations of Lecanicillium lecanii （Zimm.） Gams and Zare

Two Lecanicillium lecanii isolates, ATCC26854 and V3, were evaluated for spore production in liquid media. Both isolates have interesting known properties for the production of high concentrations of chitinases （ATCC26854）, and an outstanding pathogenic activity against the green cabbage aphid, Brevicorine brassiacae （L.）. The isolates were grown on thirteen different liquid media, which had been used to produce other entomopathogenic Hyphomycetes. Experiments were carried out at 27 -4- 1 ℃ with a 12：12 photoperiod using shake flasks. The production of spores was quantified during a seven days period, and the effects of the media were evaluated by determining spore concentration and morphology. Submerged conidia yields were higher with ATCC26854 than with V3 in all thirteen media, while higher concentrations （5.3×10^9, 4.6 ×10^9 and 3.4 ×10^9 conidia/mL） were found with ATCC26854 isolate in the Camaron, Minerales and Jenkins-Prior medium, respectively; lower yields （2.3 ×10^8, 2.2 ×10^8 and 2.3 ×10^8 conidia/mL） were found with the V3 isolate in Catroux, TKI and Camaron media, respectively. Spore production curves were adjusted to different sigmoid models. The process was better explained by the Richards model （r^2 = 0.99）. Concerning conidia morphology, submerged conidia seemed to look like aerial conidia, but they were different in size （ATCC26854 2.73-6.99 μm and V3 5.28-14.29 μm）; however, the dimensions fall within the ranges reported for L. lecanii. The analysis of shake flask cultures with the Richards model allowed selecting two low-cost liquid medium, Camaron and Jenkins-Prior, for scaling up conidia production for use in aphid biological control programs.

Study on the Monascus Pigment of Monascus Strains JF-02 Fermentation

[ Objective] The aim was to study the fermentation technology of monascus pigment of monascus strains JF-02. [ Method] Single factor experiment was carried out to study the influence of temperature, initial pH, culture time, different agricultural byproduct, and nitrogen source on monascus pigment in fermentation solution. Meanwhile, orthogonal experiment was conducted to get the optimal culture medium and cultivation condition. [ Resultl The optimal gene in the pigment of monascus pigment was 200 g/L of rice, 30 g/L of sweet potato powder, 10 g/L of glucose, 15 g/L of monosodium glutamate, 0.1% of zinc sulfate, and 0.1% of magnesium sulfate. The optimal culture condition was 30 ℃ and initial pH was 6.0. Fermentation time was 72 h, but when 24-L fermentation pot was used, culture time can last to 84 h. [ Condusion] The study provided theoretical basis for the development and application of monascus strains.

Fermented liquid feed for pigs： an ancient technique for the future

Fermented liquid feed is feed that has been mixed with water at a ratio ranging from 1：1.5 to 1：4. By mixing with water lactic acid bacteria and yeasts naturally occurring in the feed proliferate and produce lactic acid, acetic acid and ethano which reduces the pH of the mixture. This reduction in pH inhibits pathogenic organisms from developing in the feed. In addition, when this low pH mixture is fed, it reduces the pH in the stomach of pigs and prevents the proliferation of pathogens such as coliforms and Salmonella in the gastrointestinal tract. For piglets, the use of fermented liquid feed offers the possibility of simultaneously providing feed and water, which may facilitate an easier transition from sow＇s milk to solid feed. Secondly, offering properly produced fermented liquid feed may strengthen the role of the stomach as the first line of defense against possible pathogenic infections by lowering the pH in the gastrointestinal tract thereby helping to exclude enteropathogens. Finally, feeding fermented liquid feed to pigs has been shown to improve the performance of suckling pigs, weaner pigs and growing-finishing pigs. In this review, current knowledge about the use of fermented liquid feed in pig diets will be discussed. This will include a discussion of the desirable properties of fermented liquid feed and factors affecting fermentation. In addition, advantages and disadvantages of fermented liquid feed will be discussed including its effects on gastrointestinal health, intestinal pH and the types of bacteria found in the gastrointestinal tract as well as the effects of fermented liquid feeds on pig performance.

Bio-assembled MgO-coated tea waste biochar efficiently decontaminates phosphate from water and kitchen waste fermentation liquid

Crystal morphology of metal oxides in engineered metal-biochar composites governs the removal of phosphorus(P)from aqueous solutions.Up to our best knowledge,preparation of bio-assembled MgO-coated biochar and its application for the removal of P from solutions and kitchen waste fermentation liquids have not yet been studied.Therefore,in this study,a needle-like MgO particle coated tea waste biochar composite(MTC)was prepared through a novel biological assembly and template elimination process.The produced MTC was used as an adsorbent for removing P from a synthetic solution and real kitchen waste fermentation liquid.The maximum P sorption capacities of the MTC,deduced from the Langmuir model,were 58.80 mg g^(−1) from the solution at pH 7 and 192.8 mg g^(−1) from the fermentation liquid at pH 9.The increase of ionic strength(0-0.1 mol L^(−1) NaNO_(3))reduced P removal efficiency from 98.53%to 93.01%in the synthetic solution but had no significant impact on P removal from the fermentation liquid.Precipitation of MgHPO4 and Mg(H_(2)PO_(4))_(2)(76.5%),ligand exchange(18.0%),and electrostatic attraction(5.5%)were the potential mechanisms for P sorption from the synthetic solution,while struvite formation(57.6%)and ligand exchange(42.2%)governed the sorption of P from the kitchen waste fermentation liquid.Compared to previously reported MgO-biochar composites,MTC had a lower P sorption capacity in phosphate solution but a higher P sorption capacity in fermentation liquid.Therefore,the studied MTC could be used as an effective candidate for the removal of P from aqueous environments,and especially from the fermentation liquids.In the future,it will be necessary to systematically compare the performance of metal-biochar composites with different metal oxide crystal morphology for P removal from different types of wastewater.

Induced Sporophore and Sclerotium of Physarum pusillum(Myxomycetes)

[Objective]The paper was to culture the plasmodia of Physarum pusillum for obtaining the optimal condition of sporophores and sclerotium,to reduce the agricultural diseases.[Method]Liquid culture combined with oat-agar culture was used to culture plasmodia of P.pusillum.Then plasmodium was induced to obtain Sporophores in lab by hunger and adjusting light（3 000,6 000,9 000,12 000 lx）and temperature（20,22,24,26 ℃）.[Result]Sporophores and sclerotium of P.pusillum were obtained from both oat-agar media and liquid media.The optimal conditions were 26 ℃,6 000 lx and 22 ℃,3 000 lx.[Conclusion]The result provided theoretical basis for reducing the loss of crops caused by myxomycete as much as possible in agricultural production.

Matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization mass spectrometry based quantitative analysis of cordycepin from Cordyceps militaris

Cordycepin,which has great immunomodulatory activities such as anticancer,antifungal,antivirus,antileukemia and lipid-lowering ones,is the secondary metabolite of Cordyceps militaris(C.militaris).Liquid submerged fermentation is the common cultivation process to produce cordycepin.To optimize the fermentation process and improve production,monitoring the cordycepin secretion in the fermentation is essential.The measurement based on chromatography-mass spectrometry methods is generally involved in the complex sample pretreatments and time-consuming separation,so more rapid and convenient methods are required.Matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization mass spectrometry(MALDI-MS)is more attractive for faster and direct detection.Therefore,MALDI-MS detection combined with isotope-labeled internal standard was applied to the measurement of cordycepin content in the fermentation broth and mycelium.This method made accurate quantification of cordycepin in the range of 5-400μg/mL with a relative standard deviation of 5.6%.The recovery rates of fermentation samples after the 1,13,and 25 days were 90.15%,94.27%,and 95.06%,respectively.The contents of cordycepin in the mycelium and fermentation broth were 136 mg/g and 148.39 mg/mL on the 20 th culture day,respectively.The cordycepin secretion curve of the liquid fermentation of C.militaris was real-time traced over 25 days.

Optimization of the Culture Conditions for the Endophytic strain 4-3

Bacillus amyloliquefaciens 4-3 is an excellent plant endophyte that can be used as a good raw material for microecological preparations.For this reason,it is important to optimize the culture conditions of this strain.The number of viable bacteria of strain 4-3 in this study was the evaluation index,and the culture conditions of the liquid fermentation were optimized by single factor experiment.The optimized culture condition was as follows:incubating temperature 32°C,initial pH value 7.2,rotation speed 220 r/min,inoculum concentration 3%and incubating 56 h,under which higher concentrations of Bacillus amyloliquefaciens could be obtained.

Sludge fermentation liquid addition attained advanced nitrogen removal in low C/N ratio municipal wastewater through short-cut nitrification-denitrification and partial anammox

Biological nitrogen removal of wastewater with low COD/N ratio could be enhanced by the addition of wasted sludge fermentation liquid(SFL),but the performance is usually limited by the introducing ammonium.In this study,the process of using SFL was successfully improved by involving anammox process.Real municipal wastewater with a low C/N ratio of 2.8–3.4 was treated in a sequencing batch reactor(SBR).The SBR was operated under anaerobic-aerobic-anoxic(AOA)mode and excess SFL was added into the anoxic phase.Stable short-cut nitrification was achieved after 46d and then anammox sludge was inoculated.In the stable period,effluent total inorganic nitrogen(TIN)was less than 4.3 mg/L with removal efficiency of 92.3%.Further analysis suggests that anammox bacteria,mainly affiliated with Candidatus_Kuenenia,successfully reduced the external ammonia from the SFL and contributed approximately 28%–43%to TIN removal.Overall,this study suggests anammox could be combined with SFL addition,resulting in a stable enhanced nitrogen biological removal.

Phosphorus recovery from biogas fermentation liquid by Ca-Mg loaded biochar

Shortage in phosphorus （P） resources and P wastewater pollution is considered as a serious problem worldwide. The application of modified biochar for P recovery from wastewater and reuse of recovered P as agricultural fertilizer is a preferred process. This work aims to develop a calcium and magnesium loaded biochar （Ca-Mg/biochar） application for P recovery from biogas fermentation liquid. The physico-chemical characterization, adsorption efficiency, adsorption selectivity, and postsorption availability of Ca-Mg/biochar were investigated. The synthesized Ca-Mg/biochar was rich in organic functional groups and in CaO and MgO nanoparticles. With the increase in synthesis temperature, the yield decreased, C content increased, H content decreased, N content remained the same basically, and BET surface area increased. The P adsorption of Ca-Mg/biochar could be accelerated by nano-CaO and nano-MgO particles and reached equilibrium after 360min. The process was endothermic, spontaneous, and showed an increase in the disorder of the solid-liquid interface. Moreover, it could be fitted by the Freundlich model. The maximum P adsorption amounts were 294.22, 315.33, and 326.63 mg/g. The P adsorption selectivity of Ca-Mg/biochar could not be significantly influenced by the typical pH level of biogas fermentation liquid. The nano-CaO and nano-MgO particles of Ca-Mg/biochar could reduce the negative interaction effects of coexisting ions. The P releasing amounts of postsorption Ca-Mg/biochar were in the order of Ca-Mg/B600 〉 Ca-Mg/B4S0 〉 Ca-Mg/B300. Results revealed that postsorption Ca-Mg/biochar can continually release P and is more suitable for an acid environment.

Microbial inoculants and garbage fermentation liquid reduced root-knot nematode disease and As uptake in Panax quinquefolium cultivation by modulating rhizosphere microbiota community

Objective:To find a suitable ecological cultivation measure to solve the problem of root-knot nematode disease of Panax quinquefolium(Panacis Quinquefolii Radix)and the heavy metals accumulating in its roots.Methods:Three-year-old P.quinquefolium was treated with four different combinations of microbial inoculant(MI)and garbage fermentation liquid(GFL)[the joint application of‘TuXiu’MI and Fifty potassium MI(TF),the combination use of‘No.1'MI and Fifty potassium MI(NF),‘Gulefeng’poly-γ-glutamic acid MI(PGA),GFL],and the untreated control(CK).Here,high-throughput sequencing,ICP-MS and UPLC were employed to systematically characterize changes of microbial diversity and structure composition,heavy metals(As,Cd and Pb)content and ginsenoside content among different treatments.Results:The results revealed that different MIs and GFL could increase the root dry weight of P.quinquefolium,PGA enhanced it by 83.24%,followed by GFL(49.93%),meanwhile,PGA and GFL were able to lessen root-knot nematode disease incidence by 57.25%and 64.35%.The treatment of PGA and GFL can also effectively reduce heavy metals in roots.The As content in GFL and PGA was decreased by 52.17%and 43.48%respectively,while the Cd and Pb contents of GFL and PGA was decreased somewhat.Additionally,the content of total ginsenosides was increased by 42.14%and 42.07%,in response to TF and NF,respectively.Our metagenomic analysis showed that the relative abundance of particular soil microbial community members related to the biocontrol of root-knot nematode disease and plant pathogen(i.e.,Chaetomium in NF,Xylari in GFL,and Microascus in PGA),heavy metal bioremediation(Hyphomacrobium in PGA and Xylaria in GFL),and nitrogen fixation(Nordella and Nitrospira in TF)was significantly increased;notably,potential harmful microflora,such as Plectosaphaerella and Rhizobacter,were more abundant in the control group.Conclusion:MI and GFL could improve the quality of P.quinquefolium by modifying its rhizosphere microbial community structure and composition,both of them are beneficial to the development of ecological cultivation of P.quinquefolium.

Identification of differential metabolites in liquid diet fermented with Bacillus subtilis using gas chromatography time of flight mass spectrometry

Growth and health responses of pigs fed fermented liquid diet are not always consistent and causes for this issue are still not very clear. Metabolites produced at different fermentation time points should be one of the most important contributors. However, currently no literatures about differential metabolites of fermented liquid diet are reported. The aim of this experiment was to explore the difference of metabolites in a fermented liquid diet between different fermentation time intervals. A total of eighteen samples that collected from Bacillus subtilis fermented liquid diet on days 7, 21 and 35 respectively were used for the identification of metabolites by gas chromatography time of flight mass spectrometry(GCTOF-MS). Fifteen differential metabolites including melibiose, sortitol, ribose, cellobiose, maltotriose,sorbose, iso maltose, maltose, fructose, D-glycerol-1-phosphate, 4-aminobutyric acid, beta-alanine, tyrosine, pyruvic acid and pantothenic acid were identified between 7-d samples and 21-d samples. The relative level of melibiose, ribose, maltotriose, D-glycerol-1-phosphate, tyrosine and pyruvic acid in samples collected on day 21 was significantly higher than that in samples collected on day 7(P < 0.01),respectively. Eight differential metabolites including ribose, sorbose, galactinol, cellobiose, pyruvic acid,galactonic acid, pantothenic acid and guanosine were found between 21-d samples and 35-d samples.Samples collected on day 35 had a higher relative level of ribose than that in samples collected on day 21(P < 0.01), In conclusion, many differential metabolites which have important effects on the growth and health of pigs are identified and findings contribute to explain the difference in feeding response of fermented liquid diet.

Pyrosequencing investigation into the influence of Cu^(2+),Zn^(2+),Fe^(2+)and I^- mixtures on fungal diversity and toxigenic fungal growth in a fermented liquid feed

A L_9(3~4) orthogonal experiment was conducted to evaluate the influence of 9 mixtures which consisted of Cu^(2+), Zn^(2+), Fe^(2+) and I^- ions at different ion concentrations on fungal diversity and toxigenic fungal growth in a Bacillus subtilis-fermented liquid feed(FLF) using pyrosequencing. The maximal Chao estimator and Shannon index were achieved in the FLF with a mixture of Cu^(2+)(200 mg/kg), Zn^(2+)(160 mg/kg),Fe^(2+)(150 mg/kg) and I^-(2.4 mg/kg). The minimal relative abundance of Aspergillus was achieved when a mixture of Cu^(2+)(200 mg/kg),Zn^(2+), Fe^(2+) and I^-was added to the FLF. Compared with Zn^(2+), Fe^(2+) and I^-,Cu^(2+) was the most important ion in inhibitingAspergillus growth. Adding Zn^(2+)(160 mg/kg), Cu^(2+), Fe^(2+) and I^- to the FLF minimized the relative abundance ofFusarium. It was Zn^(2+) instead of Cu^(2+) played a critical role in suppressing the growth of Fusarium. The proper use of the mixture of Cu^(2+), Zn^(2+), Fe^(2+) and I^-in FLF contributes to inhibit the growth of mycotoxin-producing fungi during storage. The new findings of this study help farmers properly use the mixture of Cu^(2+),Zn^(2+), Fe^(2+) and I^- to inhibit the growth of mycotoxinproducing fungi in the production of high quality FLF and alleviate mycotoxins damages to animals and humans.

Chemical characteristics changes associated with extracted protein and salt addition and effect of different additives in the curing process on sensory acceptance of liquid fermented fish from tilapia frame

Liquid fermented fish(Nam pla ra)is a traditional local condiment and popular consumption in Thailand.According to previous research,tilapia frame could be used as a raw material for the production,but the amount of protein received is still below the standard.In addition,there is no information of additives in curing process on consumer preferences.In this research,response surface methodology was used to study the influence of extracted protein from soybean meal(5-15%)and salt(15-20%)contents on chemical characteristics of Nam pla ra after 4 months of fermentation.The amount of roasted rice and roasted rice bran addition in curing process on sensory preferences were also studied.The results showed the linear effect of extracted protein and salt contents on NaCl content(P<0.05).When extracted protein increased,NaCl content of sample decreased,while increased salt concentration,NaCl content increased.Extracted protein showed linear relationship with autolytic degradation products and formaldehyde nitrogen of sample(P<0.05).Increase in extracted protein concentration caused an increment to both autolytic degradation products and formaldehyde nitrogen.In addition,salt content showed linear relationship with protein,total nitrogen,ammonia nitrogen and amino nitrogen(P<0.05).When increased salt concentration,protein and all kind of nitrogen tested in this study decreased.The statistical models for protein and NaCl contents(as an index of product quality)and our experimental validation,indicated that the models were appropriate to predict values.For acceptability test,there was no significant different in all attributes scores of cured samples with 10%roasted rice,roasted rice bran and mixture of both.In addition,their showed a significant different in all attributes scores lower than the commercial sample.In conclusion,the highest protein content was found in a treatment prepared by added salt content 15%by weight of digested material.Addition of proteins extracted from soybean meal did not lead to increase in protein content of finished product.However,chemical properties of all treatments could meet Thai community product standard.

Spraying compound probiotics improves growth performance and immunity and modulates gut microbiota and blood metabolites of suckling piglets

One factor that shapes the establishment of early neonatal intestinal microbiota is environmental microbial exposure,and probiotic application has been shown to promote health and growth of piglets.Thus,this study hypothesized that environmental probiotic application in early days of life would be beneficial to newborn piglets.This study aimed to investigate the effect of spraying a compound probiotic fermented liquid(CPFL)into the living environment of piglets on their early growth performance and immunity.This work included 68 piglets,which were randomized into probiotic and control groups.Blood and fecal samples were collected at 0,3,7,14,and 21 days of age.Spraying CPFL significantly reshaped the microbiota composition of the delivery room environment,increased piglets’daily weight gain and weaning weight(P<0.001),and modulated piglets’serum cytokine levels(increases in Ig A,Ig G,and IL-10;decrease in IFN-γ;P<0.05 in each case)in piglets.Additionally,spraying CPFL during early days of life modified piglets’gut microbiota structure and diversity,increased the abundance of some potentially beneficial bacteria(such as Bacteroides uniformis,Butyricimonas virosa,Parabacteroides distasonis,and Phascolarctobacterium succinatutens)and decreased the abundance of Escherichia coli(P<0.05).Interestingly,CPFL application also significantly enhanced the gut microbial bioactive potential and levels of several serum metabolites involved in the metabolism of vitamins(B2,B3,B6,and E),medium/long-chain fatty acids(caproic,tetradecanoic,and peptadecanoic acids),and dicarboxylic acids(azelaic and sebacic acids).Our study demonstrated that spraying CPFL significantly could improve piglets’growth performance and immunity,and the beneficial effects are associated with changes in the gut microbiota and host metabolism.Our study has provided novel data for future development of probiotic-based health-promoting strategies and expanded our knowledge of probiotic application in animal husbandry.