In order to evaluate the impact of assimilating FY-3C satellite Microwave Humidity Sounder(MWHS2)data on rainfall forecasts in the new-generation Rapid-refresh Multi-scale Analysis and Prediction System–Short Term(RM...In order to evaluate the impact of assimilating FY-3C satellite Microwave Humidity Sounder(MWHS2)data on rainfall forecasts in the new-generation Rapid-refresh Multi-scale Analysis and Prediction System–Short Term(RMAPS-ST)operational system,which is developed by the Institute of Urban Meteorology of the China Meteorological Administration,four experiments were carried out in this study:(i)Coldstart(no observations assimilated);(ii)CON(assimilation of conventional observations);(iii)FY3(assimilation of FY-3C MWHS2 only);and(iv)FY3+CON(simultaneous assimilation of FY-3C MWHS2 and conventional observations).A precipitation process that took place in central-eastern China during 4–6 June 2019 was selected as a case study.When the authors assimilated the FY-3C MWHS2 data in the RMAPS-ST operational system,data quality control and bias correction were performed so that the O-B(observation minus background)values of the five humidity channels of MWHS2 became closer to a normal distribution,and the data basically satisfied the unbiased assumption.The results showed that,in this case,the predictions of both precipitation location and intensity were improved in the FY3+CON experiment compared with the other three experiments.Meanwhile,the prediction of atmospheric parameters for the mesoscale field was also improved,and the RMSE of the specific humidity forecast at the 850–400 hPa height was reduced.This study implies that FY-3C MWHS2 data can be successfully assimilated in a regional numerical model and has the potential to improve the forecasting of rainfall.展开更多
数值模式边界层物理过程和初值场条件的欠缺是海雾模拟准确率偏低的主要原因。本文为改进模式初始场,开展针对海雾模拟的卫星观测资料同化试验,将质量控制和偏差订正后的FY-3A卫星微波湿度计(MWHS)和微波温度计(MWTS)的优选通道数据,经3...数值模式边界层物理过程和初值场条件的欠缺是海雾模拟准确率偏低的主要原因。本文为改进模式初始场,开展针对海雾模拟的卫星观测资料同化试验,将质量控制和偏差订正后的FY-3A卫星微波湿度计(MWHS)和微波温度计(MWTS)的优选通道数据,经3DVar(Three-dimensional variational data assimilation)进入WRF模式以试验其对黄、渤海海雾模拟的影响。通过分析静止气象卫星检测到的海雾区模拟大气温、湿场同化分析增量,发现代表环境场条件的海雾类型及模式对其模拟能力的差异,显著影响了同化效果,表现为同化对模式模拟能力较强的平流冷型海雾改进明显,对模拟效果不甚理想的非典型混合过程中的暖型海雾阶段则基本没有改进效果。为寻找原因,对包括海雾区低层大气模拟场逆温结构在内的温湿度场与邻近探空观测进行了对比,分析了随时间演变的海雾格点温、湿场同化分析增量,发现冷型海雾区格点同化分析增量能弥补观测—模拟差异,使气温调减,相对湿度调增,同时水汽和液态水也出现负相关的变化,边界层相关热力动力场同化分析增量在垂直方向也有配合迹象,相比而言,主体是暖型海雾的非典型过程则未见此类现象和其他的有益调整迹象。展开更多
为了探究云区卫星微波资料的同化应用,利用中国风云三号D星(Fengyun-3D,FY-3D)微波温度计二型(microwave temperature sounder-2,MWTS2)和微波湿度计二型(microwave humidity sounder-2,MWHS2)资料,基于人工神经网络算法研制了云区温湿...为了探究云区卫星微波资料的同化应用,利用中国风云三号D星(Fengyun-3D,FY-3D)微波温度计二型(microwave temperature sounder-2,MWTS2)和微波湿度计二型(microwave humidity sounder-2,MWHS2)资料,基于人工神经网络算法研制了云区温湿廓线反演模型,建立了云区资料的间接同化方案。于2019年6月开展晴空和云区同化试验,评估加入云区MWTS2和MWHS2资料对区域模式预报的影响。试验结果表明:MWTS2和MWHS2资料的同化对温湿度预报场有改善,主要体现在模式中高层均方根误差和平均偏差的减小,云区同化的改善幅度比晴空同化更大;同化MWTS2和MWHS2资料对于提高降水预报技巧有积极影响,云区同化对降水预报的改善主要体现在同化后的12~24 h,较晴空同化更明显。针对强降水个例分析表明,MWTS2和MWHS2资料对温度场、湿度场、水汽通量散度场的调整有利于降水预报的改善,而云区同化能够直接对天气系统的初始场进行调整,降水的位置与强度预报效果更好。展开更多
In operational data assimilation systems, observation-error covariance matrices are commonly assumed to be diagonal.However, inter-channel and spatial observation-error correlations are inevitable for satellite radian...In operational data assimilation systems, observation-error covariance matrices are commonly assumed to be diagonal.However, inter-channel and spatial observation-error correlations are inevitable for satellite radiances. The observation errors of the Microwave Temperature Sounder(MWTS) and Microwave Humidity Sounder(MWHS) onboard the FengYun-3A(FY-3A) and FY-3B satellites are empirically assigned and considered to be uncorrelated when they are assimilated into the WRF model's Community Variational Data Assimilation System(WRFDA). To assimilate MWTS and MWHS measurements optimally, a good characterization of their observation errors is necessary. In this study, background and analysis residuals were used to diagnose the correlated observation-error characteristics of the MWTS and MWHS. It was found that the error standard deviations of the MWTS and MWHS were less than the values used in the WRFDA. MWTS had small inter-channel errors, while MWHS had significant inter-channel errors. The horizontal correlation length scales of MWTS and MWHS were about 120 and 60 km, respectively. A comparison between the diagnosis for instruments onboard the two satellites showed that the observation-error characteristics of the MWTS or MWHS were different when they were onboard different satellites. In addition, it was found that the error statistics were dependent on latitude and scan positions.The forecast experiments showed that using a modified thinning scheme based on diagnosed statistics can improve forecast accuracy.展开更多
An improved Smith iterative method, which generally applies to microwave bands, is described. The moisture profiles retrieved from the brightness temperature data of microwave humidity sounder onboard FY-3A satellite,...An improved Smith iterative method, which generally applies to microwave bands, is described. The moisture profiles retrieved from the brightness temperature data of microwave humidity sounder onboard FY-3A satellite, pertaining to clear sky, are shown over western North Pacific by using a vector-discrete ordination radiative transfer model. The retrieved profiles are compared with those from MODIS products, and the results of single point show that they are in good agreement with the results for lower layers. The distribution of retrieved humidity at 500 hPa is basically consistent with the actual situation, and the values are lower than that of the MODIS products. Compared with MODIS products, RMS is within 5.76g/kg at every single level separately.展开更多
The kinetics of free-radical crosslinking co-polymerization(FRCCP)of acrylic acid(AA)with both methacrylic acid(MA)(PAMA hydrogel)and maleic acid(MAL)(PAMAL hydrogel)was investigated under the conditions of isothermal...The kinetics of free-radical crosslinking co-polymerization(FRCCP)of acrylic acid(AA)with both methacrylic acid(MA)(PAMA hydrogel)and maleic acid(MAL)(PAMAL hydrogel)was investigated under the conditions of isothermal conventional heating(CH)and under the conditions of microwave heating(MWH)with controlled cooling.The kinetics curves of FRCCP of PAMA and PAMAL hydrogels under the conditions of CH are described with the kinetics model of second order chemical reaction,whereas the kinetics curves under the conditions of CH are described with the kinetics model of Polany-Winger.It is proved that MWH leads to the changes in the rate of FRCCP and to the changes in the values of the kinetic parameters activation energy(Ea)and pre-exponential factor(lnA).It was found the existence of relationship between the values of the kinetic parameters calculated for MWH and CH for PAMA and PAMAL hydrogel synthesis process,which is well-known as compensation effect.The effect of MWH on the kinetics of FRCCP for PAMA and PAMAL hydrogel formation were explained by applying the model of activation by selective energy transfer(SET).The changes in kinetics model,rate of FRCCP and kinetics parameters,caused with the MWH can found wide application in designing novel technologies for obtaining polymers and for synthesis of polymers with novel physico-chemical properties.The suggested mechanism of activation for polymerisation under the conditions of MWH also enables development of novel reaction systems and technologies for polymers productions.展开更多
基金Supported by the Second Tibetan Plateau Scientific Expedition and Research(STEP)program(grant no.2019QZKK0105)the National Key Research and Development Program of China(2018YFC1506603).
文摘In order to evaluate the impact of assimilating FY-3C satellite Microwave Humidity Sounder(MWHS2)data on rainfall forecasts in the new-generation Rapid-refresh Multi-scale Analysis and Prediction System–Short Term(RMAPS-ST)operational system,which is developed by the Institute of Urban Meteorology of the China Meteorological Administration,four experiments were carried out in this study:(i)Coldstart(no observations assimilated);(ii)CON(assimilation of conventional observations);(iii)FY3(assimilation of FY-3C MWHS2 only);and(iv)FY3+CON(simultaneous assimilation of FY-3C MWHS2 and conventional observations).A precipitation process that took place in central-eastern China during 4–6 June 2019 was selected as a case study.When the authors assimilated the FY-3C MWHS2 data in the RMAPS-ST operational system,data quality control and bias correction were performed so that the O-B(observation minus background)values of the five humidity channels of MWHS2 became closer to a normal distribution,and the data basically satisfied the unbiased assumption.The results showed that,in this case,the predictions of both precipitation location and intensity were improved in the FY3+CON experiment compared with the other three experiments.Meanwhile,the prediction of atmospheric parameters for the mesoscale field was also improved,and the RMSE of the specific humidity forecast at the 850–400 hPa height was reduced.This study implies that FY-3C MWHS2 data can be successfully assimilated in a regional numerical model and has the potential to improve the forecasting of rainfall.
文摘数值模式边界层物理过程和初值场条件的欠缺是海雾模拟准确率偏低的主要原因。本文为改进模式初始场,开展针对海雾模拟的卫星观测资料同化试验,将质量控制和偏差订正后的FY-3A卫星微波湿度计(MWHS)和微波温度计(MWTS)的优选通道数据,经3DVar(Three-dimensional variational data assimilation)进入WRF模式以试验其对黄、渤海海雾模拟的影响。通过分析静止气象卫星检测到的海雾区模拟大气温、湿场同化分析增量,发现代表环境场条件的海雾类型及模式对其模拟能力的差异,显著影响了同化效果,表现为同化对模式模拟能力较强的平流冷型海雾改进明显,对模拟效果不甚理想的非典型混合过程中的暖型海雾阶段则基本没有改进效果。为寻找原因,对包括海雾区低层大气模拟场逆温结构在内的温湿度场与邻近探空观测进行了对比,分析了随时间演变的海雾格点温、湿场同化分析增量,发现冷型海雾区格点同化分析增量能弥补观测—模拟差异,使气温调减,相对湿度调增,同时水汽和液态水也出现负相关的变化,边界层相关热力动力场同化分析增量在垂直方向也有配合迹象,相比而言,主体是暖型海雾的非典型过程则未见此类现象和其他的有益调整迹象。
基金funded by the National Basic Research (973) Program of China (Grant No. 2015CB452802)the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant Nos. 41230421, 41605075, and 41675058)
文摘In operational data assimilation systems, observation-error covariance matrices are commonly assumed to be diagonal.However, inter-channel and spatial observation-error correlations are inevitable for satellite radiances. The observation errors of the Microwave Temperature Sounder(MWTS) and Microwave Humidity Sounder(MWHS) onboard the FengYun-3A(FY-3A) and FY-3B satellites are empirically assigned and considered to be uncorrelated when they are assimilated into the WRF model's Community Variational Data Assimilation System(WRFDA). To assimilate MWTS and MWHS measurements optimally, a good characterization of their observation errors is necessary. In this study, background and analysis residuals were used to diagnose the correlated observation-error characteristics of the MWTS and MWHS. It was found that the error standard deviations of the MWTS and MWHS were less than the values used in the WRFDA. MWTS had small inter-channel errors, while MWHS had significant inter-channel errors. The horizontal correlation length scales of MWTS and MWHS were about 120 and 60 km, respectively. A comparison between the diagnosis for instruments onboard the two satellites showed that the observation-error characteristics of the MWTS or MWHS were different when they were onboard different satellites. In addition, it was found that the error statistics were dependent on latitude and scan positions.The forecast experiments showed that using a modified thinning scheme based on diagnosed statistics can improve forecast accuracy.
基金National Key Basic Research Program of China(2013CB430104)"Strategic Priority Research Program"of the Chinese Academy of Sciences(XDA05040203)
文摘An improved Smith iterative method, which generally applies to microwave bands, is described. The moisture profiles retrieved from the brightness temperature data of microwave humidity sounder onboard FY-3A satellite, pertaining to clear sky, are shown over western North Pacific by using a vector-discrete ordination radiative transfer model. The retrieved profiles are compared with those from MODIS products, and the results of single point show that they are in good agreement with the results for lower layers. The distribution of retrieved humidity at 500 hPa is basically consistent with the actual situation, and the values are lower than that of the MODIS products. Compared with MODIS products, RMS is within 5.76g/kg at every single level separately.
基金the Ministry of Science and Technical Development of the Republic of Serbia,through Project No.172015 OI.
文摘The kinetics of free-radical crosslinking co-polymerization(FRCCP)of acrylic acid(AA)with both methacrylic acid(MA)(PAMA hydrogel)and maleic acid(MAL)(PAMAL hydrogel)was investigated under the conditions of isothermal conventional heating(CH)and under the conditions of microwave heating(MWH)with controlled cooling.The kinetics curves of FRCCP of PAMA and PAMAL hydrogels under the conditions of CH are described with the kinetics model of second order chemical reaction,whereas the kinetics curves under the conditions of CH are described with the kinetics model of Polany-Winger.It is proved that MWH leads to the changes in the rate of FRCCP and to the changes in the values of the kinetic parameters activation energy(Ea)and pre-exponential factor(lnA).It was found the existence of relationship between the values of the kinetic parameters calculated for MWH and CH for PAMA and PAMAL hydrogel synthesis process,which is well-known as compensation effect.The effect of MWH on the kinetics of FRCCP for PAMA and PAMAL hydrogel formation were explained by applying the model of activation by selective energy transfer(SET).The changes in kinetics model,rate of FRCCP and kinetics parameters,caused with the MWH can found wide application in designing novel technologies for obtaining polymers and for synthesis of polymers with novel physico-chemical properties.The suggested mechanism of activation for polymerisation under the conditions of MWH also enables development of novel reaction systems and technologies for polymers productions.
