Compressive Strength of Basic Magnesium Sulfate Cement Coral Aggregate Concrete(MCAC)on Non-Destructive Testing

Basic magnesium sulfate cement coral aggregate concrete(MCAC)is a new type of concrete consisting of basic magnesium sulfate cement,coarse coral aggregate,coral reef sand and seawater.The rebound hammer(RH),the ultrasonic pulse velocity(UPV)and the compressive strength(fcu)tests of 14 sets of cube specimens of the MCAC after 28 d of aging were conducted.The impact of the content and length of sisal fiber on the relationship between the fcu-RH and the fcu-UPV was determined.A mathematical model was established to predict the strength of the MCAC using the UPV,RH,and comprehensive UPV/RH methods and to obtain the curves of test strength.The applicability of the test strength curves of ordinary portland concrete(OPC),light-weight aggregate concrete(LAC),and coral aggregate concrete(CAC)to MCAC was assessed.The results showed that the test strength curves of OPC,LAC and CAC were inappropriate to determine the strength of MCAC using non-destructive method.The relative standard error of the curves of test strength of the RH method and the comprehensive method met the specifications,whereas that of the UPV method did not.

Using Magnesium Sulfate to Prevent Atrial Fibrillation after Coronary Artery Bypass Grafting Surgery: A Single Centre Experience in Bangladesh

Background: Atrial fibrillation commonly occurs following cardiac surgery, particularly after coronary artery bypass grafting. Magnesium, known for its stabilizing effect on cell membranes, has shown promise in preventing postoperative atrial fibrillation. This study aimed to assess the impact of intravenous magnesium infusion in preventing atrial fibrillation after off-pump coronary artery bypass grafting, where maintaining stable cell membranes is crucial in averting this complication. Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted at the Department of Cardiac Surgery, Bangabandhu Sheikh Mujib Medical University, from March 2020 to February 2022. Sixty-six patients who underwent off-pump coronary artery bypass grafting were enrolled and divided into two groups. Group A (n = 33) received intravenous magnesium sulfate (10 mmol/2.47gm) for three days after surgery, while Group B (n = 33) did not receive magnesium sulfate. Postoperative atrial fibrillation occurrence in the Intensive Care Unit (ICU) within three days after surgery was evaluated using convenient sampling. Statistical analysis was performed with SPSS version 26.0, utilizing independent Student’s t-test for continuous data and Chi-square and Fisher’s exact test for categorical data. A p-value of ≤0.05 was considered statistically significant. Results: No significant differences in age or gender were observed between the two groups. Group B exhibited significantly lower magnesium levels than Group A on the 0th, 1st, 2nd, and 3rd days post-surgery. Additionally, Group B experienced a higher incidence of postoperative atrial fibrillation, longer ICU stays, and two mortalities. The study did not detect any adverse effects associated with magnesium infusion. Conclusion: It has been demonstrated that administering magnesium intravenously after off-pump coronary artery bypass grafting can lower the chances of developing atrial fibrillation. This demonstrates the potential advantages of using magnesium as a preventative measure for postoperative atrial fibrillation in such cases.

Magnesium sulfate and fetal neuroprotection: overview of clinical evidence

Antenatal administration of magnesium sulfate is an important part of the neuroprotective strategy for preterm infants. Strong evidence from five randomized controlled trials and five meta-analyses has demonstrated that magnesium sulfate, when administered before preterm delivery, significantly reduces the risk of cerebral palsy at two years. Through secondary analyses of randomized controlled trials and other original clinical studies, this state-of-the-art review highlights the absence of serious adverse effects in both pregnant women and neonates, as well as the impact of maternal body mass index and preeclamptic status on the maternal and neonatal magnesium levels, which could influence the magnitude of the neuroprotective effect. Although antenatal magnesium sulfate is a cost-effective strategy, some practice surveys have demonstrated that the use of magnesium sulfate is not sufficient and that its use is heterogeneous, differing among different maternity wards. Since 2010, an increasing number of obstetrical societies have recommended its use to improve the neurological outcomes of preterm infants, especially the International Federation of Gynecology and Obstetrics and World Health Organization in 2015, and France in 2017. Considering the neuroprotective impact of magnesium sulfate when administered before delivery, postnatal administration should be considered, and its effects should be assessed using randomized controlled trials.

Effect of Limestone Powder and Fly Ash on Magnesium Sulfate Resistance of Mortar

The effect of limestone powder and fly ash on magnesium sulfate resistance of mortar was studied by testing on the strength, expansion and hydration products of the specimens stored in MgSO4 solution at certain periods. The experimental results show that the strength of mortar stored in MgSO4 solution increases a little before 28 d, but decreases fast subsequently. The more the contents of limestone powder and fly ash, the less the strength losses. Mortar swells in the MgSO4 solution with the soaking time. And the more the contents of limestone powder and fly ash, the less the expansion rate is. The expansion or strength loss of mortars results from the expansion of gypsum, as well as the loss of Ca（OH）2 and other hydration products of cement. The magnesium sulfate resistance of the mortars containing limestone powder and fly ash is high.

Research on the Evaporating Crystalization Behavior of the Magnesium Sulfate Subtypes Brine at High Temperature

Research the evaporating crystalization process of the magnesium sulfate subtypes brine at high temperature from Dalangtan salt lake in Qinghai province.It was revealed that the salt lake is a typical subtype magnesium

Interventional effect of magnesium sulfate on nitric oxide synthase activity after acute craniocerebral injury

BACKGROUND： Abnormal changes in magnesium ion are closely related to cerebral injury. At present, some evidence indicates that magnesium reagent can improve nerve function and prognosis of patients with cerebral injury. OBJECTIVE： To observe the effect of magnesium sulfate on changes in nitric oxide synthase （NOS） activity in brain tissue of rats with acute craniocerebral injury. DESIGN： Completely randomized grouping design and randomly controlled study. SETTING： Laboratory of Neurosurgery, the Third Hospital of Chinese PLA. MATERIALS： Fifty-four male SD rats of clean grade and weighing 220 - 250 g were randomly divided into normal control group （n =6）, cerebral injury group （n =24） and magnesium sulfate group （n =24）. Especially, rats in cerebral injury group and magnesium sulfate group were equally divided into four subgroups and observed at 0.5, 2, 6 and 24 hours after model establishment. A solution of 125 g/L of magnesium sulfate was provided by the Seventh Pharmaceutical Factory of Wuxi and the NOS assay kit by Nanjing Jiancheng Bioengineering Institute. METHODS： The experiment was carried out in the Institute of Neurosurgery, the Third Hospital of Chinese PLA from August 2000 to August 2002. ① Rats in the cerebral injury group and magnesium sulfate group were anesthetized to establish cerebral injury models based on modified Feeney technique; magnesium sulfate group were intraperitoneally injected 600 mg/kg magnesium sulfate （125 g/L）, but rats in the normal control group remained untreated. ② At 0.5, 2, 6 and 24 hours after cerebral injury, rats in cerebral injury group and magnesium sulfate group were decapitated and brains were dissected. Cerebral cortex of rats in cerebral injury group was selected for NOS assay; in addition, at 0.5 hour after cerebral injury, a portion of the parietal lobe was selected from the brains of rats in the normal control group. Brain samples were homogenized, the homogenated centrifuged and the supernatants were used to measure NOS activity with NOS kit. ③ Differences among the three groups were compared with t test. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES： NOS activity in cerebral cortex of rats in each group. RESULTS： A total of 54 SD rats were involved in the final analysis. At 0.5 hour after cerebral injury, NOS activity in cerebral cortex was （42.45 ± 13.46） nmol/L in cerebral injury group and （41.17 ± 12.53） nmol/L in magnesium sulfate group, respectively, which was higher than that in normal control group [（39.45 ± 11.84） nmol/L, P 〈 0.05]. At 2 hours after cerebral injury, NOS activities were （66.48 ±21.43） and （63.24 ± 19.18） umol/L, respectively, while at 6 hours after cerebral injury, NOS activities were （62.45 ± 24.18） and （51.97 ±20.46） nmol/L, respectively, which were higher than those in normal control group （P 〈 0.0 1）. At 24 hours after cerebral injury, NOS activity returned to basal level. Moreover, NOS activity was significantly lower in the magnesium sulfate group than that in the cerebral injury group at 2 and 6 hours after cerebral injury （P 〈 0.05, 0.01）.CONCLUSION： NOS activity is increased in injured brain tissue of rats with craniocerebral injury, and treatment with magnesium sulfate provides some degrees of protection possibly through inhibition of NOS activity after cerebral injury.

Ab Initio and DFT Study of Magnesium Sulfate Contact Ion Pairs

The stuctures of contact ion pairs of magnesium sulfate were studied. The geometries of contact ion pairs of MgSO 4(H 2O) n (n =1-6) were optimized by using Hartree Fock (HF/6 31+G *, HF/6 311+G ** ) and density functional theory (DFT) (B3LYP/6 31+G *, B3LYP/6 311+G ** ) methods. The stable structures of monodentate, bidentate and tridentate contact ion pairs were obtained. The bidentate structure of contact ion pairs are the most stable compaired with the monodentate and tridentate ones for the same composition. The hydration enthalpies of contact ion pairs of MgSO 4 (H 2O) n (n =1-4) increase with their hydration numbers.

Comparative effect of intrathecal meperidine,tramadol,magnesium sulfate,and dexmedetomidine on preventing post-spinal anesthesia shivering and adverse events in hip fracture repair patients:A randomized clinical trial

Objective:To compare effect of intrathecal meperidine,tramadol,magnesium sulfate,and dexmedetomidine on the prevention of post-spinal anesthesia shivering and adverse events in hip fracture repair patients.Methods:In a randomized,double-blind trial,132 patients with American Society of Anesthesiology(ASA)ⅠandⅡspinal anesthesia who needed hip fracture surgery were enrolled.Patients were stratified into 4 intervention groups based on a randomized block pattern:meperidine,tramadol,magnesium sulfate,and dexmedetomidine.Hemodynamic parameters including blood pressure,heart rate,and oxygen saturation,as well as the severity of shivering,core body temperature,Ramsay sedation score,adverse events,meperidine consumption were recorded and compared.Results:There was no statistically significant difference in the normal hemodynamic parameters,temperature,duration of surgery,meperidine consumption,and adverse events such as dizziness,hypotension,nausea,and bradycardia among groups(P>0.05).Compared to other groups,severity of shivering was the lower in the dexmedetomidine group 6 and 8 h after surgery.The Ramsay sedation scores were higher in the dexmedetomidine and meperidine groups 4 h after surgery(P=0.020).Conclusion:Dexmedetomidine acts better than the other three adjuvants in reducing complications such as shivering.Overall,these four adjuvants are helpful to prevent postoperative shivering and could be put forward as promising local anesthetics in spinal anesthesia,based on anesthesiologists’discretion and patients’general conditions.Clinical registration:The study was approved by the Research and Ethics Committee at the Valiasr Hospital(Arak,Iran)with the clinical trial code of IRCT20141209020258N153.

Comparison of impact of adjuvant treatment of midazolam, fentanyl, and magnesium sulfate with intrathecal bupivacaine on block characteristics and postoperative analgesia in knee arthroplasty: A randomized clinical trial

Objective:To compare the efficacy of midazolam,fentanyl,and magnesium sulfate as adjuvants to intrathecal bupivacaine on both block characteristics and postoperative analgesia in knee arthroplasty.Methods:This randomized double-blind clinical trial recruited spinal anesthesia patients of the American Society of Anesthesiologists classⅠorⅡ,who needed knee arthroplasty.Patients were stratified into three intervention groups,including the midazolam group,the fentanyl group,and the magnesium sulfate group,and the patients were administered with midazolam,fentanyl,and magnesium sulfate,respectively.Hemodynamic parameters,sensory and motor block,and pain score(Visual Analogue Scale)were measured and compared among the three groups.Results:A total of 105 patients were included in this study with 35 patients in each group.There was no statistically significant difference in terms of oxygen saturation,mean blood pressure,duration of surgery,and postoperative complications,including nausea,vomiting,bradycardia,dizziness,and hypotension,as well as the time of opioid administration among the three groups(P>0.05).Statistically significant differences were found in terms of heart rate at 15,30,45,60,75,and 105 min after beginning of operation among the three groups,which was lower in the midazolam group(P<0.05).The midazolam group showed a shorter time to achieve sensory block after spinal anesthesia,sensory block to T8 or higher and sensory block to T12 and L1(P<0.05).Besides,the three groups showed significantly differences in terms of onset of motor block after spinal anesthesia and time to achieve motor block to T8 or higher or Bromage score 3(P=0.001).No significant difference was noted in pain scores among the three groups(P>0.05).Conclusion:Midazolam resulted in a shorter time to achieve sensory and motor block to T8 or higher,the onset of motor block and sensory block after spinal anesthesia,and time to achieve sensory block to T12 and L1,and the pain scores were not significantly different among the groups.Thus,midazolam can be highly underlined,if a shorter onset of sensory and motor blocks is targeted.[Funded by the research deputy of Arak University of Medical Sciences(No.99258);fa.irct.ir number,IRCT20141209020258N164].

Attack of Limestone Cement-based Material Exposed to Magnesium Sulfate Solution at Low Temperature

Limestone in cement could be a source of CO3^2- needed for thaumasite formation which will result in thanmasite form of sulfate attack （TSA） probably. TSA has more deterioration than ettringite or gypsum form of sulfate attack because it targets the calcium silicate hydrates （C-S-H） which is the main binder phase in all Portland cement-based materials. By means of physical and mechanical property testing as well as erosion phases analysis, magnesium sulfate attack of cement-based material containing 35% limestone powder by mass at 5 ± 2 ℃ is investigated. The compressive strength and flexural strength of mortar specimen immersed in MgSO4 solution increase firstly, then decrease rapidly with the immersing age. Relative dynamic elastic modulus of mortar specimen changes in a phased process. After immersing in MgSO4 solution for 15 weeks, the main erosion phases in paste specimen change from four phases compounds, three phases compounds to two phases compounds from surface to inside. Deterioration course of limestone cement-based material exposed to magnesium sulfate aggressive environment appears progressive damage layer by layer, and every layer probably suffers four stages, which are property strengthening stage, initial degradation stage, thaumasite formation stage and cementation loss stage, respectively.

The Effects of Magnesium Sulfate on Fetal Rats of FGR and the Expression of Caspase-3 in the Placenta of Maternal Rat

To investigate the effect of magnesium sulfate on the fetal rats of FGR and the expression of caspase-3 in the placenta of maternal rat ; To explore the mechanism of using magnesium sulfate to cure the FGR. Establish model of FGR by a way of passive smoking： giving the maternal rats different agent of magnesium sulfate by subcutaneous injection： low agent group （300 mg/kg）, high agent group （600 mg/kg）. Concentration of magnesium sulfate was monitored. The expression of caspase-3 was measured by RT-PCR and immunohistochemistry technology. Both of the concentrations of magnesium sulfate in high and low agents group are higher than the FGR group （P〈0.01）;the weight of the placenta and fetal rat in high agent group are higher than the FGR group （P〈0.05 and P〈0. 01） ; the expression of mRNA and protein of caspase-3 in the two agent group is higher than the FGR group （P〈0.05 respectively） ; concentration of magnesium sulfate in the maternal rat blood correlate to the weight of fetal rat （r=0. 899, P=0. 038） and the expression of caspase-3 in the placenta of maternal rat （r=-0. 747, P=0. 033; r=-0. 915, P=0. 001）. The research suggests that the weight of fetal rat could be increased by treatment of magnesium sulfate. Because it would imfrmove the placental function by depressing the expression of caspase-3.

Magnesium Sulfate Effect on Fetal Umbilical Artery and Middle Cerebral Artery Doppler Indicies in Women with Severe Preeclampsia and Eclampsia

Objective: To study MgSO4 effect on fetal MCA and UA blood flow changes using Doppler ultrasound in cases of severe PET and eclampsia. Materials and Methods: A total of 40 patients with severe PET admitted to El-Shatby Maternity University Hospital, Alexandria (Egypt) were examined before and after administration of MgSO4 using Doppler study to measure fetal MCA and UA blood flow changes. Results: After administration of MgSO4, the mean RI of UA, PI of UA showed a statistically significant decrease (P < 0.001) also the systolic-diastolic ratio (p = 0.001). Mean resistivity index (RI) cerebral showed a statistically significant increasing (P = 0.001), pulsatility index (PI)-cerebral and the systolic-diastolic ratio showed a statistically significant increasing (P < 0.001). The C/U (cerebroumblical) ratio increased after the treatment (P < 0.001). Conclusions: Infusion of MgSO4 significantly decreases the fetal RI, PI, SDR umbilical and increases the fetal RI, PI, SDR MCA and increases cerebroumblical ratio indices obtained by Doppler examinations.

The Impact of Adding Magnesium Sulfate to Bupivacaine versus Bupivacaine Alone in Fascia Iliaca Compartment Block in Burn Patients Undergoing Skin Grafting Procedures;Comparative Study

Purpose: The purpose of the study is to evaluate the analgesic effect of adding magnesium sulfate to bupivacaine in Fascia Iliaca Compartment Block (FI-CB). Patients and Methods: Ninety-six burn patients scheduled for skin-grafting procedures were allocated into two equal groups. After induction of general anaethesia, forty-eight patients received US guided FICB using 35 ml bupivacaine 0.25% + 5 ml isotonic sodium chloride solution with a total volume of 40 ml. The other forty-eight patients received 35 ml bupivacaine 0.25% + 250 mg of magnesium sulfate with a total volume of 40 ml. Results: Total postoperative pethidine consumption in the first 24 h post-operative showed a highly statistically significant decrease in the magnesium group in comparison to the bupivacaine group. Conclusion: Adding magnesium sulfate to bupivacaine in FICB in skin grafting procedures decreased the pain scores post-operative, delayed the first request of analgesia and reduced the total analgesic consumption in the first 24 h post-operative without any significant side effects.

Response to magnesium sulfate and adrenocorticotropic hormone combination therapy for infantile spasms with failed first-line treatments

Importance:Infantile spasm(IS)is a kind of refractory epilepsy.The first-line treatments for IS are adrenocorticotropic hormone(ACTH),oral corticosteroids,and vigabatrin.Objective:This study aimed to evaluate the efficacy of magnesium sulfate and ACTH(MgSO_(4)+ACTH)combination therapy in patients with IS who failed first-line treatments.Methods:In this retrospective study,the clinical data of patients with IS who failed first-line treatments were collected in the Chinese PLA General Hospital.Patients received MgSO_(4)+ACTH combination therapy after first-line treatments failed.The course of treatments was 2 weeks.The therapeutic dose of ACTH and MgSO_(4)was 2.5 U·kg^(-1)·d^(-1)and 0.25 g·kg^(-1)·d^(-1),respectively.Results:A total of 229 patients with IS who failed the first-line treatments were collected.At the end of the MgSO_(4)+ACTH combination treatment,the seizure-free rate was 48.5%(111/229),and the resolution of hypsarrhythmia on electroencephalogram(EEG)was 72.1%(165/229).About 21.4%(49/229)of patients showed side effects,including infectious diseases,hypokalemia,and diarrhea.Interpretation:For patients with IS who failed first-line treatments,in terms of the seizure-free rate and resolution of hypsarrhythmia on EEG,MgSO_(4)+ACTH combination therapy can be considered.

Role of PI3K/Akt signaling in the protective effect of magnesium sulfate against ischemia-perfusion injury of small intestine in rats

Background The protective effects of magnesium sulfate against ischemia-reperfusion injury of the small intestine in Sprague-Dawley （SD） rats have been confirmed in our previous research. However, its exact mechanism is unclear. This study was to evaluate the role of PI3K/Akt signal pathway in the protective effect of magnesium sulfate against ischemia-reperfusion injury of the small intestine in SD rats. Methods Rat model of intestinal ischemia-reperfusion injury was used. The SD rats were divided into four groups randomly： sham operation group, ischemia-reperfusion group, magnesium sulfate group and magnesium sulfate plus LY294002 （an inhibitor of PI3K） group. The pathological changes of intestinal mucosa were examined; the activity of diamine oxidase （DAO） in plasma, the plasma contents of malondialdehyde （MDA）, and apoptosis rate of the intestinal mucosal cells were determined and compared. The expression of p-Akt was detected by Western blotting. Results There were more evident pathological changes of the intestinal mucosa （higher Chiu＇s score, P 〈0.05）, enhanced DAO activity （P 〈0.05）, elevated contents of MDA （P 〈0.05）, higher apoptosis rate （P 〈0.05）, and lower level of p-Akt （P 〈0.05） in the ischemia-reperfusion group compared with the sham operation group. There were less evident pathological changes of the intestinal mucosa （lower Chiu＇s score, P 〈0.05）, lower DAO activity （P 〈0.05）, lower contents of MDA （P 〈0.05）, and lower apoptosis rate （P 〈0.05）, but higher level of p-Akt （P 〈0.05） irL the magnesium sulfate group compared with the ischemia-reperfusion group. There were more evident pathological changes of the intes,inal mucosa （higher Chiu＇s score, P 〈0.05）, higher contents of MDA （P 〈0.05）, higher DAO activity （P 〈0.05） and higher apoptosis rate （P 〈0.05）, and lower level of p-Akt （P 〈0.05） in the magnesium sulfate plus LY294002 group compared with the magnesium sulfate group. Conclusions Activation of PI3K/Akt signal pathway results in the reduction of cell apoptosis, which likely accounts for the protective effect of magnesium sulfate against intestinal ischemia-reperfusion injury.

Effects of magnesium sulfate on neuron apoptosis and expression of caspase-3,bax and bcl-2 after cerebral ischemia-reperfusion injury

Objective To investigate the effects of magnesium sulfate on neuron apoptosis and the expressions of caspase-3,bax and bcl-2 after cerebral ischemia-reperfusion injury. Methods Thirty-six gerbils were randomly divided into three groups: Sham-operation group (So,n=12),ischemia-reperfusion group (I-R,n=12) and magnesium sulfate group (Ms,n=12). The neuron apoptosis was detected by the terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase (TdT)-mediated dUTP-fluorescence nick end labeling (TUNEL stain),and the protein expressions of caspase-3,bax and bcl-2 were detected by immunohistochemisty stain.Results Apoptotic neurons and the expressions of caspase-3 and bax were significantly increased in I-R and Ms groups,compared with those in So group. Apoptotic neurons and the expressions of bax and caspase-3 in Ms group were significantly less than those in I-R group. There was no significant difference in the expression of bcl-2 among three groups.Conclusions Magnesium sulfate decreases neuron apoptosis after cerebral ischemia-reperfusion injury,which may be related with the suppressed expressions of caspase-3 and bax.

One-step synthesis of basic magnesium sulfate whiskers by atmospheric pressure reflux

We have developed a one-step process for the synthesis of basic magnesium sulfate （5Mg（OH）2-MgSO4-3H20, abbreviated as 513MOS） whiskers from MgSO4,7H20 and MgO by refluxing at atmospheric pressure. The process shows potential for the low-cost mass production of controlled- structure whiskers. Their 0.3-1.0 μm diameter and 40-80 μm length correspond to an aspect ratio of 40-260. The 513MOS whisker morphology is related closely to MgSO4 concentration and reflux time. The optimized MgSO4 concentration is 1.2-1.5 mol/L with a 25-30 h reflux time. X-ray diffractometry revealed that the b-axis is the predominant growth direction of the whiskers. Their growth mechanism is by the relatively slow liquid-phase deposition of Mg2＋, OH-, and SO42-. The long reaction time and high MgSO4 concentration are conducive to the formation of 513MOS whiskers under gentle reaction conditions. Porous MgO whiskers with a fibrous structure were obtained after calcination of the 513MOS whiskers at 1020 ℃.

Evaluation of the Fetal Neuroprotection Protocol with Magnesium Sulphate in a University Hospital in Burkina Faso

Introduction: Prematurity continues to stand as a major public health issue worldwide and more particularly for low incomes countries like Burkina Faso. Indeed, it is the main cause of high death rate and infant morbidity, neurologic deficiencies being one of them. Objective: From March 1st to September 30th, 2020, evaluate the fetal neuroprotection protocol using sulfate magnesium during births before thirty-three (33) weeks of amenorrhea at the University Health Centers (UHC) of Yalgado Ouedraogo and Bogodogo in Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso. Patients and Methods: It was a prospective cohort survey, exposed or unexposed. The exposed ones are from the UHC of Yalgado Ouedraogo, while the unexposed ones are from the UHC of Bogodogo. Analysis of the results showed 87 newborns from the exposed and 180 from the unexposed. The mortality rate, as well as neonatal neurologic complications, was higher with unexposed than with exposed. Although antenatal exposure to magnesium sulfate was not statistically associated with mortality and morbidity in newborns at a threshold of 0.05%, it has shown an overall good neurological prognosis in newborns exposed. Conclusion: A survey of a large sample of the population would be relevant in order to better assess the determinants of this influence. Proposition: In light of the results, the use of magnesium sulfate for neuroprotective purposes could be considered in our countries.

Structure of MgSO_4 in Concentrated Aqueous Solutions by X-Ray Diffraction

Detailed time-and-space-averaged structure of MgSO4 in the concentrated aqueous solutions was investigated via X-ray diffraction with an X’pert Pro θ-θ diffractometer at 298 K, yielding structural function and radial distribution function（RDF）. The developed KURVLR program was employed for the theoretical investigation in consideration of the ionic hydration and ion association. Multi-peaks Gaussian fitting method was applied to deconvolving the overlapping bands of Differential radial distribution function（DRDF）. The calculation of the geometric model shows that octahedrally six-coordinated Mg（H2O）62＋, with an Mg2＋…OW bond length of 0.201 nm dominates in the solutions. There exists contact ion-pair（CIP） in the more concentrated solution（1：18, H2O/salt molar ratio） with a coordination number of 0.8 and a characteristic Mg…S distance of 0.340 nm. The result indicates the hydrated SO42– ion happens in the solution. The S…OW bond distance was determined to be 0.382 nm with a coordination number of 13. The fraction of CIP increases significantly with the increasing concentration. The symmetry of the hydration structure of sulfate ion is lowered by forming complex with magnesium ion.

Efficacy of oral magnesium therapy in the treatment of chronic constipation in spastic cerebral palsy children:a randomized controlled trial

Background Constipation is a common problem in children with spastic cerebral palsy(sCP)with a prevalence that reaches 75%.We hypothesized that treating constipation in those children will improve their health and shorten time spent in daily care.Our aim was to evaluate the efficacy and safety of oral magnesium sulfate for treating chronic constipation in children with sCP.Methods A prospective,double-blinded randomized control trial was carried out involving 100 children aged 2-12 years with sCP(level Ⅲ-Ⅴ of the Gross Motor Functional Classification system)and chronic constipation.They were followed up in the Pediatric neurology clinic,Children's hospital,Ain Shams University,May 2017-January 2019.The intervention group(O-Mg)received oral magnesium sulfate 1 mL/kg/day daily for 1 month compared to the placebo.Outcome measures were constipation improvement and decrease in bowel evacuation time after 1 month.Results Initially,weekly bowel movements,constipation scores and stool consistency were comparable in both groups.After 1 month of regular administration of oral magnesium sulfate,the constipation score,stool frequency and consistency improved compared to the placebo group(P<0.001).Effective safe treatment was achieved in 31(68%)and 4(9.5%)patients in the O-Mg and placebo groups,respectively(RR,2.95;95%CI 2.0-4.5)(P<0.001).Painful bowel evacuation attempts spent by mothers decreased from 25(55.6%)of the cases initially to 10(22%)cases after one month in the O-Mg group(P=0.001).In contrast,in the placebo group,the decrease went from 21(50%)cases initially to 18(42.9%)after 1 month and was not significant(P=0.5).Conclusions Oral magnesium sulfate seems effective in alleviating chronic constipation and pain experience in children with sCP.Consequently,saving maternal time spent in daily bowel evacuation attempts.