The Contribution of Marketization to China＇s Economic Growth

Market-oriented economic transition since 1978 has led to remarkable economic development in China. In this study, we use the National Economic Research Institute （NERI） Index of Marketization and a panel data model to investigate the quantitative contributions of marketization to China＇s total factor productivity （TFP） and economic growth. Our results indicate that marketization contributed 1.45 percentage points on average to China＇s annual economic growth rate during the period from 1997 to 2007 and accounted for 39.2 percent of the increase in TFP. Marketization significantly improved resource allocation. However, economic transition in China has not yet been completed and sustainability of future growth will depend on further market-oriented reforms.

MARKETIZATION OF GREEN FOOD RESOURCES IN FOREST REGION OF THE CHANGBAI MOUNTAINS

The Changbai Mountains is rich in the resources of green food. At present, the low marketization of green food resources in the forest region of the Changbai Mountains becomes the bottleneck to restrict the benign development of its green food industry. With huge market demands at home and abroad, it is the urgent problem how to improve marketization process of green food resources and transfer the resources superiority into the market superiority in the region. According to the investigation, this paper analyzed the status quo and the cause of formation of low-marketization with the method of combining comparative research and practice research. It pointed out that necessary condition of marketization of green food resources in the forest region, such as strategy, economic environment, marketization allocation of sci-tech resources, etc. should be established. Furthermore, the concrete strategies of marketization of green food resources in the region such as market location, strategies of objective markets, combined strategy of marketing, etc. were advanced.

Urban Water Supply Industry Marketization of China in View of Public Water Service and Water Resource Management

Started with the discussions on the value orientation of urban water supply industry marketization,the article points out that the current urban water supply industry marketization reform is inconsistent with the goal of public water service equalization to some extent.The article also analyzes the problems emerged in urban water supply industry marketization reform and various rea-sons in view of efficiency and fairness.An efficiency and fairness oriented management model is built in this article to illustrate how the government should conciliate interests of various communities involved in the process of marketization reform of the urban water supply industry so as to actualize the coordination of efficiency and fairness.At the end,an assumption on urban water price is put forward to help achieve the public water service equalization.

Discussion on the Marketization of Rural Environmental Protection

[Objective]The study aimed to discuss the marketization of rural environmental protection in China.[Method] We firstly analyzed the inevitability of rural environmental protection take the marketization road in China,then put forward some effective ways to make rural environmental protection take the marketization road.[Result]In order to protect the rural environment of China better,it is inevitable to take the marketization road.In addition,strengthening legal construction,formulating and implementing policies about encouraging the diversified investment on rural environmental protection,establishing effective property right system,bringing township enterprises’ main force into full play in environmental protection,encouraging the public to supervise and join into environmental protection,developing and encouraging the persons with environmental-economic and environmental-legal knowledge to work in the countryside,etc.,are all effective measures.[Conclusion]The research could provide theoretical references for rural environmental protection in China.

Sensitivity of livelihood strategy to livestock production and marketization:An empirical analysis of grasslands in Inner Mongolia,China

Recent researches have primarily focused on the relationship between livelihood strategies and livelihood capital,with few empirical studies on the sensitivity of livelihood strategies to livestock production and marketization in Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region of China.This study used an income distribution approach to categorize livelihood strategies of the respondents(n=394)into three types,i.e.,herder livelihood strategy(LS1),petty-herder livelihood strategy(LS2),and non-herder livelihood strategy(LS3).Using the multinomial logistic regression model,we compared livestock production and marketization across the three livelihood strategies.Our findings showed that(1)livestock production and marketization tended to favor LS1;(2)an increase in the land asset(contracted and rented grassland)and off-take rate increased the probability of households choosing LS1;(3)stocking rate was higher for LS1;and(4)the higher critical market-related risks perceived by herders were animal price and hay and corn price.Moreover,higher livestock price acted as a deterrent to diversifying into other livelihood strategies(LS2 and LS3).Finally,this study advocates for policies that will promote the land transfer market,adopt modern techniques in animal husbandry,improve the medium for disseminating market information to herders,and provide incentives for long-term livelihood transformation.

Analysis on Farmers’ Straw Marketization Behavior and Its Influence Factors: A Case Study of Hubei Province

Crop straw has huge resource potential. It has an important significance for realizing waste recycling and improving eco-environment to prefect straw marketization system and sufficiently stimulate farmers’ straw marketization behavior. Based on 427 copies of investigation data on farmers,influence mechanism framework of farmers’ straw marketization behavior is constructed,and key factors of farmers’ straw marketization behavior are analyzed. Results show that farmers joining in straw marketization account for 42. 1%; in influence factors of farmers’ straw marketization behavior,cultivated land area,market price level,logistics satisfaction and air quality perception have significantly positive impacts on farmers’ straw marketization behavior,while education degree,agricultural income proportion and traffic convenience have significantly negative impacts on farmers’ straw marketization behavior. Therefore,it needs strengthening propaganda intensity,carrying out reasonable subsidies and support,encouraging and breeding new type of organization,and establishing and improving the price mechanism of straw marketization to perfect straw marketization construction.

The China＇s Mode Reform Process of Market Economy System and the Level of Marketization

During the new epoch of reform, the discussion and practice launched by the government and the Communist Party of China （CPC） has experienced 4 stages. Since 1992, China has entrenched formally establishing the Socialist Market Economy System, which is a so-called China＇s Mode development way led by the Deng Xiaoping＇s theory. This paper tries to set up an index system to evaluate the development level of China＇s market economy from 1992 to 2001.

The Problems and Solutions of Rural Labor Flowing in low Marketization Level

Rural labor flowing in low marketization level restricts rural production elements of effective allocation, and restricts the development of rural economy, causes the gap between urban and rural areas to continue expanding. This article has analyzed the reasons of phenomenon, and raised some solutions from abolishing the barrier of the household register, improved rural labor＇ s cultural and skills quality, and built a social security system in rural areas improve the marketization level of rural labor flow.

Analysis of the interest rate marketization risk of local banks in Henan Province --Taking four joint stock commercial banks as an example

With the accelerating process of interest rate marketization, the local banks in Henan Province face a greater risk of interest rate marketization, managing risk effectively can promote the development of local banks in Henan Province and the economic development of Henan Province. This paper analyzes the present situation of management of interest rate marketization in Henan Province, then puts forward some suggestions, such as promoting the development of intermediate business; promoting the product innovation; strengthening the management of assets and liabilities, improving the quality of employees, strengthening the management of non-performing loans, and etc.

“Border Crossing”in English Job-Seeking Discourse——Informalization and Marketization in One Creative Résumé

Border crossing is a metaphoric term in sociolinguistics referring to a blurring of English use across different domains of social discourses.This article shows how border crossing in English job-seeking discourse is manifested in a real-life English creative résumé,and how this phenomenon brings about two related consequences,informalization and marketization,through critically analyzing the informal and promotional features of the résumé.It then reaches the conclusion that such border crossing phenomenon reflects a voice by the young in reconstructing their self-identities in job-seeking discourse in post-industrialized,post-modern western societies.

Research on Dynamic Relationship Between Interest Rate&Exchange Rate—Based on the Analysis of Marketization of Interest Rate and Exchange Rate

This paper empirically analyzed the dynamic relationship between interest rate and exchange rate with VAR model and VECM using monthly data from 2008 to 2019.One of the main contributions of this paper is that it concentrated on studying how the marketization of interest rate and exchange rate plays a role in the transmission mechanism between these two rates by dividing the sample into 6 different groups according to the process of the marketization.The results show that there are long-term and short-term equilibrium relationship between interest rate and exchange rate.Also,interest rate could quickly respond to the changes in exchange rate after the marketization,which reflect that the marketization of interest rate is effective in China.However,exchange rate could not effectively respond to changes in interest rate.Thus,the marketization of exchange rate still needs to be improved.In addition,the results show that after marketization,an increase in the interest rate would lead to a decrease in exchange rate now,which could be a reference to the formulation of monetary policies.

A Comparative Study on the Impact of Marketization on International Student Prospectus

In this article, I aim to compare the similarities and differences in the international student prospectuses of two universi-ties from the perspective of critical discourse analysis. By analyzing the layout and design, visual features, the rhetorical moves, and lexico-grammatical features of two prospectuses, I expect to trace the impact of marketization on the genre-based discourse of higher education and identify to what extent international student prospectus are influenced by the new"customer-driven"trend in higher education.

Marketization the Key to Solving China-U.S. Trade Imbalance

China-U.S.trade has expanded rapidly over the past three decades,during which China’s trade deficit has turned into atrade surplus.China’s exports to the United States account for 20 percent of China’s total export trade,but the United States’exports to China make up less than 10 percent of its export trade.The trade dependence ratio of the two countries has adifference of up to 27 percentage points.While China’s economy and foreign trade become increasingly market-oriented,the U.S.implements long-term export restriction policies against it.Raising the degree of marketization of trade betweenChina and the U.S.is the key to redressing the China-U.S.trade imbalance.

Empirical Research on Impact of Marketization of Agricultural Products on Income of Rural Households Based on Questionnaire Survey of Rural Household

Based on the survey and research on rural households in Changshu City and Jiangdu City of Jiangsu Province, this paper researches the microeconomic subject-commercial decision-making and production behaviours of the rural households, under the circumstance of development of agricultural product market in different regions. We conduct random sampling questionnaire survey on the rural households in 7 villages of Changshu City and Jiangdu City, Jiangsu Province, and obtain data, in order to judge and verify the theory, explore the relationship between market development of agricultural products, behaviours of rural households and income of rural households, and establish the econometric model of impact of market of agricultural products on income per capita of rural households. The research shows that there is difference in the level of socio-economic development in different regions of Jiangsu Province, and the effect of the same factors in different regions is not quite similar; the income structure of rural households and marketization development have great impact on total income per capita of rural households; the planting structure has significant impact on agricultural income per capita. Then the countermeasures and suggestions are put forward as follows: strengthen rural marketization building and broaden sales channel; reinforce information-based building and promote transparency and openness of rural market information; adjust the production structure of rural households rationally, coordinate agricultural production activities and non-agricultural activities of rural households, and balance the planting of cash crops and grain crops.

Dilemmas and Countermeasures of Pension Service Marketization in China

The irreversible trend is that China is accelerating into the aging society. The old-age services provided by the government has been unable to meet the growing needs of the elderly, So there is a huge supply of pension services need to make up for space. As the market can play a role in optimizing the allocation of resources.

Market Operation of Energy Storage System in Smart Grid:A Review

As a flexible resource,energy storage plays an increasingly significant role in stabilizing and supporting the power system,while providing auxiliary services.Still,the current high demand for energy storage contrasts with the fuzzy lack of market-oriented mechanisms for energy storage,the principle of market-oriented operation has not been embodied,and there is no unified and systematic analytical framework for the business model.However,the dispatch management model of energy storage in actual power system operation is not clear.Still,the specific scheduling process and energy storage strategy on the source-load-network side could be more specific,and there needs to be a greater understanding of the collaborative scheduling process of the multilevel scheduling center.On this basis,this paper reviews the energy storage operation model and market-based incentive mechanism,For different functional types and installation locations of energy storage within the power system,the operational models and existing policies for energy storage participation in the market that are adapted to multiple operating states are summarized.From the point of view of the actual scheduling and operation management of energy storage in China,an energy storage regulation and operation management model based on“national,provincial,and local”multilevel coordination is proposed,as well as key technologies in the interactive scenarios of source-load,network and storage.

Changing Engines of Growth in China:From Exports,FDI and Marketization to Innovation and Exports

This paper investigates the changing sources of growth in post-reform China. Using crossprovince regressions, this paper finds that, in earlier periods, exports, foreign direct investment and marketization were significantly related to per capita income growth, whereas＇ since the late 1990s, foreign direct investment and marketization have lost their significance and have been replaced by new sources of growth, such as innovation and knowledge, with only exports continuing to be important. This finding is robust after controlling for other variables representing other economic policies and provincial characteristics. We also tackle the possible endogeneity of innovation variables using the instrumental variables estimation method.

Ownership Restructuring,Marketization and Wealth Inequality in Urban China:1995 and 2002

This paper proposes a property transformation perspective to examine the mechanisms of wealth accumulation and wealth inequality creation during China kpost-1978 transformation. It examines how enterprise ownership restructuring, marketization and state politics have resulted in greater wealth inequality between cadres and ordinary workers, between public＂ sectors^organizations and private sectors^organizations. Mainly drawing on data from the Chinese Household Income Project condueted in 1995 and 2002, we find that the property transformation process has created greater wealth disparity among different occupational groups and among those working in different work organ＆ations since the mid-1990s. However, it is inconclusive whether non-housing wealth or total household wealth are increasing at the same pace across different occupations and work organizations with the growing market penetration and the spread of privatization,

抗肥胖症药物市场需求旺盛

In early September 2023,when its market cap jumped to 428 billion USD,a valuation topping the estimated 2022 gross domestic product of its Scandinavian home country,the drugmaker Novo Nordisk(Bagsværd,Denmark)briefly eclipsed the French luxury brand conglomerateLMVH(Paris,France)as Europe's most valuable company[1].The reason for the company's soaring worth?Its already best-selling weight loss drug Wegovy was being released to patients in the United Kingdom.

Livelihood Vulnerability and Adaptation for Households Engaged in Forestry in Ecological Restoration Areas of the Chinese Loess Plateau

Chinese Loess Plateau has achieved a win-win situation concerning ecological restoration and socio-economic development.However,synergistic development may not be realized at the local scale.In areas undergoing ecological restoration,livelihood vulner-ability may be more pronounced due to the inflexibility,policy protection,and susceptibility to climate and market changes in forestry production.Although this issue has attracted academic interest,empirical studies are relatively scarce.This study,centered on Jiaxian County,Shaanxi Province of China explored the households’livelihood vulnerability and coping strategies and group heterogeneity con-cerned with livelihood structures or forestry resources through field investigation,comprehensive index assessment,and nonparametric tests.Findings showed that:1)the percentage of households with high livelihood vulnerability indicator(LVI)(>0.491)reached 46.34%.2)Eight groups in livelihood structures formed by forestry,traditional agriculture,and non-farm activities were significantly different in LVI,land resources(LR),social networks(SN),livelihood strategies(LS),housing characteristics(HC),and socio-demo-graphic profile(SDP).3)The livelihood vulnerability of the groups with highly engaged/reliance on jujube(Ziziphus jujuba)forest demonstrated more prominent livelihood vulnerability due to the increased precipitation and cold market,where the low-engaged with reliance type were significantly more vulnerable in LVI,SDP,LR,and HC.4)The threshold of behavioral triggers widely varied,and farmers dependent on forestry livelihoods showed negative coping behavior.Specifically,the cutting behavior was strongly associated with lagged years and government subsidies,guidance,and high returns of crops.Finally,the findings can provide guidance on the dir-ection of livelihood vulnerability mitigation and adaptive government management in ecologically restored areas.The issue of farmers’livelihood sustainability in the context of ecological conservation calls for immediate attention,and eco-compensations or other forms of assistance in ecologically functional areas are expected to be enhanced and diversified.