AIM： To investigate the response of astrocytes and neurons in rat lumbo±sacral spinal cord and medulla oblongata induced by chronic colonic inflammation, and the relationship between them. METHODS： Thirty-three...AIM： To investigate the response of astrocytes and neurons in rat lumbo±sacral spinal cord and medulla oblongata induced by chronic colonic inflammation, and the relationship between them. METHODS： Thirty-three male Sprague-Dawley rats were randomly divided into two groups： experimental group （n = 17）, colonic inflammation was induced by intra-luminal administration of trinitrobenzenesulfonic acid （TNBS）; control group （n = 16）, saline was administered intra-luminally. After 3, 7, 14, and 28 d of administration, the lumbo-sacral spinal cord and medulla oblongata were removed and processed for anti-glial fibrillary acidic protein （GFAP）, Fos and GFAP/Fos immunohistochemistry. RESULTS： Activated astrocytes positive for GFAP were mainly distributed in the superficial laminae （laminae Ⅰ-Ⅱ） of dorsal horn, intermediolateral nucleus （laminae Ⅴ）, posterior commissural nucleus （laminae Ⅹ） and anterolateral nucleus （laminae Ⅸ）. Fos-IR （Fos-immunoreactive） neurons were mainly distributed in the deeper laminae of the spinal cord （laminae Ⅲ-Ⅳ, Ⅴ-Ⅵ）. In the medulla oblongata, both GFAP-IR astrocytes and Fos-IR neurons were mainly distributed in the medullary visceral zone （MVZ）. The density of GFAP in the spinal cord of experimental rats was significantly higher after 3, 7, and 14 d of TNBS administration compared with the controls （50.44±16.8, 29.24±6.5, 24.14±5.6, P〈0.05）. The density of GFAP in MVZ was significantly higher after 3 d of TNBS administration （34.34±2.5, P〈0.05）. After 28 d of TNBS administration, the density of GFAP in the spinal cord and MVZ decreased and became comparable to that of the controls （18.04±4.9, 14.64±6.4, P〉0.05）. CONCLUSION： Astrocytes in spinal cord and medulla oblongata can be activated by colonic inflammation. The activated astrocytes are closely related to Fos-IR neurons. With the recovery of colonic inflammation, the activity ofastrocytes in the spinal cord and medulla oblongata is reduced.展开更多
BACKGROUND Clear cell sarcoma(CCS)is a rare and highly malignant soft tissue tumor,usually occurring in the deep soft tissues of the distal tendons and aponeurosis of the extremities,especially the feet and knees.CCS ...BACKGROUND Clear cell sarcoma(CCS)is a rare and highly malignant soft tissue tumor,usually occurring in the deep soft tissues of the distal tendons and aponeurosis of the extremities,especially the feet and knees.CCS originating in the head and neck is extremely rare.The clinical manifestations of CCS in the head and neck are not typical,and the imaging manifestations have certain characteristics,but the diagnosis still depends on pathological examination and genetic testing.CASE SUMMARY A 33-year-old male patient had paroxysmal headache for more than 4 years,accompanied by nausea and vomiting,which could be relieved after rest.Computed tomography angiography showed a left paraspinal soft tissue mass.Contrast-enhanced imaging showed obvious uneven enhancement with adjacent bone lytic destruction.Magnetic resonance imaging examination showed isosignal on T_(1)-weighted images,slightly high signal on T_(2)-weighted images(T_(2)WI),high signal on Tirm fat suppression sequence,significantly high signal on diffusion weighted imaging,and obvious and uneven enhancement.The lesion invaded the anterior medulla oblongata through the left atlantoaxial foramen and compressed the cervical spinal cord on T_(2)WI.Primary CCS of soft tissue was diagnosed by pathology and genetic examination.CONCLUSION CCS should be considered in the differential diagnosis of soft tissue tumors of the head and neck,and their diagnosis depends on pathological examination and genetic testing.展开更多
Objective To analyze factors affecting operative prognosis of intramedullary ependymomas in medulla oblongata and cervical cord. Methods Thirty patients harboring intramedullary ependymomas in medulla oblongata and ce...Objective To analyze factors affecting operative prognosis of intramedullary ependymomas in medulla oblongata and cervical cord. Methods Thirty patients harboring intramedullary ependymomas in medulla oblongata and cervical cord were operated. The preoperative and postoperative status was taken by follow-up and展开更多
Brain-controlled technology is the key technology in biological control,and the corresponding relationship between animal brain nuclei and motor behavior is the core.The purpose of this study was to explore the motor ...Brain-controlled technology is the key technology in biological control,and the corresponding relationship between animal brain nuclei and motor behavior is the core.The purpose of this study was to explore the motor nuclei of the medulla oblongata in carp.The carps were subjected to electrical stimulation and chemical stimulation experiments,respectively,in the water-free state,and the effective chemical stimulation sites were injected with the pontamine sky blue solution.The brain tissue sections were obtained by paraffin tissue section technology and the neutral red staining method.By comparing the positions of the brain nuclei shown in earlier studies,the motor nerve nuclei in the medulla oblongata were identified.The brain electrode was implanted into the motor nucleus of the medulla oblongata,and the underwater control experiment and behavioral tests were carried out with different electrical stimulation parameters.The results showed that the abducens nucleus(NVI)was the motor nucleus that controls the ipsilateral steering,and the facial nucleus(NVII)was the motor nucleus that controls the forward movement.By adjusting the stimulation voltage and the stimulation pulse number,the carp can be stably controlled to achieve a left–right steering motion of 30°–180°and a forward motion of more than 80 cm/s.This study indicated that the quantitative control of the steering and forward behavior of the carp can be achieved by electrical stimulation of the NVI and NVII,which provided a certain experimental basis for the accurate control of the carp robot.展开更多
OBJECTIVE: To determine the effect of the area postrema (AP) of the medulla oblongata on gastrointestinal interdigestive migrating motor complex (MMC) and the plasma motilin level. METHODS: Interdigestive MMC activiti...OBJECTIVE: To determine the effect of the area postrema (AP) of the medulla oblongata on gastrointestinal interdigestive migrating motor complex (MMC) and the plasma motilin level. METHODS: Interdigestive MMC activities of the antrum and duodenum were recorded by strain gauge implanted on the serosa of 8 conscious dogs. A cannula was intubated in femoral vein for motilin injection. The plasma motilin concentration was measured by RIA. We observed: (1) normal interdigestive MMC activity and fluctuations in plasma motilin concentration; (2) the effects of electrically damaging the AP on MMC activity and plasma motilin level; (3) whether intravenous injection of motilin could induce phase III contractions after the AP was destroyed. RESULTS: (1) Typical interdigestive MMC with phase I, II, III, and IV was recorded in normal dogs. Phase III was concurrent with the peak of plasma motilin level. (2) In damaged AP dogs, antroduodenal interdigestive MMC contractions were suppressed; cyclic, phasic and migratory pattern of MMC was disrupted. Plasma motilin concentration was decreased. Intravenous injection of motilin could not induce phase III contractions. CONCLUSIONS: The area postrema might play an important role, which is mediated by motilin, on the regulation of interdigestive MMC.展开更多
Objectives: To discuss the bleeding mechanisms after removing a medulla oblongata hemangioblastoma. Methods: A 42-year-old male patient was diagnosed with a medulla oblongata hemangioblastoma. Preoperative cranial mag...Objectives: To discuss the bleeding mechanisms after removing a medulla oblongata hemangioblastoma. Methods: A 42-year-old male patient was diagnosed with a medulla oblongata hemangioblastoma. Preoperative cranial magnetic resonance imaging, computed tomography angiography and post-surgery computed tomography were completed during clinical procedure. We also reviewed the related literatures. Results: The preoperative computed tomography angiography did not demonstrate any intracranial aneurysm. But, the patient had a fatal subarachnoid hemorrhage with ventricular hemorrhage 4 hours after surgery following the post-surgery computed tomography. Conclusions: Subarachnoid hemorrhage after surgery of the medulla oblongata hemangioblastoma is very rare. Delayed postoperative hemorrhage seems the most reasonable explanation of Subarachnoid hemorrhage in our case.展开更多
AIM To determine whether medullary catecholaminergic neurons expressing Fos induced by chemical stimulation of the stomach project to the paraventricular nucleus of hypothalamus (PVH) in rats. METHODS A triple labe...AIM To determine whether medullary catecholaminergic neurons expressing Fos induced by chemical stimulation of the stomach project to the paraventricular nucleus of hypothalamus (PVH) in rats. METHODS A triple labeling method of horseradish peroxidase (HRP) retrograde tracing combined with Fos (ABC method) and tyrosin hydroxylase (TH) (PAP method) immunohistochemical stainings was used in the present study. RESULTS Seven kinds of labeled neurons were found in the nucleus tractus solitarii (NTS), the ventrolateral medulla (VLM) and the reticular formation of the medulla (RF): Fos like immunoreactive (LI) neurons, TH LI neurons and HRP retrogradely single labeled neurons, Fos/HRP, Fos/TH and HRP/TH double labeled neurons, and Fos/HRP/TH triple labeled neurons. CONCLUSION Ascending projections from the NTS, VLM and RF to the PVH might be involved in the transmitting process of the visceral noxious stimulation.展开更多
The solitary tract nucleus of the medulla with its limited watershed vascular capacity may occasionally be the focus of transient ischemia caused by the increased metabolic demands associated with frequent and intense...The solitary tract nucleus of the medulla with its limited watershed vascular capacity may occasionally be the focus of transient ischemia caused by the increased metabolic demands associated with frequent and intense neuronal stimulation from other organs and other parts of the brain. Case reports have suggested that these ischemic changes may sometimes result in the initiation of intense autonomic discharges, which can occasionally be fatal. Therapeutic interventions for the medulla oblongata are hamperedby its limited accessibility. Systemically administered pharmaceuticals may have some usefulness in future years. Previous experience with vagus nerve stimulation in the treatment of epilepsy suggests that it may have some usefulness in stabilizing medullary autonomic discharges. Computerized electronic stimulation of other cranial nerves may be helpful as well, especially the chorda tympani nerve, and may be most easily accomplished from implanted dental appliances, especially molar modules, transmitting signals via secondary transmitters procedurally placed on cranial nerves. Future technology may enable wireless signaling from the implanted dental appliance to the secondary transmitter placed at the nerve site. By the year 2050 subspecialists in medullary neurology and brain dentistry may use computerized electronic stimulation of cranial nerves to prevent sudden unexpected death and treat "chest pain from the brain".展开更多
文摘AIM： To investigate the response of astrocytes and neurons in rat lumbo±sacral spinal cord and medulla oblongata induced by chronic colonic inflammation, and the relationship between them. METHODS： Thirty-three male Sprague-Dawley rats were randomly divided into two groups： experimental group （n = 17）, colonic inflammation was induced by intra-luminal administration of trinitrobenzenesulfonic acid （TNBS）; control group （n = 16）, saline was administered intra-luminally. After 3, 7, 14, and 28 d of administration, the lumbo-sacral spinal cord and medulla oblongata were removed and processed for anti-glial fibrillary acidic protein （GFAP）, Fos and GFAP/Fos immunohistochemistry. RESULTS： Activated astrocytes positive for GFAP were mainly distributed in the superficial laminae （laminae Ⅰ-Ⅱ） of dorsal horn, intermediolateral nucleus （laminae Ⅴ）, posterior commissural nucleus （laminae Ⅹ） and anterolateral nucleus （laminae Ⅸ）. Fos-IR （Fos-immunoreactive） neurons were mainly distributed in the deeper laminae of the spinal cord （laminae Ⅲ-Ⅳ, Ⅴ-Ⅵ）. In the medulla oblongata, both GFAP-IR astrocytes and Fos-IR neurons were mainly distributed in the medullary visceral zone （MVZ）. The density of GFAP in the spinal cord of experimental rats was significantly higher after 3, 7, and 14 d of TNBS administration compared with the controls （50.44±16.8, 29.24±6.5, 24.14±5.6, P〈0.05）. The density of GFAP in MVZ was significantly higher after 3 d of TNBS administration （34.34±2.5, P〈0.05）. After 28 d of TNBS administration, the density of GFAP in the spinal cord and MVZ decreased and became comparable to that of the controls （18.04±4.9, 14.64±6.4, P〉0.05）. CONCLUSION： Astrocytes in spinal cord and medulla oblongata can be activated by colonic inflammation. The activated astrocytes are closely related to Fos-IR neurons. With the recovery of colonic inflammation, the activity ofastrocytes in the spinal cord and medulla oblongata is reduced.
文摘BACKGROUND Clear cell sarcoma(CCS)is a rare and highly malignant soft tissue tumor,usually occurring in the deep soft tissues of the distal tendons and aponeurosis of the extremities,especially the feet and knees.CCS originating in the head and neck is extremely rare.The clinical manifestations of CCS in the head and neck are not typical,and the imaging manifestations have certain characteristics,but the diagnosis still depends on pathological examination and genetic testing.CASE SUMMARY A 33-year-old male patient had paroxysmal headache for more than 4 years,accompanied by nausea and vomiting,which could be relieved after rest.Computed tomography angiography showed a left paraspinal soft tissue mass.Contrast-enhanced imaging showed obvious uneven enhancement with adjacent bone lytic destruction.Magnetic resonance imaging examination showed isosignal on T_(1)-weighted images,slightly high signal on T_(2)-weighted images(T_(2)WI),high signal on Tirm fat suppression sequence,significantly high signal on diffusion weighted imaging,and obvious and uneven enhancement.The lesion invaded the anterior medulla oblongata through the left atlantoaxial foramen and compressed the cervical spinal cord on T_(2)WI.Primary CCS of soft tissue was diagnosed by pathology and genetic examination.CONCLUSION CCS should be considered in the differential diagnosis of soft tissue tumors of the head and neck,and their diagnosis depends on pathological examination and genetic testing.
文摘Objective To analyze factors affecting operative prognosis of intramedullary ependymomas in medulla oblongata and cervical cord. Methods Thirty patients harboring intramedullary ependymomas in medulla oblongata and cervical cord were operated. The preoperative and postoperative status was taken by follow-up and
基金supported by the Project of National Natural Science Foundation of China(project number:61573305)Project of Natural Science Foundation of Hebei Province of China(project number:F2022203038,F2019203511)National High-Tech Research and Development Plan of China(863 Plan)Project(2013AA****)Fund.
文摘Brain-controlled technology is the key technology in biological control,and the corresponding relationship between animal brain nuclei and motor behavior is the core.The purpose of this study was to explore the motor nuclei of the medulla oblongata in carp.The carps were subjected to electrical stimulation and chemical stimulation experiments,respectively,in the water-free state,and the effective chemical stimulation sites were injected with the pontamine sky blue solution.The brain tissue sections were obtained by paraffin tissue section technology and the neutral red staining method.By comparing the positions of the brain nuclei shown in earlier studies,the motor nerve nuclei in the medulla oblongata were identified.The brain electrode was implanted into the motor nucleus of the medulla oblongata,and the underwater control experiment and behavioral tests were carried out with different electrical stimulation parameters.The results showed that the abducens nucleus(NVI)was the motor nucleus that controls the ipsilateral steering,and the facial nucleus(NVII)was the motor nucleus that controls the forward movement.By adjusting the stimulation voltage and the stimulation pulse number,the carp can be stably controlled to achieve a left–right steering motion of 30°–180°and a forward motion of more than 80 cm/s.This study indicated that the quantitative control of the steering and forward behavior of the carp can be achieved by electrical stimulation of the NVI and NVII,which provided a certain experimental basis for the accurate control of the carp robot.
基金supported by the National Climbing Program (No．95-Ⅷ-19-222)； the National Natural science Foundation of China(No．39770285)
文摘OBJECTIVE: To determine the effect of the area postrema (AP) of the medulla oblongata on gastrointestinal interdigestive migrating motor complex (MMC) and the plasma motilin level. METHODS: Interdigestive MMC activities of the antrum and duodenum were recorded by strain gauge implanted on the serosa of 8 conscious dogs. A cannula was intubated in femoral vein for motilin injection. The plasma motilin concentration was measured by RIA. We observed: (1) normal interdigestive MMC activity and fluctuations in plasma motilin concentration; (2) the effects of electrically damaging the AP on MMC activity and plasma motilin level; (3) whether intravenous injection of motilin could induce phase III contractions after the AP was destroyed. RESULTS: (1) Typical interdigestive MMC with phase I, II, III, and IV was recorded in normal dogs. Phase III was concurrent with the peak of plasma motilin level. (2) In damaged AP dogs, antroduodenal interdigestive MMC contractions were suppressed; cyclic, phasic and migratory pattern of MMC was disrupted. Plasma motilin concentration was decreased. Intravenous injection of motilin could not induce phase III contractions. CONCLUSIONS: The area postrema might play an important role, which is mediated by motilin, on the regulation of interdigestive MMC.
基金the National Natural Science Foundation of China:Emergency Management Project
文摘Objectives: To discuss the bleeding mechanisms after removing a medulla oblongata hemangioblastoma. Methods: A 42-year-old male patient was diagnosed with a medulla oblongata hemangioblastoma. Preoperative cranial magnetic resonance imaging, computed tomography angiography and post-surgery computed tomography were completed during clinical procedure. We also reviewed the related literatures. Results: The preoperative computed tomography angiography did not demonstrate any intracranial aneurysm. But, the patient had a fatal subarachnoid hemorrhage with ventricular hemorrhage 4 hours after surgery following the post-surgery computed tomography. Conclusions: Subarachnoid hemorrhage after surgery of the medulla oblongata hemangioblastoma is very rare. Delayed postoperative hemorrhage seems the most reasonable explanation of Subarachnoid hemorrhage in our case.
文摘AIM To determine whether medullary catecholaminergic neurons expressing Fos induced by chemical stimulation of the stomach project to the paraventricular nucleus of hypothalamus (PVH) in rats. METHODS A triple labeling method of horseradish peroxidase (HRP) retrograde tracing combined with Fos (ABC method) and tyrosin hydroxylase (TH) (PAP method) immunohistochemical stainings was used in the present study. RESULTS Seven kinds of labeled neurons were found in the nucleus tractus solitarii (NTS), the ventrolateral medulla (VLM) and the reticular formation of the medulla (RF): Fos like immunoreactive (LI) neurons, TH LI neurons and HRP retrogradely single labeled neurons, Fos/HRP, Fos/TH and HRP/TH double labeled neurons, and Fos/HRP/TH triple labeled neurons. CONCLUSION Ascending projections from the NTS, VLM and RF to the PVH might be involved in the transmitting process of the visceral noxious stimulation.
文摘The solitary tract nucleus of the medulla with its limited watershed vascular capacity may occasionally be the focus of transient ischemia caused by the increased metabolic demands associated with frequent and intense neuronal stimulation from other organs and other parts of the brain. Case reports have suggested that these ischemic changes may sometimes result in the initiation of intense autonomic discharges, which can occasionally be fatal. Therapeutic interventions for the medulla oblongata are hamperedby its limited accessibility. Systemically administered pharmaceuticals may have some usefulness in future years. Previous experience with vagus nerve stimulation in the treatment of epilepsy suggests that it may have some usefulness in stabilizing medullary autonomic discharges. Computerized electronic stimulation of other cranial nerves may be helpful as well, especially the chorda tympani nerve, and may be most easily accomplished from implanted dental appliances, especially molar modules, transmitting signals via secondary transmitters procedurally placed on cranial nerves. Future technology may enable wireless signaling from the implanted dental appliance to the secondary transmitter placed at the nerve site. By the year 2050 subspecialists in medullary neurology and brain dentistry may use computerized electronic stimulation of cranial nerves to prevent sudden unexpected death and treat "chest pain from the brain".
