Microcrystallization and lattice contraction of NiFe LDHs for enhancing water electrocatalytic oxidation

The lattice-oxygen-mediated mechanism is considered as a reasonable mechanism for the electrochemical catalytic oxygen evolution reaction(OER)of NiFe layered double hydroxides(LDHs).A NiFe LDH with distinct lattice contraction and microcrystallization was synthesized via a simple one-step method using sodium gluconate.The lattice contraction is attributed to the interaction of carbon in sodium gluconate and iron in NiFe LDH.The NiFe LDH with optimized microcrystallization and lattice contraction shows a low overpotential of 217 mV at a current density of 10 mA cm^(−2) and excellent durability of 20 h at a high current density of 100 mA cm^(−2).The results revealed that a contractive metal–oxygen bond could boost the intrinsic activity of active sites and the microcrystallization promotes an increase in the number of active sites in terms of unit area.The chemical environment of oxygen elemental characterization and resistance at different chronopotentiometry times confirm that the lattice oxygen element is indeed involved in the process of OER,supporting the lattice-oxygen-mediated mechanism of NiFe LDH.Density functional theory calculations reveal that contractive metal–oxygen bonds induced a reduction of the adsorption energy barrier of intermediate products,thus improving the intrinsic catalytic activity.The special characteristics of microcrystallization and lattice contraction of NiFe LDH provide a strategy to improve both the number and the intrinsic activity of active sites in a versatile manner.

STRUCTURE OF BLACK PATINA ON THE ANCIENT BRONZE MIRRORS

X-ray diffaction analysis(XRDA)data of the black or brown patina on the surfaces of eight kinds of bronze mirror samples show 4 or 5 broad diffuse peaks which corresponding to almost the same 20 angle, while their matixes does not.These results indicate that those diffuse peaks were produced by the SnO2, microcrystals of 3 ￣5 nm size contained in the black or brown patina.The matrix of unearthed black patina bronze mirror numbered 223, gives strong XRDA diffraction peaks, indicating that there are a large amounts of non-oxidized bronze alloy particles surrounded by SnO2,which shows that the black patinas are not wholly metallic oxides (mainly SnO2),there are also a lot of original alloys of different sizes in grain in the patina.The bright-field image of the black patina sample gives the same result.

A New Technology of Microcrystallizing Leucite to Reinforce Dental Glass Ceramics

The key technology and the main mechanism of microcrystallizing leucite to reinforce dental glass ceramics were investigated.The feedstock powders were selected,mixed according to the ratios of the theoretical composition of leucite,ball-milled,melted at 1600℃ and then cooled to room temperature quickly.The cooled clinkers were ball-milled again to 4 μm.After cold-isostatic pressure molded and air sintered at 1500℃ for 1 h,the dental glass ceramics were fabricated.They have following characteristics:excellent mechanical properties (mean compressive strength is 206.6 MPa),low sintering temperature and good reoccurrence to keep steady quality.

Preparation of microsized silver crystals with different morphologies by a wet-chemical method

A wet-chemical method was presented for preparation of spherical, flowerlike, hexagonal, and triangular microsized silver crystals. Well-defined particles were prepared by mixing of iron（II） sulfate heptahydrate solution with silver nitrate solution at the presence of different modifiers with high-speed stirring at 8-20℃. It is found that the diameters of resulting products are 0.6-6.0 um and the morphologies of the silver microcrystals are greatly affected by the introduced modifiers. It is concluded that the microsized silver crystals with different morphologies can be synthesized by introducing appropriate modifiers at appropriate experimental parameters. Scanning electron microscopy and X-ray diffraction were used to characterize the resulting products.

Study on washability of microcrystal graphite using float-sink tests

This article presented an experimental research on washability of microcrystal graphite using float-sink tests.Chemical and X-ray analyses showed that graphite,semi-graphite,meta-anthracite,and anthracite existed together in this microcrystal graphite sample;and the intergrowth relationship between microcrystal graphite and gangues was very complicated based on optical mineralogy research.The results of float-sink tests revealed that:for the-25+0.5 mm size fraction,about 68%(by weight)of microcrystal graphite was obtained at the density of 2.0 g/cm^3.and the float product met the standard of commercial grade W65;for the-0.5 mm size fraction,58%(by weight)of microcrystal graphite was floated at the density of 2.0 g/cm^3,which met the standard of commercial grade W70.It can be concluded that microcrystal graphite may be upgraded by dense media separation(DMS)providing a float product using as the raw materials of casting or refractories.

Self‐suspended rare‐earth doped up‐conversion luminescent waveguide:propagating and directional radiation

Near-infrared excited rare-earth(RE)-doped up-conversion(UC)-luminescent materials have attracted enormous attention because of their unique emission properties,such as narrow emission bands,long luminescence lifetimes,and multiple colors.However,current development of RE-doped luminescent material is hindered by weak and narrowband absorption problems and low photon-conversion quantum efficiencies.In addition to conventional approaches to enhance fluorescence intensity,controlling emission directivity to improve detection efficiency has become a promising approach to obtain higher luminescence brightnesses.In this paper,a self-suspended RE-doped UC luminescent waveguide is designed to realize directional emissions.Benefitting from the special morphology of the crown-like NaYF4:Yb3+/Er3+microparticle,the points contact between the waveguide and substrate can be obtained to decrease energy loss.An attractive UC luminescent pattern accompanied by powerful and controllable directional emissions is observed,and the spatial emission angle and intensity distribution are explored and analyzed in detail by introducing Fourier imaging detection and simulation.This work provides a new method for achieving controllable directional fluorescence emissions and obtaining improved detection efficiency by narrowing emission directivity,which has potential applications in 3-dimensional displays and micro-optoelectronic devices,especially when fabricating self-fluorescence micron lasers.

CYCLIC OXIDATION BEHAVIOUR OF MICROCRYSTALLIZED CoCrAl COATING

An investigation was carried out of the resistance to cyclic oxidation of the as-cast normal-grained Co-30Cr-5Al alloy substrate at 1000℃ in air together with its sputtered coating of microcrystallized CoCrAl alloy grains sized less than 0.5μm.Acoustie emissi on counts showed that the initially formed Al_2O_3 scale on the bare alloy substrate cracked and spalled severely off after only one or two cycles on cooling and then the worse protective layer of Cr_2O_3 and CoCr_2O_4 spinel occurred on surface.While such substrate coated with sputtered microcrystallized CoCrAl alloy film was not damaged under oxidation even through 100 cycles at 1000℃.In comparison with the normal-grained alloy,the microcrystallized al- loy,coating of similar constitution exhibite excellent resistance to oxide spalling on surface.

Properties and Structure of Microcrystal Muscovite Composite Superabsorbent

Microcrystal muscovite composite superabsorbents（MMCSA） were prepared by water solution polymerization using acrylic acid, acrylamide and itaconic acid as comonomers and microcrystal muscovite as an inorganic additive. Properties, such as water absorbency, salt absorbency, gel strength, water retention capacity and structure of MMCSA characterized by SEM and XRD, were investigated. Water absorbency, salt absorbency, gel strength, water retention capacity and thermostability were enhanced by incorporation of suitable amount of microcrystal muscovite. Water absorption of MMCSA was rapid, requiring 24.55 min to reach 63% of equilibrium absorbency（1218 g/g）. Microcrystal muscovite was physically combined into the polymeric network without destroying its polycrystalline structure and microcrystal muscovite composite superabsorbent had some irregular, undulant, and small microporous holes with sheet-like microcrystal muscovite distributed in the polymeric matrix.

Coercive Force and Antimagnetizing Mechanism Relating to Size of Ferromagnetic Microcrystal--A Consummating to Result of Stoner-Wohlforth Theory

The expression of critical size of ferromagnetic microcrystal in an external magnetic field with an intensity of H is derived by means of comparing energies of domain structure states.The ferromagnetic microcrystal here means an ferromagnetic single crystal with the size which is smaller than L0, and L0 is the critical value of the size of single-domain particles at the external magnetic field intensity H =0.Also, the coercive strength H(Ls) relating to the size of microcrystal Ls is given and quantitatively evaluated with the material SmCo5 as an instance.It is thus concluded that if L0 ＞ Ls ＞ LC, the antimagnetization of microcrystal will be subjected to a multi-domain process just like the particles of a size greater than L0, only if Ls ＜ LC, the anti-magnetizaton will be carried on in accordance with the Stoner-Wohlforth mechanism( LC is the maximum size of microcrystal with MHcth ).It is suggested that the material RECo5 is available to make an advanced magnet with MHC = 2 K/Mc.

Microstructure and Optical Properties of the (1-x)GeS_2-xP_2S_5 Glasses

To find materials with larger second-order nonlinearity, the Ge-P-S chalcogenide glasses with various ratios of GeS2 ： P2S5 were prepared by the melt-quenching method. The microstructure and optical properties of these glasses were characterized by XRD, Raman, Vis- NIR speetroscopy and Maker fringe technique. The second harmonic generation （SHG） was observed in the as-prepared chalcogenide glasses which was ascribed to the thermal stress gradient and/ or the rnicroanisotropic defects （ such as the lone-pair orbital or the valence alternative pairs ） prefer-orientation of the as-prepared glasses.

Effect of annealing on structural and optical properties of lead tungstate microcrystals

Shuttle-like lead tungstate （PbWOa） microcrystals are synthesized at room temperature using the precipitation method with the cetyltrimethyl ammonium bromide. Results from both the X-ray diffraction and the scanning electron microscopy show that the lattice distortions of the PbWO4 microcrystals are reduced significantly when the annealing temperature is increased to 873 K. The result from the ultraviolet-visible diffuse reflectance spectroscopy shows that the exciton absorption appears in the sample annealed at 673 K. The self-trapped exciton luminescence due to the Jahn- Teller effect is also observed in the blue band. The interstitial oxygen ions in the WO42- groups are mainly resposible for the enhancement effect of the green luminescence of the annealed samples. The above results are supported by the spectrum analysis of the as-grown and the post-annealed samples using the X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy.

ALPHA-PHASE MICROCRYSTALLINE STRUCTURE OF IONITRIDING LAYER ON STEELS

TEM observation on the ionitriding layer was carried out on steels W18Cr4V,38CrMoAl and 1Cr18Ni9Ti,and AES of elementary analysis was also made on the outer surface of ionitrid- ing layer of austenitic stainless steel.Perhaps due to the ion-bombardment effect,a microcrystalline structure with texture was affirmed along surface of the ionitriding layer.It may be affected by cathodic sputtering and absorption that the atomic ratio of Cr/Fe in- creases and of Ni/Fe decreases on surface of nitriding layer on austenitic stainless steel 1Cr18Ni9Ti,thus the α-phase microcrystalline structure occurrs.

Cyclic Oxidation Resistance of a Sputtered Micro-grained Superalloy Film

The cyclic oxidation resistance of cast Ni-base superalloy K38G and its sputtered micro-grained film were studied between 950℃ and room temper- ature in air.The results show that the weight gain of micrograined films is much less than that of cast al- loy during cyclic oxidation,and the resistance of micro-grained fihns is even better than that of the aluminide coating on the same alloy.On the surface of cast alloy K38G,complex oxide scales of Cr_2O_3, TiO_2 and NiCr_2O_4 spinel formed and they began to spall alter about 30 cycles of test.However,on the micro-grained films,continuous and thin α-Al_2O_2 scale was formed and did not spall throughout the cyclic oxidation test.

LOCALIZED CORROSION OF MICROCRYSTALS OF 1Crl8Ni9Ti STAINLESS STEEL

The resistances against localized corrosion of 1Cr18Ni9Ti microcrystals with normal grain size and bcc structure obtained hy magnetron sputtering have been compared.The two kinds of microcrystals with (110) and (211) textures respectively were obtained under different sputtering conditions.Both microcrystals were found to have better resistance against local- ized corrosion than the crystal with normal grain.The microcrystal with (110) preferred orientation has larger resistance to localized corrosion than that with (211) preferred orientation.

Morphology-controlled synthesis of SrTiO_3 micro-scale particles

A novel and simple strategy of morphology-controlled Sr Ti O3（ST） micro-scale particle synthesis by the flux method is reported. Systematic experiments are designed to realize the tunable morphologies of the particles when the flux salt,sintering process, and the precursors are changed. The ST plates can be synthesized by plate-like Bi4Ti3O12（BIT） precursors in Na Cl flux. However, the as-synthesized Bi4Ti3O12 grains transform into reticular particles and finally into rods at higher temperature in Na Cl and KCl compounds. Besides, cubic ST particles are also prepared using different precursors as a comparative experiment. This study provides a strategy for further investigations in designing the morphology-controlled particles and efficient anisotropic materials of perovskite structure such as ferroelectric and photocatalyst.

Facile Synthesis of 2PbCO_3·Pb(OH)_2 Microcrystals and Its Catalytic Behavior for Transesterification of Dimethyl Carbonate with Phenol

Polyhedron lead hydroxide carbonate （2PbCO3·Pb（OH）2 ） microcrystals have been prepared in solution phase via a facile method in the presence of surfactant cetyltrimethylammonium bromide （CTAB）. All the samples were characterized by powder X-ray diffraction ,pattern （XRD）, field-emission scanning electron mi- croscopy （FE-SEM）, high-resolution transmission electron microscopy （HRTEM）, and selected area electron diffraction （SAED）. The possible growth mechanism was discussed. 2PbCO3·Pb（OH）2 microcrystals were found to be a novel and efficient catalyst for the synthesis of diphenyl carbonate （DPC） by transesterification of dimethyl carbonate （DMC） with phenol. Compared with some other catalysts, such as AlCl3, ZnCl2, and Mg5（CO3）4（OH）2, 2PbCO3·Pb（OH）2 microcrystals are stable and show relatively high activity at low catalyst amount. When the reaction was carried out at 180 12, with a molar ratio of phenol to DMC of 2：1, a reaction time 14 h, and a catalyst amount 0.2% （molar ratio to phenol）, the selectivity of DPC and methyl phenyl carbonate （MPC） was 14.7% and 78.8%, respectively.

Structure and Formative Mechanism of Black Patina on Bronze Mirrors

The formation of the black patina induced by soil humic asid under different conditions was studied, theblack, grey and brown colored shiny surfaces prepared in laboratory were analyzed. As a result the formation oftin-rich shiny black surface on bronze mirrors is the product of soil corrosion of the bronze mirrors. The patina isformed by reection between the alloy and the humic acid in soil, and leaching of copper and lead oxides through along period time when the mirrors were buried under the ground leaving a dense compact corrosion-resistant layerconsisted predominantly of stannic oxide microcrystal.

Synthesis and Swelling Behaviors of Microcrystal Muscovite Composite Superabsorbent by Photopolymerization

A new microcrystal muscovite composite superabsorbent was synthesized by UV photopolymerization using 2-hydroxy-2-methylpropiophenone（1 173） as photoinitiator,N,N-methylene bisacrylamide（MBA） as crosslinker,acrylic acid（AA）,acrylamide（AM） and sodium 4-styrenesulfonate（SSS） as comonomers.Factors affecting water and salt absorption of the microcrystal muscovite composite superabsorbent,such as crosslinker amount,microcrystal muscovite concentration,photoinitiator content,and SSS concentration,were systematically studied.Water retention capacity of the composite superabsorbent was also investigated.The results show that microcrystal muscovite composite superabsorbent has water absorbency of 550 g/g,salt absorbency of 62 g/g,and water retention of 60% after heating at 70 ℃ for 40 h.The microcrystal muscovite is physically combined into the polymeric network without destroying its polycrystalline structure and the surface of the microcrystal muscovite composite superabsorbent has some deep and small holes.

Crystal Growth of ZnO Microneedles in Water Containing Microbubbles

Microbubble technology is now available in a wide range of industrial fields. The liquid containing microbubbles possesses a large number of air-liquid interfaces, and also generates radicals during bubble collapse. Here, we synthesized ZnO powder to explore the potential of microbubbles as starting materials for the formation of crystalline micro- or nanoparticles. The bubbles facilitated the growth of ZnO microneedles in high yields, and enhanced the reaction by radicals generated on bubble collapsing.

水系合成δ相甲脒铅碘钙钛矿粉末

近年来,甲脒基钙钛矿太阳能电池的光电转换效率取得了显著进展,其商业化前景日益明朗.随着钙钛矿电池商业化的快速发展,对于环境友好、成本低廉的钙钛矿前驱体的需求不断增长.甲脒铅碘钙钛矿材料遇水易分解,因此传统钙钛矿粉末合成方法依赖于有机溶剂和惰性气氛手套箱,不具备成本优势.在此背景下,本文提出了一种经济高效的水系合成高纯度δ相甲脒铅碘(δ-FAPbI_(3))粉末的策略.在水溶液中加入过量氢碘酸,碘离子可使不溶性PbI_(2)转化为可溶性[PbI_(2)+n]n-络合物,将FAPbI_(3)的遇水分解转化为溶解,从而使水系合成成为可能.水系合成的甲脒铅碘粉末具有高纯度、低成本优势,可作为钙钛矿薄膜前驱体材料.与以PbI_(2)和FAI的混合物作为前驱体制备的钙钛矿薄膜相比,以水系合成的δ-FAPbI_(3)粉末为前驱体制备的钙钛矿薄膜具有良好的结晶性,降低了缺陷密度,并有效抑制了有害的离子输运和降解过程,从而增强了载流子传输性能和电池稳定性.在环境空气中以合成粉末为前驱体制备的钙钛矿太阳能电池,最高转化效率可达23.24%.