A New Species of the Genus Nanorana Günther,1896(Anura:Dicroglossidae)from Hengduan Mountains of China

An integrative study based on morphological data and mitochondrial molecular data of all known Nanorana(sensu stricto)species have revealed a new species from the Hengduan Mountains,N.huangi sp.nov.The new species can be distinguished from its congers by its:(1)medium body size,SVL 31.3–40.6 mm in adult males(n=12),39.2–48.1 mm in adult females(n=8);(2)absence of subarticular tubercles on fingers,with supernumerary tubercles below the base of the fingers small but distinct;(3)presence of dark dorsal patches without pale margins,generally creamy yellow ventral body basically,bright yellow ventral limbs;(4)small but prominent tympanum;(5)tibio-tarsal joint that reaches to the tympanum or the shoulder when hindlimbs adpressed forward towards body;(6)head length more than 30%of SVL.In addition,the new species can be separated from all other congeners by uncorrected genetic distances:ranging from 2.8%–7.5%of the mitochondrial 12S rRNA,1.1%–2.1%of the 16S rRNA,and 7.5%–11.5%of the COI.

Embryonic Development and Eclosion Season of New Species Berastagia (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae) from Taiwan

This paper describes a new species of the snout moth Berastagia tainanica sp. nov. (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae) from Taiwan. From 2009 to 2016, a biology study was conducted on population dynamics and embryonic development. Spring season is the peak of the eclosion of overwintering larvae or pupae. The average longevity of adult was 14.8 ± 6.2 days (N = 174), the average number of eggs laid was 259 ± 3 eggs/moth (N = 2), the hatching rate of eggs was 95.4% (N = 262), and the average hatching time of eggs was 99.6 ± 18.6 hours (N = 68). The average body length of males was 5.64 mm ± 0.91 mm (N = 30), and the average body length of females was 6.28 mm ± 0.84 mm (N = 30). This finding indicates that female snout moths are larger than males (Global R = 0.058, P = 0.012). The snout moth eclosion rate was 16.9 moths/100 pods in the first year (2010/2011, N = 2,224 pods) and 10.9 moths/100 pods in the second year (2014/2015, N = 6,382 pods). The pod borer rate was 31.8% (N = 707) and the seed borer rate was 41.2% (N = 3,628) in the first year, whereas the pod borer rate was 76.2% (N = 6,382) in the second year.

A New Species of the Asian Toad Genus Megophrys sensu lato(Amphibia: Anura: Megophryidae) from Guizhou Province, China

We describe a new species of the genus Megophrys sensu lato from Guizhou Province, China. Molecular phylogenetic analyses based on mitochondrial DNA and nuclear DNA sequences all strongly supported the new species as an independent lineage in Megophrys(Panophrys) clade. The new species is distinguished from its congeners by a combination of the following morphological characteristics:(1) small body size with SVL < 38.8 mm in male and SVL < 42.3 mm in female;(2) vomerine teeth absent;(3) tongue not notched behind;(4) a small horn-like tubercle at the edge of each upper eyelid;(5) tympanum distinctly visible, rounded;(6) two metacarpal tubercles in hand;(7) relative finger lengths: II < I < V < III;(8) toes with rudimentary webbing at bases;(9) heels overlapping when thighs are positioned at right angles to the body;(10) tibiotarsal articulation reaching the level between tympanum to eye when leg stretched forward;(11) an internal single subgular vocal sac in male;(12) in breeding male, the nuptial pads with black nuptial spines on the dorsal bases of the first and second fingers.

A new species of the genus Amolops (Anura： Ranidae) from high-altitude Sichuan, southwestern China, with a discussion on the taxonomic status of Amolops kangtingensis

A new species of the genus Amolops Cope, 1865 is described from Xinduqiao, Kangding, Sichuan. It was previously identified as Amolops kangtingensis, which is synonymized to Amolops mantzorum in this study. The new species, Amolops xinduqiao sp. nov., is distinguished from all other congeners by the following combination of characters： （1） medium body size, adult males SVL 41.2-47.5 mm （n=15, average 43.9 mm）, adult females SVL 48.5-56.6 mm （n=15, average 52.5 mm）; （2） head length equal to width or slightly wider than long; （3） tympanum small, but distinct; （4） vomerine teeth in two tiny rows, separated by a space about one vomerine teeth row; （5） bony projections on lower jaw absent; （6） dorsolateral folds usually absent; （7） tarsal folds or glands on tarsus absent; （8） circummarginal groove on disc of finger I absent; （9） tibiotarsal articulation reaching nostril or beyond; （10） webs of toe IV reaching to distal articulation, other toes fully webbed to disc; and （11） vocal sac absent in males.

One new species and two new records of free-living marine nematodes from the Huanghai Sea

One new species of free-living marine nematode of the genus Curvolaimus, Curvolaimus filiformis sp. nov. from the Huanghai Sea is described and illustrated. This new species is characterized by the buccal cavity teeth, large amphids and two ventral seta at the conical part of tail. Meanwhile, two new records of genus Halalaimus, Halalaimus longicaudatus and H. isaitshikovi are fast reported in China. Types are deposited in the College of Marine Life Sciences, Ocean University of China.

A New Species of the Genus Tylototriton(Amphibia: Urodela: Salamandridae) from the Southern Dabie Mountains in Anhui Province

A new species of the genus Tylototriton is described,from Yuexi county,Anhui province,in the south of the Dabie Mountains.It is based on morphological and molecular analysis.The new species is identified as belonging to the Tylototriton asperrimus group and shares a number of similarities with T.wenxianensis,T.broadoridgus and T.dabienicus.The diagnostic characteristics of the new species are as follows： the head length is greater than the width of the head; bony ridges on the head are prominent and necked-in; the distal digit ends,ventral digits,peripheral area of the cloaca and the tail＇s lower edge are orange.The result from the molecular analysis of the genus Tylototriton（including the type specimen of the new species） based on three mitochondrial genes（ND1,ND2 and CYTB） indicated that the new species was close to T.wenxianensis,T.dabienicus,and T.broadoridgus,but formed an independent clade.This result was consistent with the morphological analysis above,which supports the theory that the population distributed in the south of the Dabie Mountains,namely in from Yuexi county,Anhui province,represented a distinct species,Tylototriton anhuiensis sp.nov.

Taxonomy notes on Vandeae(Orchidaceae)from China:Five new species and two new records

Five new species(Gastrochilus yei,Gastrochilus minimus,Luisia simaoensis,Taeniophyllum xizangense,Tuberolabium subulatum)and two newly recorded species(Cleisostoma tricornutum,Luisia inconspicua)of Vandeae(Orchidaceae)from China are described and illustrated.Gastrochilus yei is similar to G.affinis and G.nepalensis,but differs from them by having an epichile not lobed,the apex of the hypochile not bilobed,and a tine on the apex of the leaf.Gastrochilus minimus is similar to G.acinacifolius,but can be distinguished from the latter by having a flabellate epichile that is densely hirsute on the adaxial surface and an inconspicuous central cushion;in addition,the hypochile of G.minimus has a keel that extends to the apex of the epichile.Taeniophyllum xizangense is similar to T.stella and T.radiatum,but it is distinguished from them by having much bigger flowers,inflorescences densely covered with short-bristly hairs,papillae on the external surface of sepals,and bigger triangular-ovate viscidium.Luisia simaoensis is similar to L magniflora and L ramosii,but can be easily distinguished from them by having lateral sepals longer than dorsal sepals and petals,lip with irregular and waved margins,and lip with bilobed apex.Luisia inconspicua is moved from Gastrochilus to Luisia based on phylogenetic analyses of plastid matK sequence data.Tuberolabium subulatum is similar to T.camosum,but it can be easily distinguished from the latter by having an inflorescence much shorter than the leaves,yellow sepals and petals,and many small papillae outside the lip lobes.

Report of Prionospio complex(Annelida:Polychaeta:Spio-nidae) from China's waters,with description of a new species

Nine species of Prionospio complex are recorded from China＇s waters,including one new species and six newly recorded species.Prionospio（Prionospio） pacifica sp.nov.,is characterized by having first and forth pairs of branchiae pinnate,second and third pairs of apinnate,ventral crest on Setiger 9 and dorsal crests on Setigers 10-25.Apoprionospio kirrae（Wilson,1990）,Prionospio（Aquilaspio） convexa Imajima,1990,Prionospio（Minuspio） multibranchiata Berkeley,1927,Prionospio（Prionospio） bocki Sderstrm,1920,Prionospio（Prionospio） dubia Maciolek,1985 and Prionospio（Prionospio） paradisea Imajima,1990 are recorded for the first time from China＇s waters.

Mitogenomic phylogeny of the Asian colobine genus Trachypithecus with special focus on Trachypithecus phayrei(Blyth, 1847) and description of a new species

Trachypithecus,which currently contains 20 species divided into four groups,is the most speciose and geographically dispersed genus among Asian colobines.Despite several morphological and molecular studies,however,its evolutionary history and phylogeography remain poorly understood.Phayre’s langur(Trachypithecus phayrei) is one of the most widespread members of the genus,but details on its actual distribution and intraspecific taxonomy are limited and controversial.Thus,to elucidate the evolutionary history of Trachypithecus and to clarify the intraspecific taxonomy and distribution of T.phayrei,we sequenced 41 mitochondrial genomes from georeferenced fecal samples and museum specimens,including two holotypes.Phylogenetic analyses revealed a robustly supported phylogeny of Trachypithecus,suggesting that the T.pileatus group branched first,followed by the T.francoisi group,and the T.cristatus and T.obscurus groups most recently.The four species groups diverged from each other 4.5-3.1 million years ago(Ma),while speciation events within these groups occurred much more recently(1.6-0.3 Ma).Within T.phayrei,we found three clades that diverged 1.0-0.9 Ma,indicating the existence of three rather than two taxa.Following the phylogenetic species concept and based on genetic,morphological,and ecological differences,we elevate the T.phayrei subspecies to species level,describe a new species from central Myanmar,and refine the distribution of the three taxa.Overall,our study highlights the importance of museum specimens and provides new insights not only into the evolutionary history of T.phayrei but the entire Trachypithecus genus as well.

Neottia wuyishanensis(Orchidaceae:Neottieae),a new species from Fujian,China

A new species,Neottia wuyishanensis(Neottieae,Orchidaceae),is described and illustrated from Wuyishan,Fujian,eastern China,based on morphological characters and molecular data.Molecular phylogenetics indicate that N.wuyishanensis is nested within the clade formed by Neottia fugongensis and Neottia nujiangensis.Morphologically,N.wuyishanensis is similar to N.fugongensis and N.pseudonipponica,but differs from them by having indistinct auricles at the base,and in the shape and size of lobelets.

Three new species of Genus Euphysora from China seas(Hydrozoa:Anthomedusae,Corymorphidae)

Three new species of Genus Euphysora (Hydrozoa: Anthomedusae, Corymorphidae ) from China seaswere described in great detail. All type specimens are deposited in the Department of Oceanography, Xiamen University.

A New Species of Genus Microhyla(Amphibia： Anura： Microhylidae) from Zhejiang Province, China

We described a new species, Microhyla beilunensis sp. nov., from Zhejiang Province of China. Phylogenetic analyses based on the mitochondrial 12 S, 16 S and CO1 gene sequences suggested that the new taxon was distinctly separated from its congeners and closed to M. mixtura and M. okinavensis. Morphologically, the new species could be identified from its congeners except M. mixtura by several characters：（1） rudimentary webs on toe base;（2） absence of disks and dorsal median longitudinal grooves on finger tips;（3） presence of disks and dorsal median longitudinal grooves on toe tips. As well, the new species could be identified from topotype M. mixtura by the combination of characters：（1） apart from the stripes, bar-shaped and oval-shaped patterns, the rounded spots present on the dorsum of body and legs;（2） the outer metacarpal tubercles prominently larger than the inner one;（3） of males, the ratios of HW, IND, UEW and LAW to SVL of the new species were significantly larger than those of M. mixtura（P 〈 0.01）, and the ratios of SL, IOD, LAHL, HLL, TL, TFL and FL to SVL of the new species were significantly less than those of M. mixtura（P 〈 0.05）.

One new species of free-living marine nematodes (Enoplida,Anticomidae,Cephalanticoma) from the Huanghai Sea

One new species of free-living marine nematodes Cephalanticomafilicaudata sp. nov. from the Huanghai Sea, China is described and illustrated. Cephalanticomafilicaudata sp. nov. is characterized by well developed cephalic capsule, three teeth at the anterior of oesophagus, excretory pore opens posterior to cervical setae, only two cervical setae per file, body length longer than 5 200 μm, tail long and no ventral-lateral seta between the supplement and the cloacal opening. Types are deposited in the College of Marine Life Sciences, Ocean University of China.

Three new species of Genus Cryptonatica (Gastropoda,Naticidae) from Huanghai Sea Cold Water Mass

This report based on the results of investigations conducted in June 2007 and July 2008, respectively, on the benthic community structure and characteristic diversity of the Huanghai Sea （Yellow Sea） Cold Water Mass, as well as that in July 1959 during the national oceanic survey. The Naticidae specimens collected from Cold Water Mass in middle and northern Huanghai Sea were studied through morphological classification and the internal anatomy on radula. Three new species of Naticidae, i.e., Cryptonatica purpurfunda sp. nov., Cryptonatica sphaera sp. nov., and Cryptonatica striatica sp. nov. were identified. The morphological characteristics of the new species are described, and the similarties and differences between the new species and similar species are compared and discussed.

Rhinogobius immaculatus, a new species of freshwater goby (Teleostei Gobiidae) from the Qiantang River, China

A new freshwater goby, Rhinogobius immaculatus sp. nov., is described here from the Qiantang River in China. It is distinguished from all congeners by the following combination of characters： second dorsal-fin rays I, 7-9; anal-fin rays I, 6-8; pectoral-fin rays 14-15; longitudinal scales 29-31; transverse scales 7-9; predorsal scales 2-5; vertebrae 27 （rarely 28）; preopercular canal absent or with two pores; a red oblique stripe below eye in males; branchiostegal membrane mostly reddish-orange, with 3-6 irregular discrete or connected red blotches on posterior branchiostegal membrane and lower operculum in males; caudal-fin base with a median black spot; and no black blotch on anterior part of first dorsal fin in males.

Phylogenetic relationships of the zokor genus Eospalax(Mammalia,Rodentia,Spalacidae)inferred from whole-genome analyses,with description of a new species endemic to Hengduan Mountains

Zokors in the genus Eospalax,which are endemic to northern and western China,are subterranean rodents that inhabit various niches,including grasslands,high-altitude meadows,forests,and farmlands.Six species in Eospalax were described a century ago but their taxonomy and phylogeny remain controversial.In this study,we performed high-depth whole-genome sequencing of 47 zokor samples,comprising all six previously described species.Genomic analyses revealed a reliable and robust phylogeny of Eospalax and supported the validity of the six named species.According to the inferred phylogenetic relationships,Eospalax first divergent into two clades in the early Pliocene(ca.4.68 million years ago(Ma)),one inhabiting the highaltitude Qinghai-Xizang(Tibet)Plateau(QTP)and adjacent regions,and the another inhabiting the lowaltitude Loess Plateau and Qinling-Daba Mountains.The most recent divergences occurred between E.baileyi and E.smithii and between E.rufescens and E.rothschildi in the late Pliocene(ca.2.09 and 2.19 Ma,respectively).We also collected specimens of zokors in the southern Hengduan Mountains(Muli County,Sichuan Province),far from the known distributions of all other zokors.Morphological and molecular analyses strongly suggested that the specimens represent a new species,formally described here as Eospalax muliensis sp.nov.The new species belongs to the high-altitude clade and diverged from closely related species(ca.4.22 Ma)shortly after the first divergence in Eospalax.Interestingly,Eospalax muliensis sp.nov.possesses more supposedly plesiomorphic characters,suggesting a possible origin of the genus in the Hengduan Mountains.

Glycosmis longipetala F.J.Mou & D.X.Zhang,a new species of Rutaceae from China

Glycosmis longipetala F. J. Mou ＆ D. X. Zhang is described from Guangxi and Yunnan provinces in southwestern China. The new species is similar to G. cochinchinensis （Lour.） Pierre ex Engl. by its simple leaves, but distinguishable in having long-elliptic or oblanceolate （vs. ovate） leaves, long-ovoid to ellipsoid （vs. ovoid） floral buds, ovaries with many tubercles （vs. smooth） and glabrous （vs. pubescent） stamens. The pollen grains of the new species are 23.9±3.09 （20.8-27.0）×22.0±1.80 （20.4-24.4）μm in size with reticulate exine ornamentation in equatorial area and foveolate in polar area. The chromosome number of the new species is 2n=72.

A new species of Pheronematidae (Porifera:Hexactinellida:Amphidiscosida) from the Northwest Pacific Ocean

A new species of the family Pheronematidae is described in this study. Specimens were collected at Yap seamount and Caroline seamount in the Northwest Pacific Ocean. Poliopogon distortus sp. nov. contains oval macramphidiscs, three categories of amphidiscs, clavate monaxons and sceptres, making it distinguished from the eight known congeners easily. This is the fourth record of genus Poliopogon from the Northwest Pacific Ocean. We also used a partial sequence of 16S rDNA gene to confirm the family assignment of the new specimen.

A New Species of the Genus Xenophrys(Amphibia: Anura: Megophryidae) from Libo County, Guizhou, China

A new species of the genus Xenophrys is described from a karst cave environment of Libo County, Guizhou Province, Southern China. The new species, Xenophrys liboensis sp. nov., is distinguished from its congeners by a combination of the following characters： 1） tympanum distinct; 2） vomerine teeth present; 3） the length of lower arm and hand larger than the half of snout-vent; 4） heels overlapped slightly when the flexed legs are held at right angles to the body axis; 5） toe tips with rudimentary webs and without grooves; 6） dermal fringes moderate; 7） tubercles on the dorsum forming an X-shaped weak ridge; 8） horn-like tubercle at the edge of the upper eyelid distinct; 9） color of the iris in life is brown. In Bayesian phylogenetic analysis of 22 species of Xenophrys, all the individuals of X. liboensis sp. nov. clustered into a monophyletic clade with high posterior probabilities. In addition, the ranges of genetic divergences of X. liboensis sp. nov. with other species were interspecific rather than intraspecific. Based on the above evidences, we consider that X. liboensis sp. nov. is a valid species in Xenophrys.

Enoplus taipingensis,a new species of marine nematode from the rocky intertidal seaweeds in the Taiping Bay,Qingdao

One new species of free-living marine nematodes Enoplus taipingensis sp. nov. from the rocky intertidal seaweeds in the Taiping Bay, Qingdao is described and illustrated with scanning electron microscopy observation and 18S rRNA gene sequence analysis. Enoplus taipingensis is characterized by special arrangement of lateral setae on the tail, three cervical setae, distal structure on the supplement, and much longer body length with bigger De Man ratio ＂a＂. Type specimens are deposited in the College of Marine Life Science, Ocean University of China.