Anomalous Nuclear Reaction in Earth’s Interior:a New Field in Physics Science?

Tritium （3^H） in excess of the atmospheric values was found at volcanic Lakes Pavin （France）, Laacher （Germany） and Nemrut （Turkey）, as well as Kilauea Volcano at Hawaii （USA） and other volcanoes. Because 3^H has a short half-life of 12.3 years, the tritium and the resulting 3^He must have formed recently in the Earth. The result suggests that nuclear reactions may generate a significant amount of tritium in the interior of the Earth, although we have not yet learned what the reaction mechanism may be responsible. The nuclear reaction that can be responsible for tritium production in the Earth is probably a new research field in physics science. Nuclear reactions that generate tritium might be a source of ＂missing＂ energy （heat） in the interior of the Earth. Finding in-situ 3^H in the mantle may exhibit an alternative explanation of 3^He origin in the deep Earth.

Measurement of anomalous nuclear reaction in deuterium-loaded metal

This paper reports on an experiment for testing natural nuclear fusion at low temperature searching for evidence of the origin of 3He from natural nuclear fusion in deep Earth. The experiment was carried out using deuterium-loaded titanium foil samples and powder sample. Detection of charged particle was carried out using a low-level charged particle spectrometer. An A1 foil was used as an energy absorber for identification of charged particle. Although the counting rate is very low in the experiment, the emission of energetic particle from the sample is observed and the particle is identified as a proton having energy about 2.8 MeV after exiting the titanium sample. This work provides a positive result for the emission of charged particle in the deuterium-loaded titanium foil samples at low temperature, but a negative result for the deuterium-loaded titanium powder sample. The average reaction yield is deduced to be （0.46±0.08） protons/h for the foil samples. With the suggestion that the proton originates from d-d reaction, we calculate the reaction rate for d-d reaction, and the obtained result is 1.4×10^-24 fusion/d-d.sec. The negative result of the deuterium-loaded titanium powder sample suggests that the reaction yield might be correlated with the density or microscopic variables of deuterium-loaded titanium materials. The negative result also indicates that d-d reaction catalysed by μ-meson from cosmic ray can be excluded in the samples in this experiment.

Sigma Meson Production in Nuclear Reactions

The sigma meson production in p ＋ ^12C and p A- ^40Ca reactions at the incident energy Ep = 1.5 GeV is investigated within the Quantum Molecular Dynamics model. The simulation results indicate a distinctive A dependence of the sigma production, that is, the increase of A is followed by an increase of the production cross sections. We find that the σ meson production in proton-induced reactions is strongly medium-dependent, and the produced σ mesons decaying in a denser medium experience a stronger mass shift towards lower masses. This mass shift is an experimentally accessible observable in the final state pion pairs, which do not suffer from reabsorption by the surrounding nucleons. It is pointed out that the ratio of measured sigma cross sections as a function of the sigma invariant-mass from various reactions is a good probe to explore the existence of the σ meson in a dense nuclear environment.

Strong screening effects on resonant nuclear reaction ^(23)Mg(p,γ) ^(24)Al in the surface of magnetars

Based on the theory of relativistic superstrong magnetic fields （SMFs）, by using the method of Thomas-Fermi-Dirac approximations, we investigate the problem of strong electron screening （SES） in SMFs and the influence of SES on the nuclear reaction of 23Mg （p, Y）24A1. Our calculations show that the nuclear reaction will be markedly effected by the SES in SMFs in the surface of magnetars. Our calculated screening rates can increase two orders of magnitude due to SES in SMFs.

Dynamical Behavior of Core ^3He Nuclear Reaction-Diffusion Systems and Sun＇s Gravitational Field

The coupling of the sun's gravitational field with processes of diffusion and convection exerts a significant influence on the dynamical behavior of the core 3He nuclear reaction-diffusion system. Stability analyses of the system are made in this paper by using the theory of nonequilibrium dynamics. It is showed that, in the nuclear reaction regions extending from the center to about 0.38 times of the radius of the sun, the gravitational field enables the core 3He nuclear reaction-diffusion system to become unstable and, after the instability, new states to appear in the system have characteristic of time oscillation. This may change the production rates of both 7Be and 8B neutrinos.

Study of nuclear reaction method for the determination of protein content in wheat seeds

A 13.4 MeV deuteron beam from the 1.2 meter cyclotron of Sichuan University was used to determine theprotein content in wheat seeds on the basis of (d,p) reactions. The influence of the variation of the water content inseeds has been investigated.

Study of the deuterated titanium Ti^2H_x sample by using nuclear reaction analysis and material analysis methods

Titanium is one of the best hydrogen loading material. The pre dieted maximum loading ratio of hydrogen in titanium may reach to 2.0. In this work, a titanium layer on molybdenum substrate was deuterated with the atomic: ratio X =2H/Ti≥1.6. The change of the surface topography and rnicrostructurc of the sample before and after loading was observed by using Scan Electron Microscopy (SEM). The surface segregation of the samples after deutcron bombardment was also observed. A fluctuatingly-incrcasing trend of the deutcriuin density in titanium target was detected in the deuteron implantation experiments. which indicated a suddenly explosion (segregation) or fast diffusion of deuterium in the titanium. Significant amount of nitrogen contamination was found in thc Ti2Hx sample by nuclear reaction analysis (NRA), which indicated that the Ti2Hx structure might have the feature to trap nitrogen from air. The nitrogen contamination in Ti2Hx significantly affects the increase of the atomic ratio X

New Exotic Models of Cold Nuclear Reactions and the Creation of the World

The work has the characters of a philosophical note, in which a new exotic version of the atom structure is discussed. According to this, the atomic nucleus consists of “normal” and “special” neutrons. Electrons are internal part of both types of neutron. Electrons can leave “normal” neutrons of the nucleus and return back with a certain probability. These processes lead to the appearance of protons in the nucleus and form the electron orbits of the atom. At the same time, it is possible that the Coulomb’s barriers of atoms and nucleus disappear at some point in time and cold nuclear reactions pass through. This assumption leads to a new exotic model of the Universe structure, namely, the existence of neutron ether, consisting of special neutrons that do not emit their own electrons. In this ethereal ocean of special neutrons, periodically provoked disturbances arise. After that, it creates pockets, clusters of our normal neutrons inherent in our world, which can already emit electrons and, consequently, create atoms. The ether gets sick from time to time. However, as a result of this disease, stars arise. Some possible stages in the creation of our world are also discussed in this paper.

Fusion hindrance in the neck evolution of symmetric nuclear reactions

Fusion hindrance in the radial degree of freedom for massive nuclear reactions is known for a long time. However the present work shows that the fusion hindrance also exists in the neck evolution. We calculate the potential at different distances and different neck parameters by the two-center liquid drop model and then check whether fusion hindrance exists in the neck evolution by examing the sign of slope of potential vs. the neck parameter. The area of fusion hindrance in the neck evolution is shown.

Resonant nuclear reaction 23Mg(p,γ) 24Al in strongly screening magnetized neutron star crust

Based on the relativistic theory of superstrong magnetic fields（SMF）, by using three models those of Lai（LD）, Fushiki（FGP）, and our own（LJ）, we investigate the influence of SMFs due to strong electron screening（SES） on the nuclear reaction 23Mg（p,γ） 24Al in magnetars. In a relatively low density environment（e.g., ρ7 〈0.01）and 1 〈 B12 〈 102, our screening rates are in good agreement with those of LD and FGP. However, in relatively high magnetic fields（e.g., B12 〉102）, our reaction rates can be 1.58 times and about three orders of magnitude larger than those of FGP and LD, respectively（B12, ρ7 are in units of 1012G, 107 g cm-3）. The significant increase of strong screening rate can imply that more 23Mg will escape from the Ne-Na cycle due to SES in a SMF. As a consequence,the next reaction, 24Al（＋β, ν） 24Mg, will produce more 24Mg to participate in the Mg-Al cycle. Thus, it may lead to synthesis of a large amount of A〉20 nuclides in magnetars.

Bayesian model averaging(BMA)for nuclear data evaluation

To ensure agreement between theoretical calculations and experimental data,parameters to selected nuclear physics models are perturbed and fine-tuned in nuclear data evaluations.This approach assumes that the chosen set of models accurately represents the‘true’distribution of considered observables.Furthermore,the models are chosen globally,indicating their applicability across the entire energy range of interest.However,this approach overlooks uncertainties inherent in the models themselves.In this work,we propose that instead of selecting globally a winning model set and proceeding with it as if it was the‘true’model set,we,instead,take a weighted average over multiple models within a Bayesian model averaging(BMA)framework,each weighted by its posterior probability.The method involves executing a set of TALYS calculations by randomly varying multiple nuclear physics models and their parameters to yield a vector of calculated observables.Next,computed likelihood function values at each incident energy point were then combined with the prior distributions to obtain updated posterior distributions for selected cross sections and the elastic angular distributions.As the cross sections and elastic angular distributions were updated locally on a per-energy-point basis,the approach typically results in discontinuities or“kinks”in the cross section curves,and these were addressed using spline interpolation.The proposed BMA method was applied to the evaluation of proton-induced reactions on ^(58)Ni between 1 and 100 MeV.The results demonstrated a favorable comparison with experimental data as well as with the TENDL-2023 evaluation.

Spallation reaction and the probe of nuclear dissipation with excitation energy at scission

We study in the framework of the Langevin model the influence of initial excitation energy(E*) of Hg compound nuclei(CNs) on the sensitivity of the excitation energy at scission(Esc*) to the nuclear friction strength(β).It is shown that the sensitivity is enhanced substantially with increasing E*.Moreover,we find that the significant sensitivity of Esc* to β at high E*is little affected by a marked difference in the neutron-to-proton ratio of a CN and in its size and fissility.Our findings suggest that,on the experimental side,a measurement of Esc* in energetic proton-induced spallation reactions can provide not only a sensitive but also a robust probe of nuclear dissipation in fission of highly excited nuclei.Further development of a suitable approach to spallation reaction is discussed.

Determining nitrogen depth distributions in seeds of grain by nuclear reaction method

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The cross section calculation of 112Sn(α,γ)116Te reaction with different nuclear models at the astrophysical energy range

The theoretical cross section calculations for the astrophysical p process are needed because most of the related reactions are technically very difficult to be measured in the laboratory. Even if the reaction was measured,most of the measured reactions have been carried out at the higher energy range from the astrophysical energies.Therefore, almost all cross sections needed for p process simulation have to be theoretically calculated or extrapolated to the astrophysical energies.^(112)Sn(α,γ)^(116)Te is an important reaction for the p process nucleosynthesis. The theoretical cross section of ^(112)Sn(α,γ)^(116)Te reaction was investigated for different global optical model potentials,level density, and strength function models at the astrophysically interested energies. Astrophysical S factors were calculated and compared with experimental data available in the EXFOR database. The calculation with the optical model potential of the dispersive model by Demetriou et al., and the back-shifted Fermi gas level density model and Brink-Axel Lorentzian strength function model best served to reproduce experimental results at an astrophysically relevant energy region. The reaction rates were calculated with these model parameters at the p process temperature and compared with the current version of the reaction rate library Reaclib and Starlib.

A method of analysing experimental data of nuclear reaction cross sections

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A Survey of New Methods for Production of Some Radionuclides, at Laboratory Scale, through Secondary Reactions in Nuclear Reactors

The studies performed in the frame of a project destined for the search of new (t,n) and (p,n) reactions of interest in nuclear reactors are described. Experimental evidences of the observations of the reactions: 46Ti(t,n)48V, 48Ti(p,n)48V, 52Cr(t,n)54Mn, 56Fe(p,n)56Co, 72Ge(t,n)74As and 74Ge(p,n)74As, are presented. Additional data on some secondary reactions, already characterised for the production of 7Be, 56Co, 58Co, 65Zn and 88Y, were also obtained. The significance of these data is discussed.

Nuclear Stopping and Pauli Blocking in Heavy-Ion Reactions near Fermi Energy

The dissipation phenomenon in the heavy-ion reaction at incident energy near the Fermi energy is studied by simulating the reaction ^129Xe＋^129Sn with the isospin-dependent quantum molecular dynamics model. The calculations involving a proper prescription of implementing the Pauli exclusion principle show that the isotropy ratio measured by free protons emitted in the reaction at energy slightly higher than the Fermi energy is in agreement with the experimental data recently released by the INDRA collaboration. A feasible value of the Pauli-blocking factor is estimated by comparing the theoretical results with the experimental data for the energy range considered here.

Iterative Bayesian Monte Carlo for nuclear data evaluation

In this work,we explore the use of an iterative Bayesian Monte Carlo(iBMC)method for nuclear data evaluation within a TALYS Evaluated Nuclear Data Library(TENDL)framework.The goal is to probe the model and parameter space of the TALYS code system to find the optimal model and parameter sets that reproduces selected experimental data.The method involves the simultaneous variation of many nuclear reaction models as well as their parameters included in the TALYS code.The‘best’model set with its parameter set was obtained by comparing model calculations with selected experimental data.Three experimental data types were used:(1)reaction cross sections,(2)residual production cross sections,and(3)the elastic angular distributions.To improve our fit to experimental data,we update our‘best’parameter set—the file that maximizes the likelihood function—in an iterative fashion.Convergence was determined by monitoring the evolution of the maximum likelihood estimate(MLE)values and was considered reached when the relative change in the MLE for the last two iterations was within 5%.Once the final‘best’file is identified,we infer parameter uncertainties and covariance information to this file by varying model parameters around this file.In this way,we ensured that the parameter distributions are centered on our evaluation.The proposed method was applied to the evaluation of p+^(59)Co between 1 and 100 MeV.Finally,the adjusted files were compared with experimental data from the EXFOR database as well as with evaluations from the TENDL-2019,JENDL/He-2007 and JENDL-4.0/HE nuclear data libraries.

Nuclear Fusion Research and Development Need New Relativistic Mass and Energy Corrections Given by the Information Relativity Theory

Hundred years after the conjecture of the British astronomer Eddington that the sun is powered by nuclear fusion of hydrogen, new physics theory may help make energy harvesting by nuclear fusion soon a reality. Researchers as well as investors funding fusion megaprojects are asked to deal with new relativistic corrections for mass and energy proposed by Suleiman in his Information Relativity Theory (IRT). These corrections were calculated in this contribution. It will help to decide whether a venture will be successful and to save big investments when in doubt. The assumed optimal kinetic energy for controlled nuclear fusion must be corrected to a somewhat higher level. At very high kinetic energy in the upper GeV range, it remains not enough baryonic mass to be transformed in energy. The fusion probability faded out to zero already at the golden limit of the recession speed of between target nucleon and projectile nucleon. Cold nuclear fusion, if ever possible, is recommended for protons rather than deuterons at highest experimental possible temperatures around 1000 (K) and needs fine-tuned kinetic nucleon energy. It would be also of interest whether a golden ratio based nuclear fuel confinement chamber could be beneficial. In this connection, also cold nuclear fusion setups should be discussed. Nature is governed by the golden ratio and criticality of physical systems influenced by it, and nuclear physics is not an exception. Computer simulations of the underlying controlled nuclear fusion processes should gain profit from IRT corrected starting information and may tackle anew possible low energy nuclear transmutations considering the wave-like dark components of matter and energy.

Some Insights into Cluster Structure of ^(9)Be from ^(3)He + ^(9)Be Reaction

The study of inelastic scattering and multi-nucleon transfer reactions was performed by bombarding a 9Be target with a 3He beam at the incident energy of 30 MeV. Angular distributions for 9Be(3He, 3He) 9Be, 9Be (3He, 3He) 8Be, 9Be (3He, 7Be) 5He, 9Be (3He, 6Li) 6Li and 9Be (3He, 7Li) 5Li reaction channels were measured. Experimental angular distributions for the corresponding ground states (g.s.) were analyzed within the framework of the optical model, the coupled-channel approach and the distorted-wave Born approximation. Cross sections for channels leading to unbound 5Heg.s., 5Lig.s. and 8Be systems were obtained from singles measurements where the relationship between the energy and the scattering angle of the observed stable ejectile was constrained by two-body kinematics. Information on the cluster structure of 9Be was obtained from the transfer channels. It was concluded that cluster transfer was an important mechanism in the investigated nuclear reaction channels. In the present work an attempt was made to estimate the relative strengths of the interesting (n + 8Be) and (α + 5He) cluster configurations in 9Be. The contributions of different exit channels have been determined confirming that the (α + 5He) configuration plays an important role. The configuration of 8Be consisting of two bound helium clusters (5He + 6He) is significantly suppressed, whereas the two-body configurations (n + 8Be) and (α + 5He) including unbound 8Be and 5He are found more probable.