Artificial simulated saliva,gastric and intestinal digestion and fermentation in vitro by human gut microbiota of intrapolysaccharide from Paecilomyces cicadae TJJ1213

In this study,the in vitro digestion and fermentation of two intra-polysaccharide fractions(IPS1 and IPS2)from Paecilomyces cicadae TJJ1213 were investigated.The constituent monosaccharides of IPS1 and IPS2 were not changed after simulated saliva,gastric and small intestinal digestion.However,they can be hydrolyzed and utilized by gut microbiota,and short-chain fatty acids(SCFAs)level were increased after IPS1 and IPS2 treatments.Furthermore,16 S r RNA sequencing analysis of fermentation samples were performed.Alpha-diversity,beta-diversity and taxonomic composition differences analysis revealed that IPS1 and IPS2 promoted the proliferation of beneficial bacteria and modulated the overall structure of gut microbiota.Taxonomic comparison analysis found that IPS1 increased the relative abundances of beneficial bacteria including Megamonas,Bifidobacterium and Lactobacillus,while IPS2 could increase the abundance of Bacteroides,Parabacteroides and Phascolarctobacterium.In addition,they can also decrease the levels of pathogenic bacteria containing Escherichia-Shigella,Klebsiella and Fusobacterium.These results indicated that IPS from Paecilomyces cicadae TJJ1213 could be used as potential candidates for new functional foods.

In vivo anti-aging properties on fat diet-induced high fat Drosophila melanogaster of n-butanol extract from Paecilomyces hepiali

The purpose of this study was to explore the potential of the development and application of Paecilomyces hepiali,a fungus with edible and medicinal value,as a foodborne antioxidant and anti-aging agent.Its n-butanol extract(PHE)from rice cultures was selected for anti-aging experiment because of significant free radical scavenging activity in vitro.In vivo,PHE could significantly prolong the mean lifespan,50%survival days,and the maximum lifespan of Drosophila on a high-fat diet.It is amazing that the mean lifespan increased from 19.1 days to 32.9 days,50%survival days increased from 15.7 days to 34.3 days,and the maximum lifespan extended from 44.7 days to 52.7 days,when the high-fat female Drosophila model was fed with 10μg/mL PHE.Further research showed that PHE reduced the accumulation of peroxide products and increased the activity of antioxidant enzymes.Then,through antioxidant activity tracking,dimerumic acid(compound 1,the IC_(50) value of 3.4μg/mL on DPPH free radicals scavenging activity),4,5-dihydroxy-3-methoxypentanoic acid(compound 2,new compound),and thymidine(compound 3)were isolated from PHE.It is worth mentioning that dimerumic acid,the major antioxidant compound of PHE(content up to 3%),was discovered in P.hepiali for the first time.It was concluded that PHE showed excellent anti-aging activity at a very low concentration on fat diet-induced high fat Drosophila melanogaster,and dimerumic acid may be its main material basis.These results indicated that PHE had the potential to be developed as antioxidant and anti-aging agent in the healthcare industry.

红树林共生真菌Paecilomyces sp. Tree 1-7代谢产物的研究

Paecilomyces sp.Tree 1-7是一株采自台湾海峡的红树林共生真菌。用硅胶柱色谱及重结晶等方法,并根据理化性质和光谱数据对该菌的代谢产物进行了研究,从菌丝体中分离鉴定出三个化合物,分别为alatern in(1),5,8-二羟基-4-甲基-香豆素(2),3-羟基-3,6-二甲基-2,5-哌嗪(3)。对1进行了抗人的肝癌细胞hepG2及抑制乙酰胆碱酯酶(AChE)的活性测试,结果显示,化合物1有较强的抗肿瘤活性(IC50=7.0μg/mL),及很好地抑制AChE活性(IC50=0.87μg/mL)。

红树林共生真菌Paecilomyces sp· Tree 1-7代谢产物的研究

用硅胶柱色谱及重结晶等方法,并根据理化性质和光谱数据从一株红树林共生真菌Paecilomycessp.Tree 1-7中分离鉴定了四个化合物,分别为secalon ic ac id A(1),tenellic ac id A(2),大黄素(3),大黄酚(4)。并首次对化合物1和2进行了抗人的肝癌细胞hepG2的活性测试。结果显示,化合物1有很强的抗肿瘤活性,IC50=2.0μg/m l,化合物2的抗肿瘤活性IC50=62.1μg/m l。

Paecilomyces in flatus对养殖水体的影响和鲫鱼组织LDH同工酶的变化

本文报道了Paecilomycesinflatus对养殖水体生物环境（群落）的影响和鲫鱼组织（鳃和肝）乳酸脱氢酶（LDH）同工酶的变化．结果表明，P．inflantus可提高鲫鱼抗环境污染、防病菌侵入的能力，并对其作用原理进行了初步探讨．

人参皂苷Rd高产突变株Paecilomyces bainier sp229-7的生长特性和生物转化

目的通过研究突变株拟青霉菌sp229-7(Paecilomyces bainiersp229-7)的生长及转化底物情况,探讨突变株转化三七茎叶总皂苷的高效性。方法在不同条件下,运用摇瓶转化法考查菌株生长和转化底物特性;分别采用静息态细胞、胞外酶以及粗酶液,测定其对底物转化情况。结果菌体12～48 h之间生长最旺盛,36 h加入底物转化率最高,加入底物后72 h转化基本结束,转化产物只有人参皂苷Rd,底物投料量至少可以达到20 mg/mL,克分子转化率达80%以上,转化温度27℃～32℃之间最佳。静息态细胞、胞外酶以及粗酶液都可以将人参皂苷Rb1转化为人参皂苷Rd。结论与文献报道相比,Paecilomyces bainiersp229-7突变株具有良好的底物耐受性和专一性,快速生长的后期是底物投料的最佳时机,Rb1转化为Rd的时间缩短为3 d,投料量至少增加20倍,显著提高了转化效率,可望应用于工业生产。突变株的高转化效率可能与转化酶由细胞内产生并部分分泌到胞外有关,增加了酶与底物接触机会,避免了产物在胞内过量积累。

耐镉真菌Paecilomyces lilacinus6-20p对Cd^2+的吸附特性研究

开展了一株高耐镉真菌Paecilomyces lilacinus 6-20p对Cd^(2+)的吸附效果及影响因素的研究。结果表明获取Paecilomyces lilacinus 6-20p最大生长量的培养时间为108 h。Paecilomyces lilacinus 6-20p对培养液中Cd^(2+)的去除率随pH、培养温度、培养时间呈现先增高后降低的趋势,对Cd^(2+)吸附的最佳条件为pH 3.5,30℃培养108 h。培养液中Cd^(2+)初始浓度小于35.2 mg/L时,Paecilomyces lilacinus 6-20p的生长未受到抑制。当Cd^(2+)浓度大于35.2 mg/L时,其对培养液中Cd^(2+)的去除率随Cd^(2+)初始浓度增加而降低。pH、培养温度、培养时间以及Cd^(2+)初始浓度等因素均能显著影响Paecilomyces lilacinus 6-20p对Cd^(2+)的吸附效果,在菌株应用过程中应充分考虑这些因素。

红树林共生真菌Paecilomyces sp. Tree 1-7代谢产物对人肝癌细胞HepG2的杀伤作用

目的:测定红树林共生真菌Paecilomycessp.Tree 1-7代谢产物对人肝癌细胞HepG2的杀伤作用。方法:实验分为3组:空白对照组、阳性对照组和代谢产物组,采用MTT法检测不同浓度的代谢产物对人肝癌细胞HepG2的杀伤作用。结果:代谢产物中化合物secalonic acid A对人肝癌细胞HepG2的IC50为2.0μg/ml,tenellic acid A对HepG2的IC50为62.1μg/ml,alternin对HepG2的IC50为7.0μg/ml。结论:红树林共生真菌Paecilomycessp.Tree 1-7代谢产物中secalonic acid A和alternin对人肝癌细胞HepG2具有较强的细胞毒性,值得进一步研究。

Paecilomyces inflatus生理特性的研究

本文报道了Ｐａｅｃｉｌｏｍｙｃｅｓｉｎｆｌａｔｕｓ的生理特性及ＡＴＰａｓｅ（三磷酸腺苷酶）、ＰＯＤ（过氧化物酶）的同工酶和ＣＯＤ（细胞色素氧化酶）的测试结果，并对该菌在养殖水体中的生理效应作了初步研究．

Paecilomyces sp. S152胞外漆酶的合成调控

探索了不同碳氮源营养条件下,Paecilomyces sp.S152胞外漆酶的分泌情况,发现麦芽糖(20 g/L)、大豆蛋白胨(10 g/L)及酵母粉(1 g/L)最适于Paecilomyces sp.S152胞外漆酶的合成,发酵7～8 d后,漆酶酶活达到5064 U/L。研究发现Paecilomyces sp.S152漆酶在细胞内及细胞外均有分布,添加1.5 g/L的Tween 80可促进胞内漆酶的释放,提高胞外漆酶酶活,缩短发酵周期(6 d),生产强度提高至946 U/(L·d)。

虫生真菌粉质拟青霉(Paecilomyces farinosus)培养条件的研究

本文对采自山西省的虫生真菌粉质拟青霉 990 5菌株的培养条件进行了全面的分析 ,旨在寻求一种能在山西省大面积推广应用的虫生真菌杀虫剂 .试验结果表明 ,IDA(虫粉培养基 )上菌落生长最快 ,菌落直径最大 ;2 0℃ 2 5℃是菌丝生长的最适温度 ;光照对粉质拟青霉 990 5菌丝生长及产孢量有一定的影响 .

一株拟青霉菌(Paecilomyces sp.)的次生代谢产物研究

目的:通过对一株拟青霉菌(Paecilomyces sp.)的研究获得活性次生代谢产物。方法:利用固体大米培养基对该株拟青霉菌(Paecilomyces sp.)进行发酵培养,利用硅胶、凝胶柱层析法以及高效液相色谱等技术对该株真菌的次生代谢产物进行研究。通过质谱和核磁共振等现代波谱分析方法对其结构进行了鉴定。结果:共分离得到4个次生代谢产物,分别为:Cerebroside C(1)、Cerebroside D(2)、2-Hydroxybenzyl alcohol(3)、2-(4-Hydroxyphenyl)ethanol(4)。结论:以上4个化合物均为首次从该株真菌中分离得到。

淡紫拟青霉（Paecilomyces lilacinus）培养条件的优化

以查氏培养基为基础,在碳源、氮源、pH值、温度等单因子条件研究的基础上,采用正交实验对淡紫拟青霉的培养条件进行了优化研究,得到了适合其生长的发酵培养基配方。实验结果表明,以蔗糖为碳源（60g/L）,硝酸铵为氮源（1.5g/L）,pH5～6,培养温度为30℃时最适合该菌的生长。

Antidepressant effect of bioactive compounds from Paecilomyces tenuipes in mice and rats

A bioactive compound from Paecilomyces tenuipes（BCPT）has an inhibitory effect on monoamine oxidase A（MAO-A）in vitro.Researchers have thought that BCPT may be a potential antidepressant.The MAO-A suppressor moclobemide served as a control,and this study investigated the mechanisms of BCPT as an antidepressant.Results demonstrated that BCPT induced significantly increased sucrose intake in chronic unpredictable stressed rats,shortened immobility time in forced swimming mice,improved the scores of blepharoptosis and akinesia in reserpine-treated mice,increased the number of 5-hydroxy tryptophan-induced head-twitches,remarkably enhanced the expression of hippocampus mineralcorticoid receptor and glucocorticoid receptor mRNA,decreased the ratio of mineralcorticoid receptor to glucocorticoid receptor and raised the levels of dopamine,norepinephrine and 5-hydroxytryptamine,while decreasing hydroxyindole acetic acid levels or dihydroxy-phenyl acetic acid in chronic unpredictable stressed rats.Behavioral test results suggested that BCPT potentially had antidepressant-like activity.Meanwhile,BCPT increased the levels of neurotransmitters,and mineralcorticoid receptor and glucocorticoid receptor mRNA in the hippocampus,which may be an important mechanism of its antidepressant effect.

Mycelial Growth of <i>Paecilomyces hepiali</i>in Various Agar Media and Yield of Fruit Bodies in Rice Based Media

Growth of?Paecilomyces hepiali?in various agar media and yield of fruit bodies in rice based media were?studied. The best growth in agar media was obtained at 25℃?(61.86 mm colony diameter in 14 days). The initial agar media pH range?from?6 to 8 was found to be?the?most favourable for mycelial growth. This study found that agars made with powders of cereal grains alone do not support good mycelial growth of?P. hepiali. Addition of peptone improved mycelial growth significantly. The most favourable carbon sources were Mannose, Fructose and Glucose. Organic nitrogen sources were found to be?the?most preferred. The results demonstrated that brown rice is better than polished rice in yield of fruit bodies. Addition of peptone was found to be quite significant in enhancing yield of fruit bodies. Peptone, as a supplement, gave a better yield than addition of egg yolk, albumen and a mixture of the two. The medium with?40 g brown rice, 0.325 g glucose, 0.65 g sucrose, 2 g peptone and 65 ml corn steep liquor was found to be?the?most favourable and it yielded 19.3 g of fresh fruit bodies.

Separation of Insecticidal Ingredient of Paecilomyces cicadae (Miquel) Samson

In this study, the insecticidal active substance of the fruiting body of Paecilomyces cicadae （Miquel） Samson that can kill the larvae of Plutella xylostella （Lepidoptera： Plutellidae） was isolated and purified by combined separation with biology experiments for the first time. By means of bioactive guided isolation of 40% ethanol-H2O, dichloromethane, ethyl acetate, n-butyl ethanol, macroporous adsorption resin column, high performance liquid chromatography, and sephadex A-20 column, the insecticidal active compound was purified,and a white powder compound was obtained. The compound was active against the third instar larvae ofP. xylostella in 24, 48, and 72 h at the concentration of 10.0 mg mL-1 with a corrective mortality of （95.1 ± 1.8）, （97.7 ± 1.6）, and （99.1 ± 1.7）%, respectively. The compound was strongly sensitive to the larvae. It was stable at acid environment, and was not sensitive to pepsin, and other chracteristics were studied.

A Comparative Study on Chemical Composition and Pharmacological Effects of <i>Paecilomyces hepiali</i>and Wild <i>Ophiocordyceps sinensis</i>

This study looked at comparison of chemical components and pharmacological activity between wild Ophiocordyceps sinensis and Paecilomyces hepiali. The chemical components investigated included amino acids, vitamins, dietary elements, protein, lipid, ash, carbohydrates, crude fibre, ergosterol and mannitol. Studies on pharmacological activity included anti-platelet aggregation, inhibitory effect on IL-8 gene expression, anti-mutagenic activity, skin whitening effect and impro- vement activity on human skin texture. The results show that P. hepiali has a larger total content of seven essential amino acids (leucine, lysine, methionine, phenylalanine, tryptophan, tyrosine and valine) than O. sinensis, 8580 mg/100g and 6180 mg/100g respectively. The total content of dietary elements analysed (potassium, magnesium, zinc, copper, manganese and selenium) was also higher in P. hepiali (3135 mg/100g) than that in O. sinensis (2445 mg/100g). The total content of four vitamins (B1, B2, B6 and E) was almost equal for both fungi. Paecilomyces hepiali had more content of protein, lipid, ash, carbohydrate, ergosterol and mannitol than O. sinensis. However, the contents of lipid and ash were not significantly different between the two fungi. The hot water extract of P. hepiali has been shown to have a number of pharmacological effects which include 1) inhibition of aggregation on human platelet, 2) inhibition of IL-8 gene expression, 3) anti-mutage- nic activity, 4) inhibition effect on production of melanin, and 5) improvement on human skin texture. Anti-platelet aggregation effects on human platelet, inhibition of IL-8 gene expression, anti-mutagenic activity and improvement effect on human skin texture were greater in P. hepiali treatments than that in wild O. sinensis.

Advances in research on chemical constituents and pharmacological effects of Paecilomyces hepiali

Paecilomyces hepiali is a fungus with edible and pharmaceutic value,isolated from Ophiocordyceps sinensis.Its main bioactive constituents contain alkaloids,cyclic dipeptides,steroids,organic acids,and polysaccharides.Due to the huge development potential of P.hepiali in the field of food and medicine,it has been developed into a variety of products that cater to the needs of the public.In this paper,the chemical constituents and their pharmacological effects of P.hepiali are reviewed,which can provide reference for the development and application of P.hepiali.

Effects of hot-water extract of <i>Paecilomyces hepiali</i>on hypertension parameters in Spontaneously Hypertensive Rats

In this study, effects of hot water extract of Paecilomyces hepiali mycelia on hypertension parameters in spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHR) were investigated. The tested parameters included blood pressure, blood and urine biochemical composition, renin and angiotensin II levels in the blood. Prior to these tests, the extract was examined for toxicity. The fungus was cultivated in a solid medium composed of 40 g brown rice, 0.32 g glucose, 0.65 g sucrose, 2 g peptone and 65 ml corn steep liquor. No abnormality or harmful effects were observed in the toxicity test. Administration of a continuous-dose, once daily, to SHR for 27 weeks (from 13 weeks of age) decreased the systolic blood pressure (SBP) significantly. Levels of blood urea nitrogen, β-lipoprotein lipid peroxides and low density lipoprotein were significantly lower in the treated groups when compared to the control group. Urinary protein was significantly reduced in the middle and high dose groups. In comparison with the control group (0 mg/kg/10ml/day), significantly higher values were obtained for total cholesterol in groups that were given middle (170 mg/kg/10ml/day) and high (250 mg/kg/10ml/day) dosages. In all dosages (low, middle and high) the values for triglyceride were significantly higher than value found in the control group. In terms of angiotensin II levels, the value in the control group was markedly higher than values in the other groups. The results suggest that oral administration of hot water extract of P. hepiali mycelia has ability to control hypertension in rats.