[Objective] This study was conducted to explore the predation of Pardosa pseudoannulata and Pirata procurva_ on Plutela xylostela larvae. [Method] The quantities of P. xylostela larvae predated by the two spider speci...[Objective] This study was conducted to explore the predation of Pardosa pseudoannulata and Pirata procurva_ on Plutela xylostela larvae. [Method] The quantities of P. xylostela larvae predated by the two spider species at different temperatures and the quantities of P. xylostela larvae predated by P. pseudoannula-ta_in different volumes were analyzed. Based on three factors at five levels, the quadratic general regression rotation combination design was used to study the combined control effect of the two spider species on P. xylostela_larvae and the control effect of P. pseudoannulata on the larvae of P. xylostela and Spodoptera litura. [Result] The quantities of P. xylostela_ larvae predated by the two spider species increased first and then decreased with the increase of temperature, and the functional predation response of P. pseudoannulata and P. procurva_ on the fourth instar larvae of P. xylostela_fitted the Hol ing-Ⅱ model, and the Hol ing-Ⅲmodel could perfect the evaluation on the predation effect. Volume had great effect on the feeding of P. pseudoannulata. lnstantaneous attack ability （a’）, the time to handle one prey （Th） and predation function （a’/Th） in a smal er volume were al higher than that in a larger volume. The predation of the two spider species on P. xylostela_larvae was positively correlated with their densities. The overal effect of the three factors was： the density of P. xylostela＆gt;the density of P. procurva＆gt;the density of P. pseudoannulata. The densities of P. xylostela and S. litura larvae could affect the feeding amount of P. pseudoannulata. But there was no predation preference for P. pseudoannulata on the larvae of P. xylostela and S. litura. [Con-clusion] The results wil provide a reference for the evaluation of control effect of_P. xylostela_by P. pseudoannulata_and P. procurva in the field.展开更多
Lycosidae females demonstrate meticulous maternal care of offspring by carrying egg sacs and juvenile spiderlings during the reproductive stage. Nuclear receptors(NRs), especially the ecdysone receptor(EcR) and ultras...Lycosidae females demonstrate meticulous maternal care of offspring by carrying egg sacs and juvenile spiderlings during the reproductive stage. Nuclear receptors(NRs), especially the ecdysone receptor(EcR) and ultraspiracle(USP), have attracted considerable attention in the regulation of arthropod development and reproduction due to their pivotal roles in ecdysteroid signaling cascades. In the present study, 23 NRs, including one EcR and two USPs, were identified in the genome of the predatory wolf spider Pardosa pseudoannulata. RNA interference(RNAi) targeting EcR and USP-1inhibited spiderling development and resulted in nonviable eggs in the egg sacs. EcR and USP-1responded to changes in ecdysteroid levels, and interference in ecdysteroid biosynthesis led to similar phenotypes as ds EcR and ds USP-1 treatments.These findings suggest that EcR/USP-1-mediated ecdysteroid signaling regulates P. pseudoannulata development and reproduction. The P.pseudoannulata females with suppressed ecdysteroid signaling proactively consumed their non-viable egg sacs, resulting in a 7.19 d shorter first reproductive cycle than the controls. Termination of the failed reproductive cycle enabled the spiders to produce a new egg sac more rapidly. This reproductive strategy may partially rescue the reduction in population growth due to non-viable eggs and compensate for the physiological expenditure of wasted maternal care, which would be beneficial for the conservation of P.pseudoannulata populations and their natural control of insect pests.展开更多
At the moment,little is found on the whole genomes of spiders in public databases.To this end,this study aimed to analyze the morphology,biological characteristics,and genome of Pardosa pseudoannulata,which was expect...At the moment,little is found on the whole genomes of spiders in public databases.To this end,this study aimed to analyze the morphology,biological characteristics,and genome of Pardosa pseudoannulata,which was expected to add genome information of spiders.To be specific,Illumina sequencing was used to sequence the genome of this spider species,and K-mer(K=17)analysis to estimate the size,heterozygosity,and repetitiveness of the genome.More than 142.11 Gb high-quality reads were obtained,which were assembled into 3508.13 Mb contigs(N50=1035 bp)and 3542.56 Mb scaffolds(N50=1258 bp).Two peaks were found in the 17-mer distribution map.The genome of P.pseudoannulata was 4696.86 Mb,with the heterozygosity of 0.21%and 84.32%of repetitive sequences.This indicated that repetitive sequences were highly abundant in the genome of P.pseudoannulata and multi-generation selfing before genome sequencing can reduce the repetitiveness.In addition,NOVOheter can be used for genome assembly.This study layed a basis for the publication of spider genome data and provided a reference for the research on spider genomics.展开更多
用蒸馏水沉淀法、Sephacryl S-300 High Resolution Hiprep 26/60葡聚糖凝胶层析、蛋白质电泳的方法提取和纯化了拟环纹豹蛛Pardosa pseudoannulata的卵黄蛋白,并对其性质进行了分析。用蒸馏水沉淀法能得到卵黄蛋白粗提液,将得到的卵黄...用蒸馏水沉淀法、Sephacryl S-300 High Resolution Hiprep 26/60葡聚糖凝胶层析、蛋白质电泳的方法提取和纯化了拟环纹豹蛛Pardosa pseudoannulata的卵黄蛋白,并对其性质进行了分析。用蒸馏水沉淀法能得到卵黄蛋白粗提液,将得到的卵黄蛋白粗提液用Sephacryl S-300 High Resolution Hiprep 26/60凝胶柱过滤,可以得到纯化的卵黄蛋白。电泳结合不同的染色方法证明拟环纹豹蛛卵黄蛋白是一种糖脂复合蛋白,它由2个亚基组成,亚基的相对分子质量分别为80.1 k D和57.4 k D。展开更多
Cannibalism is common in spiders.Wolf spider(Lycosidae)females,which exhibit extensive maternal care,have been reported to cannibalize less when they are carrying egg sacs and juveniles.In a laboratory experiment,we d...Cannibalism is common in spiders.Wolf spider(Lycosidae)females,which exhibit extensive maternal care,have been reported to cannibalize less when they are carrying egg sacs and juveniles.In a laboratory experiment,we demonstrated that cannibalism of early-instar spiderlings(EIS)by a wolf spider(Pardosa pseudoannulata)mother was almost completely inhibited when she was carrying spiderlings.Compared with virgin and mated-females,mother spiders tolerated more and predated fewer spiderlings,including gregarious pulli and newly dispersed spiderlings(NDS).Cannibalism of EIS by females during their reproductive period exhibited a V-shaped pattern,with a gradual decrease from the egg sac-carrying to pulli-carrying(PC)stage,and a recovery from the PC stage to post-reproductive(PR)stage.Notably,there was 0 cannibalism at the PC stage.PC females exhibited no interest in pulli,while PR females were attracted to and predated pulli and NDS as they did their natural prey,Nilaparvata lugens.Interestingly,PC females captured and released NDS in a foraging assay,although attraction was observed from olfactometer measurements.PC mothers possessed a cuticular volatile profile that was closer to that of pulli and NDS than to that of PR females.Moreover,NDS cuticular extract provoked an electrophysiological response in legs of PC females.Therefore,cuticular compound-mediated chemical communication may be involved in inhibiting cannibalism of EIS by spider mothers,and especially in eliminating cannibalism by PC mothers.Future studies will aim to characterize the specific cuticular compounds and chemoreception mechanism in females,which will facilitate our understanding of intraspecific recognition and cannibalism in spiders.展开更多
Vitellogenin receptor(VgR)is crucial for vitellogenin(Vg)uptake by oocytes.VgR is less known in Arachnida,especially in spiders.Different from only one VgR in an arthropod species,two VgRs,VgR-1 and VgR-2,were found i...Vitellogenin receptor(VgR)is crucial for vitellogenin(Vg)uptake by oocytes.VgR is less known in Arachnida,especially in spiders.Different from only one VgR in an arthropod species,two VgRs,VgR-1 and VgR-2,were found in the pond wolf spider,Pardosa pseudoannulata.Both VgRs had the typical domains of the low-density lipoprotein receptor family except for the absence of the ligand-binding domain 1 in VgR-2.Spatiotemporal expression profiles showed that two VgR genes were consistently highly expressed in females and their ovaries,but VgR-1 was 48-fold that of VgR-2 in ovaries.The transcriptional level of VgR-1 was significantly downregulated by RNAi,but it did not work for VgR-2 although several trials were performed.Vg-1 and Vg-2 might be the ligands of VgR-1 because their expressions were also decreased in the dsVgR-1-treated females.Silencing VgR-1 prolonged the pre-oviposition period by 56 h.The expression of VgRs and Vgs were upregulated by juvenile hormones(JHs),which suggested that JHs were the essential factors to vitellogenesis in the spider.The present study revealed the importance of VgR-1 in the spider oviposition,which will improve the understanding on VgR physiological functions in spiders.展开更多
基金Supported by the Science and Technology Innovation Program of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences(ASTIP-IBFC09)Technical System of Vegetable Industry of Hunan Province+1 种基金National Natural Science Foundation of China(31501653)Earmarked fund for Modern Agro-industry Technology Research System of China(CARS-19-E09)~~
文摘[Objective] This study was conducted to explore the predation of Pardosa pseudoannulata and Pirata procurva_ on Plutela xylostela larvae. [Method] The quantities of P. xylostela larvae predated by the two spider species at different temperatures and the quantities of P. xylostela larvae predated by P. pseudoannula-ta_in different volumes were analyzed. Based on three factors at five levels, the quadratic general regression rotation combination design was used to study the combined control effect of the two spider species on P. xylostela_larvae and the control effect of P. pseudoannulata on the larvae of P. xylostela and Spodoptera litura. [Result] The quantities of P. xylostela_ larvae predated by the two spider species increased first and then decreased with the increase of temperature, and the functional predation response of P. pseudoannulata and P. procurva_ on the fourth instar larvae of P. xylostela_fitted the Hol ing-Ⅱ model, and the Hol ing-Ⅲmodel could perfect the evaluation on the predation effect. Volume had great effect on the feeding of P. pseudoannulata. lnstantaneous attack ability （a’）, the time to handle one prey （Th） and predation function （a’/Th） in a smal er volume were al higher than that in a larger volume. The predation of the two spider species on P. xylostela_larvae was positively correlated with their densities. The overal effect of the three factors was： the density of P. xylostela＆gt;the density of P. procurva＆gt;the density of P. pseudoannulata. The densities of P. xylostela and S. litura larvae could affect the feeding amount of P. pseudoannulata. But there was no predation preference for P. pseudoannulata on the larvae of P. xylostela and S. litura. [Con-clusion] The results wil provide a reference for the evaluation of control effect of_P. xylostela_by P. pseudoannulata_and P. procurva in the field.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(31972296,32172482)。
文摘Lycosidae females demonstrate meticulous maternal care of offspring by carrying egg sacs and juvenile spiderlings during the reproductive stage. Nuclear receptors(NRs), especially the ecdysone receptor(EcR) and ultraspiracle(USP), have attracted considerable attention in the regulation of arthropod development and reproduction due to their pivotal roles in ecdysteroid signaling cascades. In the present study, 23 NRs, including one EcR and two USPs, were identified in the genome of the predatory wolf spider Pardosa pseudoannulata. RNA interference(RNAi) targeting EcR and USP-1inhibited spiderling development and resulted in nonviable eggs in the egg sacs. EcR and USP-1responded to changes in ecdysteroid levels, and interference in ecdysteroid biosynthesis led to similar phenotypes as ds EcR and ds USP-1 treatments.These findings suggest that EcR/USP-1-mediated ecdysteroid signaling regulates P. pseudoannulata development and reproduction. The P.pseudoannulata females with suppressed ecdysteroid signaling proactively consumed their non-viable egg sacs, resulting in a 7.19 d shorter first reproductive cycle than the controls. Termination of the failed reproductive cycle enabled the spiders to produce a new egg sac more rapidly. This reproductive strategy may partially rescue the reduction in population growth due to non-viable eggs and compensate for the physiological expenditure of wasted maternal care, which would be beneficial for the conservation of P.pseudoannulata populations and their natural control of insect pests.
文摘At the moment,little is found on the whole genomes of spiders in public databases.To this end,this study aimed to analyze the morphology,biological characteristics,and genome of Pardosa pseudoannulata,which was expected to add genome information of spiders.To be specific,Illumina sequencing was used to sequence the genome of this spider species,and K-mer(K=17)analysis to estimate the size,heterozygosity,and repetitiveness of the genome.More than 142.11 Gb high-quality reads were obtained,which were assembled into 3508.13 Mb contigs(N50=1035 bp)and 3542.56 Mb scaffolds(N50=1258 bp).Two peaks were found in the 17-mer distribution map.The genome of P.pseudoannulata was 4696.86 Mb,with the heterozygosity of 0.21%and 84.32%of repetitive sequences.This indicated that repetitive sequences were highly abundant in the genome of P.pseudoannulata and multi-generation selfing before genome sequencing can reduce the repetitiveness.In addition,NOVOheter can be used for genome assembly.This study layed a basis for the publication of spider genome data and provided a reference for the research on spider genomics.
文摘用蒸馏水沉淀法、Sephacryl S-300 High Resolution Hiprep 26/60葡聚糖凝胶层析、蛋白质电泳的方法提取和纯化了拟环纹豹蛛Pardosa pseudoannulata的卵黄蛋白,并对其性质进行了分析。用蒸馏水沉淀法能得到卵黄蛋白粗提液,将得到的卵黄蛋白粗提液用Sephacryl S-300 High Resolution Hiprep 26/60凝胶柱过滤,可以得到纯化的卵黄蛋白。电泳结合不同的染色方法证明拟环纹豹蛛卵黄蛋白是一种糖脂复合蛋白,它由2个亚基组成,亚基的相对分子质量分别为80.1 k D和57.4 k D。
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation(32172482)Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities(KJQN201809)the National Natural Science Foundation(31772185,31972296).
文摘Cannibalism is common in spiders.Wolf spider(Lycosidae)females,which exhibit extensive maternal care,have been reported to cannibalize less when they are carrying egg sacs and juveniles.In a laboratory experiment,we demonstrated that cannibalism of early-instar spiderlings(EIS)by a wolf spider(Pardosa pseudoannulata)mother was almost completely inhibited when she was carrying spiderlings.Compared with virgin and mated-females,mother spiders tolerated more and predated fewer spiderlings,including gregarious pulli and newly dispersed spiderlings(NDS).Cannibalism of EIS by females during their reproductive period exhibited a V-shaped pattern,with a gradual decrease from the egg sac-carrying to pulli-carrying(PC)stage,and a recovery from the PC stage to post-reproductive(PR)stage.Notably,there was 0 cannibalism at the PC stage.PC females exhibited no interest in pulli,while PR females were attracted to and predated pulli and NDS as they did their natural prey,Nilaparvata lugens.Interestingly,PC females captured and released NDS in a foraging assay,although attraction was observed from olfactometer measurements.PC mothers possessed a cuticular volatile profile that was closer to that of pulli and NDS than to that of PR females.Moreover,NDS cuticular extract provoked an electrophysiological response in legs of PC females.Therefore,cuticular compound-mediated chemical communication may be involved in inhibiting cannibalism of EIS by spider mothers,and especially in eliminating cannibalism by PC mothers.Future studies will aim to characterize the specific cuticular compounds and chemoreception mechanism in females,which will facilitate our understanding of intraspecific recognition and cannibalism in spiders.
基金supported by the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities(grant number:KJQN201809)the National Natural Science Foundation(grant number:31772185,31972296).
文摘Vitellogenin receptor(VgR)is crucial for vitellogenin(Vg)uptake by oocytes.VgR is less known in Arachnida,especially in spiders.Different from only one VgR in an arthropod species,two VgRs,VgR-1 and VgR-2,were found in the pond wolf spider,Pardosa pseudoannulata.Both VgRs had the typical domains of the low-density lipoprotein receptor family except for the absence of the ligand-binding domain 1 in VgR-2.Spatiotemporal expression profiles showed that two VgR genes were consistently highly expressed in females and their ovaries,but VgR-1 was 48-fold that of VgR-2 in ovaries.The transcriptional level of VgR-1 was significantly downregulated by RNAi,but it did not work for VgR-2 although several trials were performed.Vg-1 and Vg-2 might be the ligands of VgR-1 because their expressions were also decreased in the dsVgR-1-treated females.Silencing VgR-1 prolonged the pre-oviposition period by 56 h.The expression of VgRs and Vgs were upregulated by juvenile hormones(JHs),which suggested that JHs were the essential factors to vitellogenesis in the spider.The present study revealed the importance of VgR-1 in the spider oviposition,which will improve the understanding on VgR physiological functions in spiders.
