High Yield Cultivation and Pest Control Technology of Cashew

In order to enhance the yield and quality of cashew,it is essential to implement high-yield cultivation techniques effectively throughout the production process.Additionally,pest control measures should be employed to provide technical support for the industrialized development of cashew.

Tending Management and Pest Control Measures of Pinus koraiensis during Its Growth Period

Tending management and pest control directly affect forest construction.Not only sustainable growth of timber but also continuous and permanent use of green mountains and water can be achieved by providing tending management measures for sustainable operations and implementing effective pest control measures.According to the demand of production practice,this paper studies the tending management and pest control measures of Pinus koraiensis forest during its growth period,so as to provide important scientific support for improving the quality of P.koraiensis forest in the future.

RNA interference in Colorado potato beetle(Leptinotarsa decemlineata): A potential strategy for pest control

Colorado potato beetle(CPB),Leptinotarsa decemlineata,is a notorious destructive pest that mainly feeds on the leaves of potato and several other solanaceous plants.CPB is widely recognized for its adaptation to a remarkable variety of host plants and diverse climates,and its high resistance to insecticides and Bacillus thuringiensis toxins.RNA interference(RNAi)is a sequence-specific,endogenous gene silencing mechanism evoked by small RNA molecules that is used as a robust tool for virus and pest control.RNAi has been extensively tested for CPB management by employing various target genes and delivery methods.This article reviews the screening of RNAi target genes,efficient RNAi delivery systems,and factors affecting RNAi efficiency in CPB,which may help understand the mechanisms of RNAi and its application in CPB control strategy.

Dynamic models of pest propagation and pest control

This paper proposes a pest propagation model to investigate the evolution behaviours of pest aggregates. A pest aggregate grows by self-monomer birth, and it may fragment into two smaller ones. The kinetic evolution behaviours of pest aggregates are investigated by the rate equation approach based on the mean-field theory. For a system with a self-birth rate kernel I（k） = Ik and a fragmentation rate kernel L（i,j） = L, we find that the total number MoA（t） and the total mass of the pest aggregates MA （t） both increase exponentially with time if L ≠ 0. Furthermore, we introduce two catalysis-driven monomer death mechanisms for the former pest propagation model to study the evolution behaviours of pest aggregates under pesticide and natural enemy controlled pest propagation. In the pesticide controlled model with a catalyzed monomer death rate kernel J1 （k） ---- J1 k, it is found that only when I 〈 J1 B0 （B0 is the concentration of catalyst aggregates） can the pests be killed off. Otherwise, the pest aggregates can survive. In the model of pest control with a natural enemy, a pest aggregate loses one of its individuals and the number of natural enemies increases by one. For this system, we find that no matter how many natural enemies there are at the beginning, pests will be eliminated by them eventually.

A New Strategy of Insect Pest Control:Down-regulating Cotton Bollworm Gene Expression by Engineering Plant Double Stranded RNA

Cotton bollworm(Helicoverpa armigera) is an important agricultural pest that causes severe yield loss to crops,particularly to cotton.Transgenic Bt crops have been successful in

Empirical Analysis of Forest Pest Control Efficiency from 2003 to 2014 in China

Three indexes including forest pest occurrence area,control area and input fund of 31 provinces from 2003 to 2014 were selected from Forestry Statistical Yearbook,to establish dynamic interaction index evaluation system with clustering robust regression model and Stata 13. 0 software. Total forest pest control efficiency in China was determined according to the computing result of entropy method. Suggestions such as improving forest pest control efficiency,increasing service efficiency and input amount of forest pest control input funds were put forward. It will provide empirical basis for target management evaluation of forest pest control work and accountability system.

Ecological control of forest pest： a new strategy for forest pest control

与综合害虫管理和化学控制比较，作者提出了森林害虫控制的新策略，森林害虫(ECFP ) 的命名生态的控制。这篇论文考察了发展历史，总结了 ECFP 的概念和原则，讨论了 ECFP 的技术和方法，并且评估了 ECFP 和它的应用程序条件。

Occurrence regularity and integrated pest control of wheat midge (Sitodiplosis mosellana Gehin)

The occurrence regularity of wheat midgec (Sitodiplosis mosellana Gehin) was investigated in 1986 -1991. One generation of this kind of insects emergies every year,and its cocoon lies dormant in soil through the winter and summer (total for over ten months). The active larvae have a habit to move up and down with the changes of soil temperature. The field experiment over three years has showed that DDVp, a slow-release pesticide,is significantly effective in reduction of wheat loss due to this pest. Thirteen wheat varieties which are resistant or tolerant to this pest have been obtained in Hebei province. The main points of the technique described in this paper is put in a nutshell: relying mainly on growing the resistant varieties of wheat while making chemical control subsidiary. The chemical control is carried out at the pupal stage to kill the insects as many as possible,and at the adult stage to wipe out the remnants. Over the last three years,as a result of the utilization of this technique in

Natural Enemies and Pest Control in Field-Grown Crop in Southern Senegal

Crop pests are a permanent threat to horticultural production. Several control methods are recommended for their control, including biological control. This method based on the use of natural enemies is not well established. The objective of this study was to assess the diversity and abundance of natural enemies of crop pests. A survey of crops associated with pests was carried out on 144 fields in southern Senegal to measure the diversity and abundance of natural enemies of various crop pests, determine the native parasitoid complex and assess parasitism rates. Ecological indices were calculated to assess the diversity of natural enemies. A total of 25 natural enemy species were identified, including 15 parasitoids and 10 predators. Predatory Hemiptera and Parasitoid Hymenoptera were high biodiversity. The parasitism rates vary between 0 and 50% depending on the abundance of pests and parasitoid species. Knowledge of the diversity of natural enemies and the understanding of trophic interactions with pests are important in the development of biological crop protection in order to preserve resilience in agroecosystems.

Health risks of pest control and disinfection workers after the COVID-19 outbreak in South Korea

The exposure patterns of pest control and disinfection workers have changed after the coronavirus disease 2019(COVID-19)outbreak,but the health risks of chemical exposure have not been assessed.We identified these workers’chemical exposure patterns and risks before and after the COVID-19 outbreak.We used data conducted between 2018(pre-pandemic)and 2021(post-pandemic)from three-year cross-sectional surveys on pest control and disinfection workers.Inhalation and dermal exposure concentrations were estimated using equations based on a biocidal product risk assessment model from the Korean National Institute of Environmental Research.The non-carcinogenic and carcinogenic risks of chemicals were calculated using the United States Environmental Protection Agency risk assessment model.We found that the annual work frequency(50^(th)percentile)of foggers using disinfectants increased the most among all the work types,from 140 uses/year to 176 uses/year after the COVID-19 outbreak.Moreover,all chemicals’non-carcinogenic and carcinogenic risks increased regardless of exposure routes.In the worst scenario(95^(th)percentile),the margin of exposure for citric acid,benzethonium chloride,benzyl-C12-16-alkyldimethyl chlorides,and sodium chlorite of inhalation exposure,and isopropyl alcohol and benzyl-C12-16-alkyldimethyl chlorides of dermal exposure were acceptable(>100)before the COVID-19outbreak but became unacceptable(<100)after the COVID-19 outbreak.Carcinogenic risks of dichlorvos from inhalation and dermal exposure were above acceptable levels(>10^(-6))before and after the COVID-19 outbreak but comparatively high after the COVID-19 outbreak.Additionally,significantly more workers experienced health symptoms after the COVID-19outbreak(p<0.05),with the most common being muscle lethargy(31%),skin/face stinging(28.7%),and breath shortness/neck pain(24.1%).

Synergistic effects of the entomopathogenic fungus Isaria javanica and low doses of dinotefuran on the efficient control of the rice pest Sogatella furcifera

The rice planthopper,Sogatella furcifera,is a piercing-sucking insect pest of rice,Oryza sativa.It is responsible for significant crop yield losses,and has developed moderate to high resistance to several commonly used chemical insecticides.We investigated the effects of the insect fungal pathogen Isaria javanica,alone and in combination with the chemical insecticide dinotefuran,on S.furcifera under both laboratory and field conditions.Our results show that I.javanica displays high infection efficiency and mortality for different stages of S.furcifera,reducing adult survival,female oviposition and ovary development.Laboratory bioassays showed that the combined use of I.javanica with a low dose(4-16 mg L^(-1))of dinotefuran resulted in higher mortality in S.furcifera than the use of I.javanica or dinotefuran alone.The combined treatment also had more significant effects on several host enzymes,including superoxide dismutase,catalase,peroxidase,and prophenol oxidase activities.In field trials,I.javanica effectively suppressed populations of rice planthoppers to low levels(22-64%of the level in untreated plots).Additional field experiments showed synergistic effects,i.e.,enhanced efficiency,for the control of S.furcifera populations using the combination of a low dose of I.javanica(1×10^(4) conidia mL^(-1))and a low dose of dinotefuran(~4.8-19.2%of normal field use levels),with control effects of>90%and a population level under 50 insects per 100 hills at 3-14 days post-treatment.Our findings indicate that the entomogenous fungus I.javanica offers an attractive biological control addition as part of the integrated pest management(IPM)practices for the control of rice plant pests.

Regional selection of insecticides and fungal biopesticides to control aphids and thrips and improve the forage quality of alfalfa crops

The efficacies of biological and conventional chemical insecticides against two major insect pests of alfalfa(aphids and thrips)were compared in three sites across China’s alfalfa belt.In addition,the persistence of the residues of chemical insecticides in alfalfa and their influence on the quality of alfalfa hay were examined.Efficacy varied among the different biological and chemical insecticides.The chemical insecticides were significantly more effective than biopesticides in a short time-frame.The efficacy period of biopesticides was significantly longer than that of chemical insecticides,and the corrected mortality rate of aphids in all regions was above 50%at 14 days after application.The analysis of pesticide residues showed that the residual doses of all the pesticides were within the allowed ranges after the safe period.The acid detergent fiber and neutral detergent fiber contents in alfalfa hay were higher and the protein content was lower in chemical insecticide treatments than in biopesticide treatments in Hebei.The relative feeding value of alfalfa hay treated with Metarhizium anisopliae IPP330189 was the highest among the treatments.Compared with chemical insecticides,the yield of alfalfa hay was higher in the biopesticides treatments.Biopesticides show a stronger control effect on insect populations and also a better improvement in the quality of alfalfa hay than chemical insecticides.This study provides a basis for exploring and developing a comprehensive control regime for alfalfa insect pests in the different alfalfa-growing regions in China,and for reducing chemical insecticide usage and improving forage quality.

An AIE Star Polymer with Enhanced Co-Delivery of Drug and Gene for Synergistic Pest Control

Pesticides,as the most common means of pest managements,have caused a series of problems such as pest resistance and environmental pollution.Aggregation-induced emission(AIE)polymers exhibit great potential in biological applications because their fluorescent intensities significantly enhance in the aggregated state.In this paper,an AIE star polymer including a tetraphenyl ethylene(TPE)core and poly(2-(dimethylamino)ethyl methacrylate)arms is designed and further developed as a multi-functional nanocarrier for agricultural pest control.The nanocarrier shows high water solubility,good size stability and AIE imaging ability.Meanwhile,the twisted AIE core and positively charged polymer arms make the nanocarrier efficiently co-load dinotefuran(DIN)and dsRNA via hydrogen bonds and electrostatic interactions,respectively.The AIE star polymer displays low toxicity and high fluorescence traceability.As a result,the nanocarrier co-loading with DIN and dsRNA exhibits a highly synergistic insecticidal effect with higher pest mortality compared to the separate delivery of DIN and dsRNA.This study develops the AIE star polymer to improve the efficiency of co-delivery of drug and dsRNA and proposes a new strategy toward efficient and synergistic pest control.

老年失能精准防控体系建设发展的SWOT-PEST分析

目的:分析我国老年失能精准防控体系的内、外部环境和优、劣势,为促进其高质量发展提供参考。方法:运用SWOT-PEST分析模型从政治、经济、社会、技术四个方面对我国老年失能精准防控体系的内、外部因素进行系统分析,归纳总结出我国老年失能精准防控体系建设发展过程中的优势、劣势、机遇和挑战。结果:我国老年失能精准防控体系具有国家政策助力发展、信息技术发展迅速、老龄化程度加深及国外先进经验丰富等较好的内部优势与外部机遇,但也有相关标准规范不完善、老年人对精准防控体系认知不足及高质量人才缺乏等关键劣势和威胁需要规避。结论:我国老年失能精准防控体系应建立预防为主、防治结合的新思路,加大政府政策支持力度,积极培养高素质专业人才和挖掘社会资源,促进我国老年精准防控体系快速发展,助力积极应对人口老龄化战略。

Feasibility, limitation and possible solutions of RNAi-based technology for insect pest control

Numerous studies indicate that target gene silencing by RNA interference （RNAi） could lead to insect death. This phenomenon has been considered as a potential strategy for insect pest control, and it is termed RNAi-mediated crop protection. However, there are many limitations using RNAi-based technology for pest control, with the effectiveness target gene selection and reliable double-strand RNA （dsRNA） delivery being two of the major challenges. With respect to target gene selection, at present, the use of homologous genes and genome-scale high-throughput screening are the main strategies adopted by researchers. Once the target gene is identified, dsRNA can be delivered by micro-injection or by feeding as a dietary component. However, micro-injection, which is the most common method, can only be used in laboratory experiments. Expression of dsRNAs directed against insect genes in transgenic plants and spraying dsRNA reagents have been shown to induce RNAi effects on target insects. Hence, RNAi-mediated crop protection has been considered as a potential new-generation technology for pest control, or as a complementary method of existing pest control strategies; however, further devel- opment to improve the efficacy of protection and range of species affected is necessary. In this review, we have summarized current research on RNAi-based technology for pest insect management. Current progress has proven that RNAi technology has the potential to be a tool for designing a new generation of insect control measures. To accelerate its practical application in crop protection, further study on dsRNA uptake mechanisms based on the knowledge of insect physiology and biochemistry is needed.

Connecting scales： Achieving in-field pest control from areawide and landscape ecology studies

Areawide management has a long history of achieving solutions that target pests; however, there has been little focus on the areawide management of arthropod natural enemies. Landscape ecology studies that show a positive relationship between natural enemy abundance and habitat diversity demonstrate landscape-dependent pest suppression, but have not yet clearly linked their findings to pest management or to the suite of pests associated with crops that require control. Instead the focus has often been on model systems of single pest species and their natural enemies. We suggest that management actions to capture pest control from natural enemies may be forth coming if： （i） the suite of response and predictor variables focus on pest complexes and specific management actions; （ii） the contribution of＂the landscape＂ is identified by assessing the timing and numbers of natural enemies immigrating and emigrating to and from the target crop, as well as pests; and （iii） pest control thresholds aligned with crop development stages are the benchmark to measure impact of natural enemies on pests, in turn allowing for comparison between study regions, and generalizations. To achieve pest control we will need to incorporate what has been learned from an ecological understanding of model pest and natural enemy systems and integrate areawide landscape management with in-field pest management.

Physiological response of locusts to eye stimulation by spectral illumination for phototactic pest control

To provide theoretical support for study of locust phototactic vision nature,the locust phototactic physiology and visual spectrum effects were investigated by stimulating the visual system using light from an AvaSpec fiber-optic spectrometer and Flir thermal imaging system.When light stimulated the locust visual system,the biological photoelectric transformation effect of the visual system caused by photon energy,presented with the higher physiological temperature on the forehead,as tested by the Flir thermal system.After stimulation with light,the different absorption degrees of the vision system on the spectral photons,as tested by the AvaSpec spectrometer,showed that the phototactic response to light had the simultaneous requirements of lighting intensity and time.The absorbing differences of spectral photons by the vision system demonstrated the absorption selectivity under light stimulation,as exhibited by the sensitive absorption of spectral energy at 430 nm,545 nm and 615 nm.Moreover,the higher forehead temperature increment indicated and induced the stronger physiology activity which was the reason that causing the good phototactic response degree of locusts with 30 min light stimulation,and the adaption time was about 60 min.Therefore,only when the visual reaction effect was stimulated to absorb sensitive spectral energy and generate the physiological exciting response could cause the phototactic behavior.

Modelling the Effects of Pest Control with Development of Pesticide Resistance

In this paper,we assume that the pest population is divided into susceptible pests and infected pests,and only susceptible pests do harm to crops.Considering the two methods of spraying pesticides and releasing infected pests and natural enemies to control susceptible pests(the former is applied more frequently),and assuming that only susceptible pests develop resistance to pesticides,a pest control model with resistance development is established.By using the basic theory of impulsive differential systems and analytical methods,the sufficient condition for the global attractiveness of the susceptible pest eradication periodic solution is given.Combined with numerical simulations,the effects of spraying frequency of pesticides on critical threshold conditions for eradicating susceptible pests are discussed.The results confirm that it is not that the more frequently the pesticides are sprayed,the better the result of the pest control is.Two control strategies for eradicating susceptible pests are proposed:switching pesticides and releasing natural enemies elastically.Finally,the parameters in the critical threshold are analyzed from the following two aspects:(1)The key factors affecting pest control are determined by parameter sensitivity analyses.The results indicate that the correlation of the critical threshold concerning the killing efficiency rate and the decay rate of pesticides to susceptible pests varies due to the resistance development of susceptible pests.(2)Three-dimensional graphs and contours of susceptible pest eradication critical threshold with two parameters are simulated,and the effects of the main parameters on the critical threshold are analyzed.

Preliminary Study on Prevention and Control against Pests in Actinidia Plants in Lushan Botanical Garden of China

Survey on pests in Actinidia plants in Lushan botanical garden of China found that the insects causing damage on Actinidia plants mainly were grasshop- pers, scarabs, stinkbugs, leafhoppers, larvae of butterflies and moths, leaf milers and borers, belonging to 50 species and 23 families. According to the regularity of their reproduction and development, as well as the characteristics of pest d mnages on plants, chemical agents were applied in flower bud expansion stage and early fruit setting stage of Actinidia plants. The results showed that rational application of chemical agents before and after flowering stage could effectively control largescale occurrence of pests.