High-Integrated-Photosensitivity Negative-Electron-Affinity GaAs Photocathodes with Multilayer Be-Doping Structures

The effect of changing Be doping concentration in GaAs layer on the integrated photosensitivity for nega- tive-electron-affinity GaAs photocathodes is investigated. Two GaAs samples with the monolayer structure and the muhilayer structure are grown by molecular beam epitaxy. The former has a constant Be concentration of 1 × 10^19 cm^-3, while the latter includes four layers with Be doping concentrations of 1 × 10^19, 7 × 10^18, 4 × 10^18, and 1 × 10^18 cm^-3 from the bottom to the surface. Negative-electron-affinity GaAs photocathodes are fabricated by exciting the sample surfaces with alternating input of Cs and O in the high vacuum system. The spectral response results measured by the on-line spectral response measurement system show that the integrated photosensitivity of the photocathode with the muhilayer structure enhanced by at least 50% as compared to that of the monolayer structure. This attributes to the improvement in the crystal quality and the increase in the surface escape probability. Different stress situations are observed on GaAs samples with monolayer structure and muhilayer structure, respectively.

Synthesis,Conductivity and Photosensitivity of 2-D Conjugated Polymers of Metal-porphyrazine with Sulfur Bridges

The title polymers PMS 8Pz,M=Mn Ⅱ,Fe Ⅱ,Co Ⅱ,Ni Ⅱ,Cu Ⅱ,Zn Ⅱ,were synthesized by teaction of 2,3,5,6 tetracyano 1,4 dithiin with corresponding metal salts ,respectively.The styucture and properties of these polyers were characterized by elemental analysis,transmission electron microscope,DTA,IR, UV Vis,fluorescence and EPR spectra. It has been found that these conjugated polymers have the property of intrinsic semiconductor. The conductivity σ 298K of these polymers is in the range of 10 -9 ￣10 -3 S · cm -1 under pressure 10.63 MPa and incremental in the metal orderMn < Co<Fe<Zn<Cu<Ni.\ The photosensitivity of the MS 8Pz to the CdS PVA films is incremental in the metal order Zn < Mn < Co < Fe < Cu < Ni.

High-photosensitivity polymer thin-film transistors based on poly(3-hexylthiophene)

Polymer thin-film transistors （PTFTs） based on poly（3-hexylthiophene） are fabricated by the spin-coating process, and their photo-sensing characteristics are investigated under steady-state visible-light illumination. The photosensitivity of the device is strongly modulated by gate voltage under various illuminations. When the device is in the subthreshold operating mode, a significant increase in its drain current is observed with a maximum photosensitivity of 1.7×10^3 at an illumination intensity of 1200 lx, and even with a relatively high photosensitivity of 611 at a low illumination intensity of 100 lx. However, when the device is in the on-state operating mode, the photosensitivity is very low： only 1.88 at an illumination intensity of 1200 lx for a gate voltage of -20 V and a drain voltage of -20 V. The results indicate that the devices could be used as photo-detectors or sensors in the range of visible light. The modulation mechanism of the photosensitivity in the PTFT is discussed in detail.

Photosensitivity detection using diffusion tensor imaging in a traumatic brain injury patient

The present study examined a patient with traumatic brain injury who exhibited visual photosensitivity and axonal iniury of the left optic radiation, which was detected by diftusion tensor imaging. The patient was a 41-year-old man. He began to complain of photosensitivity at 4 months after head trauma. Ophthalmic evaluation, including visual-evoked potential and conventional brain magnetic resonance imaging, did not reveal a pathologic basis for photosensitivity. Axonal injury in the left optic radiation was detected via diffusion tensor imaging at 36 months after head trauma. The lesion was almost recovered at 76 months. However, photosensitivity continued. Therefore, the photosensitivity was considered to be a result of axonal injury to the left optic radiation, which could be a symptom of maladaptive plasticity that occurs during recovery of axonal injury of the left optic radiation.

Enhancing UV photosensitivity of a ZnO UV nanosensor using electrical stimulation at megahertz frequency

We report a novel technique to enhance the ultraviolet （UV） photosensitivity of a ZnO nanosensor with ZnO nanowires bridged on micromachined metallic electrodes. The experimental results reveal that the photoconductivity and the time response of the ZnO nanowire sensor with either Schottky or Ohmic contacts are significantly improved by electrifying the nanowire sensors using an alternating current at the frequency of megahertz. An integrated UV sensor incorporating ZnO nanowires with a constant current mode driving circuit is developed, which demonstrates promising sensitivity and time response to UV illumination with a low power consumption.

PHOTOSENSITIVITY OF CERIC ION INITIATED METHYL ACRYLATE POLYMERIZATION

The polymerization of methyl acrylate was sensitive to UV light. Under UV light,the rate of polymerization is 8 times as high as the rate in dark.The overall activation energy was decreased by the UV light (313nm).A tentative explanation is given and the mechanism is discussed.

PHOTOSENSITIVITY OF CERIC ION INITIATED ACRYLAMIDE POLYMERIZATION

Polymerization of acrylamide initiated by ceric ammonium nitrate alone has been studied in aqueous medium. The effects of UV light irradiation on the initial rates of polymerization, the activation energy and on the polymer molecular weights have been investigated. Compared with that in the dark, the rate of polymerization under UV light was accelerated to eleven times higher, and the overall activation energy was lowered markedly.

PHOTOSENSITIVITY OF Ce (Ⅳ) INITIATED METHYL ACRYLATE POLYMERIZATION

The influences of UV light irradiation (313 nm) and diffused daylight on the polymerization of methyl acrylate initiated by the ceric ammonium nitrate without any reducing agent have been studied both in aqueous nitric acid and in pure water. The rate of polymerization was found to be accelerated and the overall activation energy and the induction time were found to be decreased sharply by the UV light irradiation. Under UV light, the rate of polymerization is 8 times as high as the rate in dark. The rate of polymerization was found to attain a maximum with the increase of nitric acid concentration and the rate of polymerization became less sensitive to UV light in the presence of nitric acid whereas the induction period reduced outstandingly. Based on the experimental results, the mechanism is proposed.

Two Approaches to the Study of a Controversial Relationship: Cutaneous Photosensitivity and Anti-Ro/SS-A Autoantibodies

Background: Autoantibodies (Aabs) are the hallmark of numerous systemic autoimmune pathologies (SAPs), for instance anti-Ro/SS-A Aabs are usually found in Systemic Lupus Erythematosus (SLE) and Sjogren’s Syndrome. Cutaneous photosensitivity (CP) is found in most forms and subsets of LE and consists of a skin rash as a result of unusual reaction to sunlight. There are many theories which relate specifically the presence of circulating anti-Ro/SS-A Aabs with the CP phenomenon, though there are several studies which are in disagreement. Results: In this study we analyzed the relationship between CP and anti-Ro Aabs by means of two approaches. The first one included an in vitro model where we evaluated by flow cytometry the binding capacity of affinity-purified Aabs to autoantigens relocalized on apoptotic keratinocyte’s surface. We found that there was no relationship between the binding capacity of serum from 10 selected patients or their corresponding purified anti-Ro52 and anti-Ro60 Aabs, and the presence or absence of CP, neither with the SAPs. The in vivo model consisted of Hairless SKH:1 mice which were induced to produce anti-murine Ro52 and/or Ro60 Aabs and were subsequently irradiated with UVB light. We evaluated the skin histology and also the epidermal production of TNF-α. We found no differences between the groups in neither of the parameters evaluated. Conclusions: These results agree with some studies on the role of the Aabs in CP, considering anti-Ro Aabs not as the only responsible for the manifestation;and disagree with many other authors, who believe in the strong association between these two events.

PREPARATION AND PHOTOSENSITIVITY OF WATER SOLUBLE PHENOLIC RESINS CONTAINING ACRYLOYL AND QUATERNARY AMMONIUM CHLORIDE GROUPS

New water soluble and photocrosslinkable prepolymers containing acrylate and quaternary ammonium salt groups were synthesized from epoxy phenolic resin via ring-opening reaction with acrylic acid and with aqueous solution of triethylamine hydrochloride successively. The second reaction needs no phase transfer catalyst to accelerate, since the product formed can act as a phase transfer catalyst. The prepolymer obtained contains both photocrosslinkable acrylate groups and hydrophilic quaternary ammonium salt groups. Optimum conditions for these reactions were studied. The photosensitivity of the prepolymer was also investigated. The effects of different photoinitiators, different crosslinkable diluent monomers and amine accelerator on the photosensitivity of the prepolymer were compared. The photoinitiator of hydrogen abstraction type is still effective without using amine or alcohol as accelerator, because the prepolymer contains a H beside the OH groups formed in the ring-opening reactions.

Photosensitivity sources of dissolved organic matter from wastewater treatment plants and their mediation effect on 17α-ethinylestradiol photodegradation

Dissolved organic matter(DOM)from each treatment process of wastewater treatment plants(WWTPs)contains abundant photosensitive substances,which could significantly affect the photodegradation of 17α-ethinylestradiol(EE2).Nevertheless,information about EE2 photodegradation behavior mediated by DOM from diverse WWTPs and the photosensitivity sources of such DOM are inadequate.This study explored the photodegradation behavior of EE2 mediated by four typical WWTPs’DOM solutions and investigated the photosensitivity sources of DOM in the anaerobic-anoxic-oxic(A2/O)process.The parallel factor analysis identified three varying fluorescing components of these DOM,tryptophan-like substances or protein-like substances,microbial humuslike substances,and humic-like components.The photodegradation rate constants of EE2 were positively associated with the humification degree of DOM(P<0.05).The triplet state substances were responsible for the degradation of EE2.DOM extracted from the A2/O process,especially in the secondary treatment process had the fastest EE2 photodegradation rate compared to that of the other three processes.Four types of components(water-soluble organic matter(WSOM),extracellular polymeric substance,humic acid,and fulvic acid)were separated from the A2/O process DOM.WSOM had the highest promotion effect on EE2 photodegradation.Fulvic acid-like components and humic acid-like organic compounds in WSOM were speculated to be important photosensitivity substances that can generate triplet state substances.This research explored the physicochemical properties and photosensitive sources of DOM in WWTPs,and explained the fate of estrogens photodegradation in natural waters.

Relationship among eye condition sensitivities, photosensitivity and epileptic syndromes

Background Electroencephalogram （EEG） activity in normal subjects and epileptic patients is often closely related to the eye＇s status such as eye opened （EO）, eye closure （ECL） and eyes closed （EC）. ECL is the period immediately after closing of the eyes and only lasts for less than 3 seconds if the eyes remain closed. EC is the period as long as the eyes are closed. Epileptiform changes on EEG induced by ECL or EC are called the changes of ECL sensitivity （ECLS） or EC sensitivity （ECS）. ECLS occurs mainly but not exclusively in photosensitive patients and ECS has been seen rarely in photosensitive patients. This study aimed to investigate the relationships among ECLS, ECS, photosensitivity and epilepsy syndromes in children. Methods EEG records from child patients in the EEG Department of Peking University First Hospital during the period of May 2005 to May 2007 were examined for the presence of ECLS or ECS. Open-close eye tests and intermittent photic stimulations were carried out during video-EEG monitoring for examining ECLS, ECS and photosensitivity. Results Based on ECLS and ECS on their EEGs, 30 patients were divided into ECLS group （16 cases） and ECS group （14 cases）. There were more boys than girls in the two groups. The mean age of initial detection of ECLS and ECS was 10 years, and the average onset age of seizures was 9 years. The epilepsy syndromes in the ECLS group included idiopathic photosensitive occipital lobe epilepsy, Panayiotopoulos syndrome, symptomatic occipital lobe epilepsy, juvenile myoclonic epilepsy, juvenile absence epilepsy, eyelid myoclonia with absences, epilepsy with grand mal on awakening and pure photosensitive epilepsy with mainly generalized tonic clonic seizures. Those in the ECS group were juvenile myoclonic epilepsy, idiopathic photosensitive occipital lobe epilepsy, Panayiotopoulos syndrome and Gastaut type-idiopathic children occipital epilepsy. Photosensitivity was detected in 88% of patients with ECLS and 29% of patients with ECS. Conclusions ECLS and ECS are relatively common in females. Comparing with ECS, ECLS is found in more epilepsy syndromes. However, ECS and ECLS could exist in the same epilepsy syndrome. ECLS and ECS can be associated or dissociated with photosensitivity. The rate of ECLS with photosensitivity is higher than that of ECS with photosensitivity, suggesting that mechanisms for ECLS, ECS and photosensitivity may be different but correlated.

Photosensitivity and photoluminescence of Sn/Yb codoped silica optical fiber preform

Sn/Yb codoped silica optical fiber preform is prepared by the modified chemical vapor deposition （MCVD） followed by the solution-doping method. Ultraviolet （UV） optical absorption, photoluminescence （PL） spectra under 978-nm laser diode （LD） pumping, and refractive index change after exposure to 266-nm laser pulses are obtained. There is only a little change in the PL spectra while a positive refractive index change up to 2×10^-4 is observed after 30-min exposure to 266-nm laser pulses. The results show that both of the peculiar photosensitivity of Smdoped silica and the gain property of Yb-doped silica fiber are preserved in the Sn/Yb codoped silica optical fiber preform. The experimental data suggest that the photosensitivity of the fiber preform under high energy density laser irradiation should be mainly due to the bond-breaking of oxygen deficient defects, while under relatively low energy density laser irradiation, the refractive index change probably originates from the photoconversion of optically active defects.

Synthesis and Characterization of Novel Schiff Base for Enhanced Dye-Sensitized Solar Cell Photo-Response Mechanism

The efficient photo-response mechanism is one of the key factors in the commercialization of dye-sensitized solar cells in a bid to satisfy renewable energy demands. Progress in green technology has put solar energy on the front burner as a provider of clean and affordable energy for a sustainable society. We report the synthesis of a novel Schiff base with optical transparency in the visible and near IR region of the solar spectrum that can find application in the DSSCs photo-response mechanism. The synthesized crystal exhibited features that could handle some of the shortcomings of dye-sensitized solar cells which include wide band solar spectrum absorption and capability for swift charge transfer within the photoelectrodes. The synthesized Schiff base was characterized using x-ray diffractometer, UV/Visible spectrometer, Frontier transmission infrared spectrometer and conductometer. XRD data revealed the grown crystal to have an average crystallite size of 2.08 nm with average microstrain value of about 269.43. The FT-IR recorded transmission wave ѵ (CO) at 1207.7 cm−1 while dominant wave occurred at ѵ1654.9 and ѵ1592.3 cm−1 relating to ѵ (CN) stretching and ѵ (NH) bending respectively were observed. The IR spectrum revealed the bonding species and a probable molecular structure of 2,6-bis(benzyloxy)pyridine. The UV/Visible spectra convoluted to maximum peak within the near IR region suggesting that 2,6-bis(benzyloxy)pyridine can absorb both the visible and near IR region while its electrical conductivity was determined to be 4.58 µS/cm. The obtained result of the present study revealed promising characteristics of a photosensitizer that can find application in the photo-response mechanism of DSSCs.

Fine-mapping and transcriptome analysis of the photosensitive leaf-yellowing gene CaLY1 in pepper(Capsicum annuum L.)

Leaf color is directly related to altered photosynthesis.Hence,leaf yellowing mutants can be widely used for the researching plant physiology and functional genomes,for cultivating new varieties of popular horticultural plants,and for identifying hybrid purity(as markers).Here,we constructed a^(60)Co-γF_(2)population from the leaf-yellowing mutant R24 via radiation mutation with the inbred line WT21 of pepper.Genetic analysis showed that the leaf-yellowing of the mutant was controlled by a single recessive gene.By applying the Bulk Segregation Analysis and Kompetitive Allele Specific PCR markers,the leaf-yellowing gene CaLY1(Capsicum annuum Leaf yellow 1)was mapped on chromosome 9,SNP5791587-SNP6011215,with a size of 214.5 kb.One non-synonymous mutated gene Capana09g000166 was found in the interval.The gene encoded a Psb X,which is the core complex of PSⅡ.Transcriptome analysis further showed that 2301 differentially expressed genes were identified under shading treatment for 24 h in R24.The Gene Ontology enrichment pathways were related to photosynthesis light harvesting,cell wall,activity of quercetin 3-O-glucosyltransferase and flavonoid metabolic process,which likely regulate the response of pepper leaves to different light levels.Functional enrichment analysis indicated that the most abundant pathways were photosynthesis antenna proteins and metabolic.

Passivation engineering via silica‐encapsulated quantum dots for highly sensitive photodetection

Organometal halide perovskites are promising semiconducting materials for photodetectors because of their favorable optoelectrical properties.Although nanoscale perovskite materials such as quantum dots(QDs)show novel behavior,they have intrinsic stability issues.In this study,an effectively silane barrier-capped quantum dot(QD@APDEMS)is thinly applied onto a bulk perovskite photosensitive layer for use in photodetectors.QD@APDEMS is synthesized with a silane ligand with hydrophobic CH_(3)-terminal groups,resulting in excellent dispersibility and durability to enable effective coating.The introduction of the QD@APDEMS layer results in the formation of a lowdefect perovskite film with enlarged grains.This is attributed to the grain boundary interconnection effect via interaction between the functional groups of QD@APDEMS and uncoordinated Pb^(2+)in grain boundaries.By passivating the grain boundaries,where various trap sites are distributed,hole chargecarrier injection and shunt leakage can be suppressed.Also,from the energy point of view,the deep highest occupied molecular orbital(HOMO)level of QD@APDEMS can work as a hole charge injection barrier.Improved charge dynamics(generation,transfer,and recombination properties)and reduced trap density of QD@APDEMS are demonstrated.When this perovskite film is used in a photodetector,the device performance(especially the detectivity)stands out among existing perovskites evaluated for energy sensing device applications.

Photodynamic therapy with TBZPy regulates the PI3K/AKT and endoplasmic reticulum stress-related PERK/eIF2α pathways in HeLa cells

Background:((1-triphenylaminebenzo[c][1,2,5]thiadiazole-4-yl)styryl)-1-methylpyridin methylpyridin-1-ium iodide salt(TBZPy)is a novel photosensitizer that displays excellent photodynamic properties.However,There are few reports on the mechanism of action of the TBZPy photodynamic.Previous studies revealed that photodynamic therapy(PDT)could induce endoplasmic reticulum stress by acting on the endoplasmic reticulum.Therefore,in this study,we investigated the effects of endoplasmic reticulum stress induced by TBZPy-PDT in treating High-risk human papillomavirus(HR-HPV)infection and their underlying mechanisms.Methods:The human cervical cancer cell line HeLa(containing whole genome of HR-HPV18)was treated with TBZPy-PDT.Cell migration,invasion,and colony-forming ability were evaluated using wound-healing,Transwell invasion,and colonyforming assays,respectively.Through western blot analysis,we determined the level of expression of the PI3K/AKT and PERK/eIF2αpathway proteins and the proteins associated with calcium trafficking and apoptosis.The calcium levels in the cytoplasm were detected via flow cytometry.Results:The result shows that TBZPy-PDT could inhibite the migration,invasion,and colony forming ability of infected HeLa cells by downregulating the PI3K/AKT pathway in vitro.And we found that TBZPy-PDT induced endoplasmic reticulum stress-specific apoptosis via the PERK/eIF2αpathway.Moreover,TBZPy-PDT increased the levels of calcium and calmodulin,while decreasing the levels of endoplasmic reticulum calcium-binding proteins.Conclusions:TBZPy-PDT is effective on treating human papillomavirus-infected cells.Targeting the PI3K/AKT and PERK/eIF2αpathways and the endoplasmic reticulum stress process may help improve the effects of TBZPy-PDT for treating high-risk human papillomavirus infection.

3D printing of high-precision and ferromagnetic functional devices

The development of projection-based stereolithography additive manufacturing techniques and magnetic photosensitive resins has provided a powerful approach to fabricate miniaturized magnetic functional devices with complex three-dimensional spatial structures.However,the present magnetic photosensitive resins face great challenges in the trade-off between high ferromagnetism and excellent printing quality.To address these challenges,we develop a novel NdFeB-Fe_(3)O_(4) magnetic photosensitive resin comprising 20 wt.%solid loading of magnetic particles,which can be used to fabricate high-precision and ferromagnetic functional devices via micro-continuous liquid interface production process.This resin combining ferromagnetic NdFeB microparticles and strongly absorbing Fe_(3)O_(4) nanoparticles is able to provide ferromagnetic capabilities and excellent printing quality simultaneously compared to both existing soft and hard magnetic photosensitive resins.The established penetration depth model reveals the effect of particle size,solid loading,and absorbance on the curing characteristics of magnetic photosensitive resin.A high-precision forming and ferromagnetic capability of the NdFeB-Fe_(3)O_(4) magnetic photosensitive resin are comprehensively demonstrated.It is found that the photosensitive resin(NdFeB:Fe_(3)O_(4)=1:1)can print samples with sub-40μm fine features,reduced by 87%compared to existing hard magnetic photosensitive resin,and exhibits significantly enhanced coercivity and remanence in comparison with existing soft magnetic photosensitive resins,showing by an increase of 24 times and 6 times,respectively.The reported NdFeB-Fe_(3)O_(4) magnetic photosensitive resin is anticipated to provide a new functional material for the design and manufacture of next-generation micro-robotics,electromagnetic sensor,and magneto-thermal devices.

Advances in photodynamic therapy for port-wine stain and our experience

Port-wine stain(PWS)is a congenital capillary malformation that occurs in 0.3%–0.5%of newborns.The pulsed dye laser is the current gold standard treatment for PWS;however,its efficacy is poor.Photosensitizer photodynamic therapy(PDT)is considered a promising treatment for PWS.Here we provide a comprehensive overview of PDT.

Imaging assessment of photosensitizer emission induced by radionuclide-derived Cherenkov radiation using charge-coupled device optical imaging and long-pass filters

BACKGROUND Radionuclides produce Cherenkov radiation(CR),which can potentially activate photosensitizers(PSs)in phototherapy.Several groups have studied Cherenkov energy transfer to PSs using optical imaging;however,cost-effectively identifying whether PSs are excited by radionuclide-derived CR and detecting fluorescence emission from excited PSs remain a challenge.Many laboratories face the need for expensive dedicated equipment.AIM To cost-effectively confirm whether PSs are excited by radionuclide-derived CR and distinguish fluorescence emission from excited PSs.METHODS The absorbance and fluorescence spectra of PSs were measured using a microplate reader and fluorescence spectrometer to examine the photo-physical properties of PSs.To mitigate the need for expensive dedicated equipment and achieve the aim of the study,we developed a method that utilizes a chargecoupled device optical imaging system and appropriate long-pass filters of different wavelengths(manual sequential application of long-pass filters of 515,580,645,700,750,and 800 nm).Tetrakis(4-carboxyphenyl)porphyrin(TCPP)was utilized as a model PS.Different doses of copper-64(^(64)CuCl_(2))(4,2,and 1 mCi)were used as CR-producing radionuclides.Imaging and data acquisition were performed 0.5 h after sample preparation.Differential image analysis was conducted by using ImageJ software(National Institutes of Health)to visually evaluate TCPP fluorescence.RESULTS The maximum absorbance of TCPP was at 390-430 nm,and the emission peak was at 670 nm.The CR and CRinduced TCPP emissions were observed using the optical imaging system and the high-transmittance long-pass filters described above.The emission spectra of TCPP with a peak in the 645-700 nm window were obtained by calculation and subtraction based on the serial signal intensity(total flux)difference between^(64)CuCl_(2)+TCPP and^(64)CuCl_(2).Moreover,the differential fluorescence images of TCPP were obtained by subtracting the^(64)CuCl_(2)image from the^(64)CuCl_(2)+TCPP image.The experimental results considering different^(64)CuCl_(2)doses showed a dosedependent trend.These results demonstrate that a bioluminescence imaging device coupled with different longpass filters and subtraction image processing can confirm the emission spectra and differential fluorescence images of CR-induced TCPP.CONCLUSION This simple method identifies the PS fluorescence emission generated by radionuclide-derived CR and can contribute to accelerating the development of Cherenkov energy transfer imaging and the discovery of new PSs.