Effects of Penicillium spp. and Trichoderma spp.on Pleurotus ostreatus Growth and Screening of Effective Disinfectants

[Objective] This study was conducted to investigate the effects of Penicillium spp. and Trichoderma spp. on the growth of Pleurotus ostreatus （oyster mushroom） and to screen effective disinfectants to control them and other pathogenic microbes. [Method] Six strains or species of Penicilliurn and Trichoderma were inocu- lated into PDA plates growing with P. ostreatus to observe the growth of their mycelia. And the inhibitory effects of hydrogen peroxide, bromogeramine bromide, 84 disinfectant, lysol, potassium permanganate, and 75% medical alcohol on Trichoderma pleuroticola, Trichoderma viride, Trichoderma harzianum, Penicillium citrinum, Penicillium thomii and Penicillium brevicompactum were detected. [Result] Confrontation test revealed that Penicillium spp. and Trichoderma spp. competed for nutrients with P. ostreatus mycelia, antagonized against the growth of P. ostreatus mycelia, invaded and twined around P. ostreatus mycelia, and also produced toxins poisoning P. ostreatus mycelia. The six disinfectants exhibited different inhibitory effects against different species of Penicillium and Trichoderma. Among them the in- hibitory effects of bromogeramine bromide against the six species of Penicillium and Trichoderma were significantly different. However, the inhibitory effects of 3% hydrogen peroxide, 84 disinfectant, 5% lysol, potassium permanganate and 75% medical alcohol were significantly different among Penicillium spp., but did not among Tri- choderma spp. [Conclusion] Bromogeramine bromide can be used to control the bacteria and fungi in mushroom production for it has significant inhibitory effects on the six species of both Penicillium and Trichoderma.

Steroids from the Fungus Pleurotus ostreatus

Twelve steroids, including eight ergostane-type sterols and four mono-glucosides of ergostane-type sterols, were isolated from the ethyl acetate soluble fraction of the fungus Pleurotus ostreatus ( Jacq. : Fr.) Kummer. A new compound 3-O-beta-D-glucopyranosyl-22E, 24R-ergosta-7, 22-diene-5alpha, 6beta, 9alpha-triol, was structurally elucidated by spectroscopic and chemical methods. The eleven known compounds were 22E, 24R-ergosta-7, 22-diene-3beta, 5alpha, 6beta, 9alpha-tetraol; 3-O-beta-D-glucopyranosyl-22E, 24R-ergosta-7, 22-diene-5alpha, 6beta-diol; 22E, 24R-ergosta-7, 22-diene-3beta, 5alpha, 6beta-triol; 22E, 24R-ergosta-5, 7, 22-trien-3beta-ol 3-O-beta-D-glucopyranoside; ergosterol; 22E, 24R-ergosta-7, 22-dien-3beta-ol 3-O-beta-D-glucopyranoside; 22E, 24R-ergosta-7, 22-diene-3beta-ol; 22E, 24R-ergosta-4, 6, 8, 22-tetraen-3-one; 22E, 24R-ergosta-7, 22-diene-3beta, 5alpha, 6alpha-triol; ergosterol peroxide; 22E, 24R-ergosta-7, 22-diene-3beta, 5alpha-diol-6-one.

The Interplanting Technology of Pleurotus ostreatus and Dendrobium officinale

In summer, Cha No. 39 of 292 bags and 205 of 244 bags were inter- planted with Dendrobium officinale on cultivation bed, respectively, whose yields and biological efficiencies reached 102.46 kg and 103.98%, and 96.77 kg and 113.32%, accordingly. The seedlings of Dendrobium officinale interplanted with Pleurotus os- treatus grew by 2.78 cm during 10 weeks on cultivation beds, and the seedlings grew by 2.68 cm in the cultivation beds without interplanting arrangement. These demonstrated that the interplanting of Dendrobium officinale and Pleurotus ostreatus has none adverse effects on growth of Dendrobium officinale.

Variety Test on Low Temperature-resistant Pleurotus ostreatus Strains in Beijing Area

With 7 familiar Pleurotus ostreatus strains in Beijing region as the test materials,the randomized block design method was adopted to analyze the antagonistic effects,mycelial growth rate,yield of mushroom at low temperature season,total biological efficiency and agronomic characteristics of fruit bodies.The results showed that there were antagonistic effects and differences in all the tested items between all the tested strains,of which the strain PL5 had the shortest spawn age,the strain PL3 showed the highest total biological efficiency,and the fructification of the strain PL7 tasted crisp and tender.

Application of Pyroligneous Acid in the Prevention and Control of Brown Blotch Disease in Pleurotus ostreatus

In the present study, agar diffusion test and field trials were carried out using a mushroom （Pleurotus ostreatus） culti- var Shouyanping as the experimental material to determine the antibacterial activity of refined pyroligneous acid prepared from almond shell against Pseudomonas tolaasfi and its effects on mycelial growth of mushroom. The results revealed that 1.25%, 2.50% and 5.00% of refined pyroligneous acid obviously inhibited the occurrence of brown blotch disease in mushroom, but also greatly promoted mushroom mycelial growth. Therefore, 1.25% and 2.50% of refined pyroligneous acid can be used in fields to prevent brown blotch disease, and 5.00% refined pyroligneous acid can be used to control the incidence of brown blotch disease when it widely occurs in fields.

Antioxidant Property of a Dietary Supplement of Moringa oleifera Leaves and Pleurotus ostreatus in Wistar Rats Subjected to Forced Swimming Endurance Test

The antioxidant property of Moringa oleifera leaves and Pleurotus ostreatus on swimming performance and related biochemical parameters were investigated in thirty adult male and female wistar rats. Purpose: The aim of the present study was to evaluate the antioxidant property of M. oleifera and P. ostreatus mixture in specific proportions in wistar rats. Material and Methods: The mushroom species and M. oleifera leaves were cultivated at the biotechnology laboratory of the University Cheikh Anta Diop de Dakar, Senegal. Oxidative stress in rats was induced by swimming. The dietary supplement was composed of a mixture of powders of Moringa oleifera and Pleurotus ostreatus in 2:1 ratio. Three groups received different doses of dietary supplements 500 mg/kg, 1000 mg/kg, and 1500 mg/kg, with one group being the stressed and the other the control group. Parameters in serum such as serum glutamyl oxaloacetate transaminase, serum glutamyl pyruvate transaminase, albumin, Testosterone, creatinine, and, oxidative stress parameters (catalase, reduced glutathione, and malondialdehyde) were measured. Results: Results showed that the dietary supplement has an effect on oxidative stress because it increases the activity of catalase and the level of cellular glutathione in rats. The 500 mg/kg dose would be the most appropriate dose for stressful conditions. The 1000 mg/kg dose would be the most appropriate dose for liver damage. Conclusion: This study shows that the antioxidant properties of M. oleifera leaves and Pleurotus ostreatus are demonstrated by their ability to improve body energy stores and tissue antioxidant capacity. The dietary supplement of M. oleifera leaves and P. ostreatus powders mixture could be good in stressful conditions.

Effect of Pleurotus ostreatus on Dynamics of Meloidogyne arenaria Population and Control Effectiveness

The control effects and application methods of Pleurotus ostreatus on the peanut root-knot nematode disease, Meloidogyne arenaria, were systematically studied in the greenhouse. Results of pot experiments showed that P. ostreatus could effectively reduce the 2nd-instar population density in the soil, and the larva reduced by 80% compared with the control. P. ostreatus could markedly lower the infecting number of the peanut root-knot nematodes, the nematode density inside the root knots declined by 40.00% -82.64%, and the peanut root knots also reduced by 86.96% - 94. 03%. The fungus could defer the initial infection of M. arenaria to the roots, the epidemic rate of the peanut root-knot nematode disease was significantly cut down, and the increase of root-knot changed from the way of Logistic curve in the control to the way of linear curve in the treatment. The final control effectiveness was about 80%. The results of pot trial also indicated that the control effectiveness is closely related to the application time and the amount of this fungus. The key factor affecting control effectiveness was the application time of P. ostreatus in the soil and the suitable time was 20 days before sowing.

Effects of Pleurotus Ostreatus Cultivation Substrate on Growth and Quality of Cabbage

In order to understand the effects of the compound substrate made of mushroom bran on vegetable cultivation,the experiment of cabbage cultivation was carried out with oyster mushroom(Pleurotus ostreatus)bran,rice husk charcoal,perlite and other materials in different proportions.The substrate was evaluated by measuring the physical and chemical properties of the substrate,the yield and quality of cabbage.The results showed that there were no significant differences in bulk density,pH value,total porosity and heavy metal content among treatments,whereas the EC value of treatment 1 to 5 was significantly higher than that of CK.The indexes of treatment 4 substrate with the ratio of mushroom substrate,rice husk charcoal,vermiculite and compound fertilizer being 42.5∶48.6∶8.3∶0.61,were balanced.There was no significant difference in the quality of cabbage cultivated in each treatment,whereas the yield of cabbage cultivated in treatment 4 was the highest,significantly higher than that of CK.Considering the properties of substrate and the yield of cabbage,treatment 4 could be used as the best substrate for cabbage cultivation.

Characterization and Biological Activities of Protein-Bound Polysaccharides Produced by Cultures of Pleurotus ostreatus

Several species of mushrooms, as Pleurotus ostreatus, have been valued as edible and medicinal resources. These mushrooms may be an important source of polysaccharides with medicinal properties as antioxidant, antitumoral, antimicrobial and immunological properties. The aim of this work was to produce and to evaluate the biological properties of protein-bound polysaccharide complexes, extra intracellular （E-PPS and I-PPS）, extracted from P. ostreatus cultures, using agricultural sunflower wastes as carbon source. Three main compounds in the E-PPS and four main compounds in the I-PPS were identified by SEC-UV-RI-HPLC. These complexes of P. ostreatus present no toxicity in Artemia salina cultures, after 24 h of incubation. Antioxidant properties of the complexes were evaluated by radical scavenging activity using DPPH method and lipid peroxidation inhibition capacity, determined by erytbsocytes hemolysis. Additionally, E-PPS and I-PPS extracts revealed capacity to mimetize superoxide dismutase and catalase enzymatic activities. The hepatoprotector effect of E-PPS extracts in Wistar rats was evaluated by AST, ALT, ALP and y-GT activities, showing capacity to reduce the liver damage induced by ethanol-administration. This hepatoprotective effect is equivalent to that observed by silymarin, a standard drug. Our results suggests that the extracts of E-PPS and I-PPS produced by P. ostreatus cultures, using agricultural sunflower wastes as main carbon source, can be used as an important source of bioactive compounds with potential medicinal value.

Propolis: An Enrichment Material for Mycelium Development of Oyster Mushroom (Pleurotus ostreatus)

The effect of propolis, taken from honeybee hives in Tokat (Turkey), on mycelium development of oyster mushroom (Pleurotus ostreatus) was investigated. Propolis contains various chemical com- pounds and has antiviral, antibacterial and antifungal activities. Mushroom spores were inoculated in Potato Dextrose Agar (PDA) media containing different proportions of propolis. Mycelium development on media containing 0.10%, 0.30%, and 0.50% propolis occured at the first, third, and fifth days, respectively. The fastest and most intense development was seen on medium containing 0.10% propolis. According to our results, propolis can be used as an enriching material in mushroom cultivating.

Extraction and bioactivities of the chemical composition from Pleurotus ostreatus:a review

Pleurotus ostreatus as an edible mushroom with pharmacological potential,belonging to class basidiomycetes of kingdom Mycota is known to have immense therapeutic properties.P.ostreatus contains polysaccharides,proteins,sterols,volatile oils and polyphenols.P.ostreatus has a variety of biological activities,including anti-oxidant,anti-hyperlipidemic,anti-tumor,immunoregulatory and bacteriostatic.This paper summarizes the extraction methods,chemical components and biological activities of P.ostreatus,and find it is good resources to develop medicine and health food.

Comprehensive Assessment to The Nutritive Value of Pleurotus Ostreatus Growing in Vinegar—Waste Culture Materials

The nutritive value of pleurotus ostreatus growing in vinegar waste culture materials was evaluated by means of fuzzy comprehensive assessment,In the evaluation, the nutritive composition of the daily necessary of an ordinary adult was used as the standard nutritive structure and that of pleurotus ostreatus cultivated in cotton seed shell culture materials as a contrast. the results showed that the protein content of sporophore growing in vinegar waste culture materials(Sporophore V ) was lower than that of sporophore growing in cotton seed shell culture materials(Sporophore C ), but the nutritive structure of Sporophore V was more rational than that of Sporophore C. This leads to the conclusion that the nutritive value of two kinds of sporophore has no evident difference, and using vinegar waste as a substitute for cotton seed shell to cultivate pleurotus ostreatus does not affect the nutritive value of pleurotus ostreatus.

Development and characterization of mycelium bio-composites by utilization of different agricultural residual byproducts

Mycelium bio-composites was developed by incubating Pleurotus ostreatus fungi on different sub-strates from agricultural residual byproducts,including rice straw,bagasse,coir-pith,sawdust,and corn straw.The scanning electron microscope(SEM)results showed that the hypha of com-posite derived from bagasse was the densest,and the diameter of hypha was the biggest(0.77μm),which was presumably due to the existence of cellulose in bagasse in the form of dextran and xylan.The maximum and minimum compression strength for sawdust substrate and corn straw substrate were 456.70 and 270.31 kPa,respectively.The flexural strength for bagasse sub-strate and rice straw substrate were 0.54 and 0.16 MPa,respectively.The two composites derived from rice straw and bagasse exhibited higher hydrophobic properties than others.In comparison,mycelium bio-composite derived from bagasse showed the best comprehensive properties.Except for a little worse anti-creep ability and waterproof performance,other properties of mycelium bio-composites could be comparable to commercially expanded polystyrene(EPS)packaging mate-rial.Derived from this study,mycelium material provided a good way to use agricultural residual byproducts and could be a good alternative to non-biodegradable materials for packaging appli-cations.

Mycelium as a self-growing biobased material for the fabrication of single-layer masks

Disposable face masks are an essential piece of personal protective equipment for workers in medical facilities,laboratories,and the general public to prevent the spread of illnesses and/or contamination.Covid-19 resulted in an uptick in the usage and production of face masks,exacerbating issues related to the waste and recycling of these materials.Traditionally,face masks are derived from petrochemicals,such as melt-blown or spunbound polypropylene.As such,there is a need to find sustainable mask materials that can maintain or improve the performance of petrochemical masks.This paper explores an alternative mask material that utilizes fungal mycelium as self-growing filaments to enhance the efficiency of individual polypropylene mask layers.By engineering the growth pattern and time,breathability and filtration efficiency was optimized such that one layer of the mycelium-modified mask could replace all three layers of the traditional three-layer mask.Additionally,it was found that the mycelium-modified mask exhibits asymmetric hydrophobicity,with super-hydrophobicity at the composite-air interface and lower hydrophobicity at the composite-medium interface.This property can improve the performance of the modified mask by protecting the mask from external liquids without trapping water vapor from the user’s breath.The findings from this study can provide a basis for further development of mycelium to create sustainable filtration materials with enhanced functionality.

Full utilization of nutrients in rice straw by integrating mushroom cultivation, biogas production, and fertilizer use

This study proposed an integrated process of Pleurotus ostreatus cultivation,anaerobic digestion of spent mushroom substrate(SMS),and fertilizer value evaluation of digestate for achieving multiple products and full utilization of nutrients in rice straw.The results showed that the cultivated mushroom yield from rice straw was 401 g/kg TS.Biomethane yield obtained from anaerobic digestion of SMS was 133.0 mL/g VS.The fertilizer value of the SMS based digestate reached the national standard of fertilizers from organic sources in China.Substance conversion of rice straw during the integrated process revealed that the process could achieve the full utilization of nutrients in the substrate.Energy assessment indicated that the process had the viability to be applied.Therefore,this study provided a feasible strategy to set up a complete recycling agricultural ecosystem.

CO_(2)evolution rate during solid-state fermentation for preparation of tomato pomace as a poultry feed ingredient

α-Tocopherol in tomato pomace fed to broilers could retard lipid oxidation in processed,heated and/or stored meat.However,in order for tomato pomace to be a value-added feed ingredient for poultry,this agricultural byproduct must contain reduced cellulose,hemicelluloseandlignin,possiblyachievedbyamendmentwithMn(487μM/gsubstrate)andtreatmentwith Pleurotus ostreatus under solid-state fermentation.Research was conducted to assess the O_(2)consumption rate and the CO_(2)evolution rate in tomato pomace treated with Pleurotus ostreatus without and with Mn to determine if peak colonization rate(for heightened delignification)was delayed by amendment.Results revealed that(1)one mole of O_(2)was consumed for each mole of CO_(2)evolved,(2)the peak CO_(2)evolution rate for all treatments occurred between 300 to 350 h(12.5 to 14.6 d)and(3)the peak CO_(2)evolution rate and the cumulative evolution rate were not delayed by Mn addition.Thus,when Mn was amended to tomato pomace,the metabolic activity of P.ostreatus was reduced,thereby overriding potential improvements in pomace delignification and in-vitro digestibility.An atmosphere with>20%O_(2)and lower levels of Mn are needed to enhance delignification of tomato pomace for use in poultry feed.