On the Value of the Legalization of Political Participation in Protecting Human Rights

It＇s necessary to legalize political participation in contemporary China because of its value in protecting human rights in terms of function and value. That is, the legalization of political participation aims to promote human rights protec- tion. What＇s more, the legalization of political participation in contemporary China and the maturity of the pro- motion of interest coordination and the rule of law, also show the great development of democracy and politi- cal stability in China.

Social Origins and Political Participation of Private Business Owners in Beijing

Over the past 30 years, Chinese society has undergone an enormous social transition. Along with the rise of a private economy, private business owners have emerged as a new social stratum, which attracts academic attention domestically and internationally. As for the social origins of the private business owners, some of the private business owners are former cadres and current members of the Chinese Communist Party（CCP）. A question rarely pursued is what effects these ties have on political participation of＂ private business owners. The paper explores this question on the basis of data gathered in a representative survey of private enterprises in 2006. The study shows that the Chinese private business owners have diverse social origins, and their behavior in terms of political participation is also distinct in some ways. When it comes to the patterns of political participation of the private business owners, CCP members and former officials among private business owners indeed have unique characteristics in their access to political resources, but the patterns of political participation vary between these two groups. Furthermore, there are also considerable differences between members of the CCP and democratic parties in China in these respects. These findings cast doubt on the common use of CCP membership and occupational experience as cadre as interchangeable indicators for the ＂political capital＂ of business owners. A more differentiated understanding of the nature of political capital and mechanisms by which it is put to use by private entrepreneurs in China is called for.

Bangsamoro Women＇s Participation on Political Processes in Lanao Del Sur

This study attempts to examine the conceptual and political bases of Bangsamoro women＇s participation on politics in terms of electoral, policy-making, and peace processes in Lanao del Sur. The descriptive correlation method was used, which utilized a survey questionnaire as the primary source in acquiring the data. The findings showed that the majority of the respondents were young, most of them were married and had finished elementary degree. It was observed that their participation in electoral, policy-making, and peace processes was high but vote buying, political ideology, and corruption were considered to be their problems. Despite cultural barriers, a clear understanding of their role as Muslim woman can increase their participation. Hence, total reform in the government as well as the Barangay should be done including their participation for the training programs on leadership, accountability and transparency, human and political rights awareness as well as the Shariah Law and the Philippine Constitution. Political party system that has a strong alliance to other political parties shall also be established in order to assure their participation. Linkages to other civil society like class-based organizations, occupation-based associations, and interest-based societies shall be tapped by the leaders of Bangsamoro women.

Survey of Contemporary College Students＇ Political Participation

The network of political participation is relative to the traditional political participation, it takes the Internet as a carrier, with distinctive character, with a more convenient, fast, and even without time and space constraints advantage. Political participation has to be affected by the social and economic development, political system, social and environmental factors, countries generally believe that collaboration between the Government and social organizations, networks of enterprises, schools and other interested parties are currently the main mode of network governance. College students are the main power of the network of political participation, the university plays an important role in the political participation process. Therefore, this article takes online political participation of college students as a starting point, through questionnaires and case interviews and other methods to investigate the current status of college students online political participation, analyze network characteristics and problems of college students in political participation, to guide the college network path which provides reference for orderly participation in political studies.

Interrelations With Forms of Corruption in the Political Sphere and Its Causal Conditions in Mongolia (the Final Part)

Corruption,which is a serious problem for us today,covers a wide range of social and political phenomena and processes,from the normal functioning of ordinary citizens to the forms and structures of political governance.In particular,the personality is determined by the way of life,the environment,and the needs of the family and social group,and then a political ideology is formed based on the multifaceted interests of social groups,which are expressed in complex social,economic,and political forms.Indicators of the extent to which social well-being is achieved in developing democracies raise questions about whether citizens are united in their views and actions,as well as how they participate and are interested in social and political activities.On the other hand,this is reflected in the differences in views and the level of trust in the government and other social institutions,and as an important tool for determining the development of the country.It is necessary to determine the level of social and political participation.This is the root cause of the problem.Because every democracy is very different,to understand how they affect human development,and to be a social person,people need to be able to provide a little economic security and an understanding of the issues at stake.This is the basis for building a transparent society based on the principles of zero tolerance for corruption,justice,equal participation,and equality.That is why in this subsection we explore the relationships between political parties,groups,political,business,and criminal groups in the form of political corruption,as well as the causes of political corruption in the political sphere.

A Study on the Effectiveness of Chinese Farmers’Participation under the Background of Rural Rejuvenation

The strategy of Rural Revitalization is an important strategic measure to comprehensively promote rural modernization in the period of building a socialist modernization country with Chinese characteristics.In essence,a farmer’s political participation is,of course,to inevitably build a new socialist countryside,cultivate new socialist farmers and realize socialist rural modernization.This paper attempts to explore the promotion and efficient realization of farmers’political participation from three ways of improving the subject ability of political participation,first,to improve subject ability;second,to guarantee object conditions,third,and to create the proper environment.And this paper illustrates that the modernization of rural areas requires the modernization of farmers’ideology and political consciousness.The comprehensive promotion of the modernization of peasants’ideology and political consciousness is embodied in the practice of political participation.

The Understanding and Perception of the Po

To study political culture, it is important to have a clear definition of it. At the same time, it is important to definethe role of political culture in society. We need to measure to be challenged role of political culture in society andthen measure it in detail. We have studied the concept and perception of political culture in order to justify the realpolitical situation in our country, using a combination of quantitative and qualitative methods of research. The mainpurpose of this article is to clarify the real situation of political culture and the picture of how they represent andexpress their voices. One of the main assumptions of the study of political culture is considered to be the need for itand the impact of its adequacy.

Arab Women in Israeli Politics： Aspirations for Fundamental Equality or Preservation of Gender Inequality？

This paper focuses on reviewing the factors that operate to reduce gender inequality in political representation among Arab women in Israel. A theoretical debate about the changes in the status of Arab women as they are reflected in political representation patterns is conducted in the context of the political reality in the last decade in Israel and the ＂Arab Spring＂ events. The paper also focuses on clarifying the significance of the changes in political representation patterns as future trends of reducing gender inequality, within the acknowledged social patterns, which do not subvert the gender order in Arab society in Israel or in the frame of fundamental social change.

Some Thoughts on Lawyers and Legal Construction

To construct the rule of law, we can not only rely on the legal system itself but also should we take good use of the legal person＇ s active participation in the building process, which would be the driving force. Only the static legal system itself can not nile out the presence of ruling of man and something like unjust privilege. However, legal person＇s dynamic involving in the conslluction of rule of law, by means of legal person＇s constraints to the person of rule of man, can effectively protect citizens＇ legitimate rights and interests, by what we can achieve the maximum degree of eliminating social injustice as well. There is no doubt that the lawyer is just the Sllong force that above-mentioned who promotes the process of legal construction to develop better and longer.

Some Thoughts on Lawyers and Legal Construction

To construct the rule of law, we can not only rely on the legal system itself, but also should we take good use of the legal person＇s active participation in the building process, which would be the driving force. Only the static legal system itself can not rule out the presence of ruling of man and something like unjust privilege. However, legal person＇s dynamic involving in the construction of rule of law, by means of legal person＇s constraints to the person of rule of man, can effectively protect citizens＇ legitimate rights and interests, by what we can achieve the maximum degree of eliminating social injustice as well. There is no doubt that the lawyer is just the strong force that above-mentioned who promotes the process of legal construction to develop better and longer.

Performance evaluation of forest co-management： a case study of Chunati Wildlife Sanctuary, Bangladesh

The objective was to evaluate the performance of the co-management of Nishorgo Support Project at Chunati Wildlife Sanctuary in Bangladesh. I adopted the Focus Groups Discussion method for opinion survey and applied the SWOTAHP technique for data analysis. Local people did not participate in the decision-making process of forest management and they perceived co-management as a threat to their livelihoods. Moreover, mistrust and misunderstanding among different stakeholders, political and ethical conflicts, lack of property rights of tribal communities, and lack of accountability and transparency were identified as the drawbacks of co-management.

Electoral Behavior of Iranians and the Factors of the Reduction of Electoral Participation During the Corona Pandemic(2020–2021)

COVID-19 pandemic has had different effects on election participation.Participation in the parliamentary(2020)and presidential(2021)elections under the pandemic has declined significantly compared to the last four decades.Contrary to popular belief,the findings show that this declined has been caused by causal conditions(economic downturn and government’s inefficiency),contextual conditions(economic war and sanctions),and interventional conditions,and COVID-19 pandemic has played an only contextual role.Prior to the COVID19 pandemic,Iranians were dissatisfied with the current situation,mainly internal rather than external,due to the disruption of the economy and living conditions.Therefore,election participation during the pandemic was a good opportunity to show the magnitude of the dissatisfaction.It can be said that the role of economic factors and the government’s inefficiency in discouraging election participation in Iran has been more than political,social,and health factors.

THE PATH OF CHINESE WOMEN TO PARTICIPATE IN POLITICS

In 1994, there were two Vice-Chairwomen of the Standing Committee of the NPC, one woman State Councillor, 19 women ministers and vice ministers, 18 women provincial governors and vice governors and 308 women mayors and vice mayors.