A Quantitative Method for Active Fault Migration Distance Assessment on both Sides of Mid-Ocean Ridges——Based on Multi-Beam Data

Fracture-fissure systems found at mid-ocean ridges are dominating conduits for the circulation of metallogenic fluid.Ascertaining the distribution area of active faults on both sides of mid-ocean ridges will provide a useful tool in the search for potential hydrothermal vents,thus guiding the exploration of modern seafloor sulfides.Considering the MidAtlantic Ridge 20°N–24°N(NMAR)and North Chile Rise(NCR)as examples,fault elements such as Fault Spacing(?S)and Fault Heave(?X)can be identified and quantitatively measured.The methods used include Fourier filtering of the multi-beam bathymetry data,in combination with measurements of the topographic slope,curvature,and slope aspect patterns.According to the Sequential Faulting Model of mid-ocean ridges,the maximal migration distance of an active fault on either side of mid-ocean ridges—that is,the distribution range of active faults—can be measured.Results show that the maximal migration distance of active faults at the NMAR is 0.76–1.01 km(the distance is larger at the center than at the ends of this segment),and at the NCR,the distribution range of active faults is 0.38–1.6 km.The migration distance of active faults on the two study areas is positively related to the axial variation of magma supply.In the NCR study area,where there is an abundant magma input,the number of faults within a certain distance is mainly affected by the variation of lithospheric thickness.Here a large range of faulting clearly corresponds to a high proportion of magmatism to seafloor spreading near mid-ocean ridges(M)value,and in the study area of the NMAR,there is insufficient magmatism,and the number of faults may be controlled by both lithospheric thickness and magma supply,leading to a less obvious positive correlation between the distribution range of active faults and M.

A Review on Researches of Active Tectonics—History,Progress and Suggestions

This paper reviews the history and progress of research on active tectonics in China and overseas.By giving a brief introduction on the history of active tectonic research in China and other countries,the paper sums up the process and development of quantitative investigation of active tectonics since the 1980s.The focus is on the main efforts and progress made in China on certain aspects of research,such as basic surveys and applied investigation of active tectonics,the study of theories related to regional active tectonics and their kinematics and geodynamics,surveys on coupling relations between deep and shallow structures,active fault surveys and prospecting and seismic hazard assessment in urban areas,as well as the efforts made using Quaternary geochronology.Furthermore,the paper looks back on Chinese quantitative investigation of active tectonics in China and sums up cognitions derived from studies on the determination of several basic and measurable parameters of active tectonics.These parameters include the length of fault and fault segmentation,coseismic slip and cumulative slip,fault slip rate,the sequence of paleoearthquake events and the time elapsed since the most recent event.At the same time,efforts and progress made in China on assessing the long-term seismic potential for active faults and evaluating the risk from potential active fault movement have been reviewed by summarizing research on developing theories,models,methods and the application of time-dependent seismic potential to probabilistic assessment,magnitude estimation for potential earthquakes on active faults,and the forecast of potential risk caused by active fault movement.Finally,in consideration of the realities and problems in the research of active tectonics in China,the authors put forward several suggestions for issues worthy of more attention for further investigation in the future.

Overview of Distribution Network Fault Location

According to the existing research, the fault section location and fault location of passive distribution network and active distribution network are reviewed. Among them, fault location of passive distribution network mainly introduces fault segment location based on transient state and steady state quantity and fault location based on transient quantity. The active distribution network mainly introduces the fault segment location based on the current amount and the switching capacity based on the distribution network topology. On this basis, the difficulties of fault location in the distribution network at present are analyzed, and the future development is prospected.

Structure kinematics of a transtensional basin:An example from the Linnan Subsag, Bohai Bay basin,Eastern China

The Linnan subsag is a petroliferous, secondary tectonic unit of the Huimin sag that is located in the western part of the Jiyang depression in the Bohai Bay basin, eastern China. In this study, the authors calculated basin extensional rate and slipping displacement of boundary faults in the dip and strike directions, using seismic and drilling data. The evolution of the Linnan transtensional basin from the Eogene through the Quaternary is quantitatively described, and a dynamic model is established. The Linshan and Xiakou boundary faults of the Linnan subsag are used as a case study to describe a method to calculate the strike and dip slipping displacements of active faults under oblique extension. The results quantitatively illustrate the behavior of the Linnan subsag boundary faults over time. The Linnan subsag transtensional basin experienced four stages of evolution: weak extension during the Kongdian Formation, rapid extension and fault depression during the fourth member of the Shahejie Formation,intensive transtension and fault depression during the third member of the Shahejie Formation-Dongying Formation, and weakening fault depression during the Guantao Formation-Pingyuan Formation.The results of this study provide further understanding of the processes of petroleum migration and accumulation in the region.

Learning and Progressing Through Scientific Practices—Commemorating the 90th Anniversary of the Haiyuan Earthquake and Working to Improve the Ability of Earthquake Prediction and Seismic Hazard Reduction

The great Haiyuan earthquake occurred at 20:06:09 on December 16,1920 in the south of Ningxia Hui Autonomous Region.The magnitude of this earthquake is 8.5,listed as one of the three greatest earthquakes to ever occur in Chinese continent.This devastating earthquake killed about 230,000 people according to previous reports.Recent studies show that total casualties may have reached 270,000.The study of this earthquake using modern scientific and technological methods is the first in the history of earthquake research in China.Significant breakthroughs took place in the middle of last century.The earthquake surface rupture,with 200km in length and prominent left-lateral strike-slip displacement,was discovered.The first monograph on the Haiyuan earthquake was published.In the 1980s,innovative large-scale geological mapping technology for active faults was developed during studies on the Haiyuan earthquake surface ruptures,with the publication of the first large-scale map of the Haiyuan active fault.Quantitative studies were carried out on the fine structure and geometry of the fault zone,Holocene slip rate,co-seismic displacement,paleoearthquake and recurrence intervals and future earthquake risk assessment.The innovative studies also included rupture propagation along the strike-slip fault,evolution of pull-apart basins,determination of total displacement of the strike-slip fault,transition equilibrium between strike-slip displacement along its major strand and crustal shortening at the end of the strike-slip fault,and the mechanism of deformation on Liupan Mountain.On the occasion of the 90th anniversary of the Haiyuan earthquake,careful retrospect of scientific progress achieved during the recent 20 years would be helpful in providing further direction in the study of active faults and earthquake hazard reduction.While taking this occasion to remember those lost by the Haiyuan earthquake,we aim to make greater contributions to earthquake prediction and seismic hazard reduction.

井下断层活动的定量监测及其对冲击地压的影响研究

为建立断层活动与冲击地压之间的定量关系,实现煤矿冲击地压有效防控。通过理论分析义马矿区地质构造环境,以及耿村煤矿13200工作面与断层影响带的相对位置关系,研究了断裂构造对冲击地压的宏观控制作用。计算了井田构造应力并进行了构造应力区划分,分析了构造应力分区对冲击地压的控制作用。提出了井下断层活动性的定量监测方法,构建了“震源区煤岩体与动力核区尺度等量,震源能量随传递距离逐渐衰减”的模型,建立了大能量微震事件与断层活动的关系,确定了断层活动性对冲击地压的影响。研究结果表明:义马煤田内相对复杂的逆冲推覆构造体系,构成了义马矿区冲击地压的地质构造背景条件。F_(16)断层的影响带范围为7000~7600 m,13200工作面全部处于F_(16)断层的影响带内,在开采活动的影响下进一步增大了冲击地压的发生危险。Ⅰ-2断裂、Ⅲ-4断裂和Ⅳ-7断裂等控制的区域是冲击地压和大能量微震事件显现的主要区域,且冲击地压和大能量微震事件大多位于应力梯度区范围内。在大能量微震事件孕育和发生期间,F_(16)断层位移分别增长50 mm和45 mm;大能量微震事件发生前,断层活动拉力的增幅均相对最高,分别为2.58 kN和2.93 kN,断层位移量的快速增加和较高的应力增幅构成了大能量微震事件的主要能量来源。表明大能量微震事件和冲击地压的发生均与断层的活动联系紧密。井下断层的实际定量监测方法可以广泛应用于矿井冲击地压预测与防控的指导工作中。

考虑三端智能软开关与孤岛划分结合的主动配电网故障恢复研究

配电网中接入分布式电源和智能软开关后,其形态和特征发生了明显的变化,并逐步演变为主动配电网。在故障恢复阶段,通过对失电区域进行孤岛划分提升配电网中负荷的恢复率,是提高主动配电网供电可靠性的重要环节之一。为此,提出一种三端智能软开关和孤岛划分相配合的主动配电网故障恢复方法。首先,建立基于分布式电源供电能力的时序孤岛划分模型,并考虑相邻孤岛的结合方案;然后,分析智能软开关的接入对主动配电网故障恢复和三端智能软开关不同接入位置的影响,通过二阶锥转化,将难以求解的非线性问题转化为标准二阶锥模型并求解;最后,以改进IEEE 33节点主动配电网算例进行分析,验证该文所提方法的有效性。

Quantitative study of tectonic geomorphology along Haiyuan fault based on airborne LiDAR

High-precision and high-resolution topography are the fundamental data for active fault research.Light detection and ranging(LiDAR)presents a new approach to build detailed digital elevation models effectively.We take the Haiyuan fault in Gansu Province as an example of how LiDAR data may be used to improve the study of active faults and the risk assessment of related hazards.In the eastern segment of the Haiyuan fault,the Shaomayin site has been comprehensively investigated in previous research because of its exemplary tectonic topographic features.Based on unprecedented LiDAR data,the horizontal and vertical coseismic offsets at the Shaomayin site are described.The measured horizontal value is about 8.6 m,and the vertical value is about 0.8 m.Using prior dating ages sampled from the same location,we estimate the horizontal slip rate as4.0±1.0 mm/a with high confidence and define that the lower bound of the vertical slip rate is 0.4±0.1 mm/a since the Holocene.LiDAR data can repeat the measurements of field work on quantifying offsets of tectonic landform features quite well.The offset landforms are visualized on an office computer workstation easily,and specialized software may be used to obtain displacement quantitatively.By combining precious chronological results,the fundamentallink between fault activity and large earthquakes is better recognized,as well as the potential risk for future earthquake hazards.

基于故障树定量分析的直升机振动主动控制系统安全性评估

振动主动控制系统作为直升机的重要组成设备,具有有效降低机上振动水平的作用,其安全性水平直接决定直升机的减振能力。本文以直升机振动主动控制系统为例,通过分析其功能危险因素,形成所有功能的故障状态清单。以灾难的、危险的故障状态作为顶事件进行故障树分析,并计算其发生概率,以评估振动主动控制系统安全性是否满足要求。

青藏高原北部活动地块内部的活断层定量资料

文中定义了祁连山活动地块的边界,列表给出了近十几年来在青藏高原北部活动地块内部的活断层定量资料。其内容主要包括：活断层的编号、名称、产状、主要的地质地貌标志、活动年代、断层分段、断层滑动速率、古地震及其年代、地震破裂带的主要特征等。这些资料表明：青藏高原北部活动地块的8级大地震集中在它的边界活断层上,断层的滑动速率都在5-12mm/a左右;7级左右的地震发生在其内部规模较小的断层上,断层的滑动速率都在1-3mm/a左右;青藏高原北部活动地块内部的活断层,可以将该活动地块划分为几个次级地块,这些次级活动地块以变形为主,没有发生旋转;我们的结果支持青藏高原＂连续变形＂的假说。

混合化合物联合毒性研究进展

化合物在实际环境中往往以混合物的形式联合存在。本文以混合物联合毒性的研究进展为主线,简要介绍了污染物联合毒性的定性研究,重点概述了混合物联合毒性的定量研究,并总结了各定性定量方法的优缺点。发现对于反应机制不同、可能产生协同或拮抗作用的反应型混合体系的定量结构-活性关系(QSAR)的研究并不多见,指出需要加强混合物联合作用的定量研究,特别是要加强反应型混合体系的QSAR模型研究。

琼东南盆地断裂活动性定量计算及其发育演化模式

在地震剖面解释的基础上,运用断层活动速率法和位移-距离法对琼东南盆地主要断裂系统的活动性进行了定量计算。结果表明,断裂的活动性与盆地的演化阶段相对应,同时可以在同裂陷阶段划分出始新世—早渐新世裂陷幕和晚渐新世断坳转换幕,这两幕裂陷控制了盆地深部的基本构造格局。单条断层在早渐新世至晚渐新世期间断裂主要活动中心存在由东向西迁移的过程,盆地断裂系统活动中心在晚渐新世至早中新世也存在由东向西迁移的过程,盆地内规模较大的复合断裂带具有区段式活动的特征。将盆地内断裂系统发育模式总结为两种:以6号和11号断裂带为代表的简单生长模型,断裂系统发育演化过程中表现为单一区段断层独立生长的特征,断层简单地由中间向两侧生长,断层位移距离曲线自始至终为半椭圆型,且最大位移大致位于断层中部;以2号和5号断裂带为代表的生长连通型生长模式,断裂带由多条区段式活动的断层生长连接形成,其生长发育过程表现为沿断层面纵向上最大滑移量由各个区段的中心向各个区段交汇处迁移,由此各个区段断端破裂扩展,最终相互连接而形成一条大型断裂带。

断层活动性和封闭性的定量评价及与油气运聚的关系——以车西洼陷曹家庄断阶带为例

在定量评价车西洼陷曹家庄断阶带4条生长断层活动性和封闭性的基础上,研究了断层与油气运聚的关系。结果表明,研究区烃源岩大量生烃期与断层停止活动时间具有较好的匹配关系,源上油气藏油气富集程度和宏观分布与馆陶期断层活动时间和活动部位有关;此外,原油地球化学指标特征揭示了油气成藏还受断层切割成熟烃源岩层位控制,研究区3条正向正断层馆陶期活动部位为源上油气藏油气运移的主要通道;泥岩涂抹特征与油气显示关系表明,研究区形成断层侧向封堵的条件为泥岩涂抹势CSP>22,断层泥比率SGR>0.73,泥岩涂抹因子SSF<1.5,其主要影响因素为砂泥岩发育情况、断层断距的大小和断层两侧岩性对置关系,正向正断层封闭性较反向正断层封闭性好。

大同－阳原盆地南缘断裂带的晚第四纪分段和构造地貌变异

大同－阳原盆地南缘断裂带是北京西北～山西北部盆－岭区的一条最大的断层。晚第四纪断层崖高度和高度分布型式把断裂带分为西南和东北两个段落。该断裂带在山前带和山麓坡的构造地貌、微地文期演化历史方面存在着明显的分段变异。构造地貌过程的速度和断层习性差异，以及段落边界的重叠断层特征，是构造地貌变异的直接原因。

面向用户的并行计算机系统可用性建模研究

随着并行计算机系统规模的扩大,系统可用性面临很大的挑战,对大规模并行计算机系统可用性进行量化评估能为系统分析和设计提供有力的支持.根据任务和采用的容错策略,使用随机行为网建立了两个不同实例的并行计算机系统面向用户的可用性模型,模型在节点模块和网络模块基础上描述了任务执行的具体情况,并以执行中的有用工作比率作为可用度指标.最后结合实际数据进行了求解和分析.同一个系统下不同应用可能会反映给用户有较大差异的可用性特征,使用面向用户的并行计算机系统可用性模型可以较为精确地量化这种差异.

正倾滑活动断裂垂直位移定量研究中相关问题的讨论

当探槽开挖长度未跨过断层变形带时 ,得到的断层垂直位移将偏离断层活动的真实情况 ,在缺少依据帮助确定断层陡坎原始下坡角的具体位置时 ,通过断层陡坎高度获得的断层垂直位移也将与实际情况有较大的偏离 ,文中对此进行了讨论。并讨论了应用断层两侧近水平地层累积变位量的分解确定古地震事件期次的方法 ,以及探槽剖面中断层两侧同层地层厚度差异是断层活动事件的反映等问题。引用了内蒙古大青山山前断裂和狼山山前断裂、北京平原夏垫断裂和南口

无人机航测技术在2014年鲁甸M_S6.5地震震区活动构造调查中的应用

鲁甸震区地处滇东北高山峡谷地区,地形地貌复杂,第四系极不发育,常规的活动地貌调查条件较差。近年来快速发展的无人机航测技术在地貌数据采集方面展现出了突出优势,通过将无人机航测技术应用于鲁甸震区一带活动构造研究中,结合野外地质调查和探槽选点工作,探讨了无人机航测技术在震区活动构造研究中的工作流程,基于无人机航测数据采集及解译,得到包谷垴—小河断裂光明村小垭口段2组密集分布的优势地表破裂;沿昭通—鲁甸断裂发现水系、山脊同步右旋位错约70 m;在新棚子村发现断层槽谷并布设探槽,成功揭露断层,以上应用显示了无人机航测技术在多山地区活动构造研究中的较好适用性。

断层摩擦系数及其演化定量研究的新途径

在活断层的力学性质参数中 ,摩擦系数有着特别重要的意义 .它是建立活断层运动学与动力学之间物理力学关系进而促进地震地质研究沿着“由静到动、由定性到定量”方向深入发展的关键性参数之一 ,也是建立活断层重新滑动准则从而定量评估断层稳定性或地震危险性不可缺少的物理参数 .目前 ,断层摩擦系数主要是应用双剪法对采自断层的断层泥进行实验室测试和研究而取得的 .这样取得的结果很难说能够代表断层实际摩擦系数 ,尤其很难反映断层深部摩擦性状 ,采用实验室方法是无法测知不同地质时期断层活动所显示的摩擦性状及其演化特征的 .因此 ,必须寻找定量确定断层摩擦系数及其演化特征的新途径 .通过理论研究和实际应用提出了根据对活断层运动学实测资料的分析并结合年代学测试定量确定断层摩擦系数和动力学主要参数及其演化特征的新途径 .

初中学生数学基本活动经验的量化研究

从数学基本活动过程出发,数学基本活动经验可从维度划分和竖直层次水平两方面进行刻画。维度划分体现数学基本活动的过程,包括观察联想、归纳猜想、表达、验证或证明;竖直层次水平反映学生在数学基本活动各个方面达到的层次。测试结果表明:学生数学基本活动经验的总体状况一般;四个维度表现不均衡;通过聚类分析,得到学生数学基本活动经验的三级层次水平。

中药组效关系辨识方法学与计算理论研究思路与策略

对中药化学组成和药效作用机制进行系统辨析 ,阐明中药复杂组效关系是中药学科领域的重大难题。开展中药复杂组效关系辨识方法学和计算理论研究 ,对于中医药基础理论创新发展及现代中药创制具有重大科学意义和学术价值。在获取中药化学分析数据和药效检测数据基础上 ,使用药物信息学方法 ,寻找发现关键药效组分 ,并通过多组分药效预测模型对药效组分配伍进行优化设计 。