A Remote Real-Time Monitoring System for Power Quality

An introduction is made to the composition, design method and engineering application of a remote real time monitoring system of power quality in substations based on internet. With virtual instrument and network technique adopted, this system is characterized by good real time property, high reliability, plentiful functions, and so on. It also can be used to monitor the load of a substation, such as electric locomotives.

Real Time Monitoring of Extreme Rainfall Events with Simple X-Band Mini Weather Radar

Real time rainfall events monitoring is very important for a large number of reasons: Civil Protection, hydrogeological risk management, hydroelectric power purposes, road and traffic regulation, and tourism. Efficient monitoring operations need continuous, high-resolution and large-coverage data. To monitor and observe extreme rainfall events, often much localized over small basins of interest, and that could frequently causing flash floods, an unrealistic extremely dense rain gauge network should be needed. On the other hand, common large C-band or S-band long range radars do not provide the necessary spatial and temporal resolution. Simple short-range X-band mini weather radar can be a valid compromise solution. The present work shows how a single polarization, non-Doppler and non-coherent, simple and low cost X-band radar allowed monitoring three very intense rainfall events occurred near Turin during July 2014. The events, which caused damages and floods, are detected and monitored in real time with a sample rate of 1 minute and a radial spatial resolution of 60 m, thus allowing to describe the intensity of the precipitation on each small portion of territory. This information could be very useful if used by authorities in charge of Civil Protection in order to avoid inconvenience to people and to monitor dangerous situations.

Development of a hybrid photoacoustic and optical monitoring system for the study of laser ablation processes upon the removal of encrustation from stonework

In the context of this work,a prototype hybrid photoacoustic(PA)and optical system for the on-line monitoring of laser cleaning procedures is presented.The developed apparatus has enabled the detection of MHz frequency range acoustic waves generated during the laser ablation process.The intrinsically generated PA signals combined with high resolution optical images provide the opportunity to follow the cleaning process accurately and in real time.Technical mock-ups have been used to demonstrate the potential of this novel technique with emphasis given to applications that refer to the restoration of Cultural Heritage(CH)surfaces.Towards this purpose,the real time monitoring of the laser assisted removal of unwanted encrustation from stonework has been achieved using IR and UV wavelengths.This novel approach has allowed for the precise determination of the critical number of laser pulses required for the elimination of the encrustation layer,while highlighting the dominant ablation mechanisms according to the irradiation wavelength.The promising results obtained using the prototype hybrid PA and optical system can open up new perspectives in the monitoring of laser cleaning interventions,promoting an improved restoration outcome.

Real-time remote monitoring system for crop water requirement information

Rapidly acquiring and real-time transmitting crop water requirement information constitute the basis for achieving intelligent diagnosis and precision irrigation.In order to collect and transmit crop water requirement information at real time,a new microcontroller-based real-time remote monitoring system was designed,including system hardware design,software and anti-jamming design.The system achieved the functions including clock reading,information configuration,LCD display,keyboard control,data sending and receiving,multi-channel information acquisition,conversion and storage.Laboratory and field tests showed that the system can achieve data acquisition and real-time display of the crop water requirement information.Unlike the current weather station,the system collects crop water information,meteorological factors and soil parameters at the same time.It has a high level of stability and acquisition accuracy,and can meet the requirements for real-time remote monitoring of the crop water requirement information for irrigation decision-making.

Real time monitoring for analysis of dam stability:Potential of nonlinear elasticity and nonlinear dynamics approaches

Large dams are complex structures with nonlinear dynamic behavior.Engineers often are forced to assess dam safety based on the available incomplete data,which is extremely difficult.This important problem can be solved with the modern theory of complex systems.It is possible to derive characteristics of the whole unknown dynamics of a structure using few data sets of certain carefully selected representative parameter(s).By means of high quality continuous records of some geotechnical characteristic(s)of a dam and modern methods of time series linear/nonlinear analysis the main dynamical features of the entire,unknown process(here—dam deformation)can be analyzed.We created the cost-effective Monitoring Telemetric System for Dam Diagnostics(DAMWATCH),which consists of sensors(tiltmeters),terminal and central controllers connected by the GSM/GPRS Modem to the diagnostic center.The tilt data recorded for varying reservoir level are compared with static design model of dam deformations computed by a finite element method(FEM)for the dam-reservoir-foundation system.Besides,recently developed linear/nonlinear data analysis and prediction schemes may help to quantify fine dynamical features of the dam behavior.The software package DAMTOOL has been developed for this purpose.The differences between measured and theoretically predicted response parameters of the dam may signal abnormal behavior of the object.The data obtained already by testing of the DAMWATCH/DAMTOOL system during operation of the high Enguri arc dam and reservoir(Georgia)show interesting long-term and short-term patterns of tilts in the dam body,which can be used for dam diagnostics.The proposed real-time telemetric monitoring(DAMWATCH)complex and linear/nonlinear dynamical analysis system(DAMTOOL)are unique.

Real time monitoring of bioreactor mAb IgG3 cell culture process dynamics via Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy： Implications for enabling cell culture process analytical technology

Compared to small molecule process analytical technology （PAT） applications, biotechnology product PAT applications have certain unique challenges and opportunities. Understanding process dynamics of bioreactor cell culture process is essential to establish an appropriate process control strategy for biotechnology product PAT applications. Inline spectroscopic techniques for real time monitoring of bioreactor cell culture process have the distinct potential to develop PAT approaches in manufac- turing biotechnology drug products. However, the use of inline Fourier transform infrared （FTIR） spectroscopic techniques for bioreactor cell culture process monitoring has not been reported. In this work, real time inline FTIR Spectroscopy was applied to a lab scale bioreactor mAb IgG3 cell culture fluid biomolecular dynamic model. The technical feasibility of using FTIR Spectroscopy for real time tracking and monitoring four key cell culture metabolites （including glucose, glutamine, lactate, and ammonia） and protein yield at increasing levels of complexity （simple binary system, fully formulated media, actual bioreactor cell culture process） was evaluated via a stepwise approach. The FTIR fingerprints of the key metabolites were identified. The multivariate partial least squares （PLS） calibration models were established to correlate the process FTIR spectra with the concentrations of key metabolites and protein yield of in-process samples, either individually for each metabolite and protein or globally for all four metabolites simultaneously. Applying the 2＇ld derivative pre-processing algorithm to the FTIR spectra helps to reduce the number of PLS latent variables needed significantly and thus simplify the interpretation of the PLS models. The validated PLS models show promise in predicting the concentration profiles of glucose, glutamine, lactate, and ammonia and protein yield over the course of the bioreactor cell culture process. Therefore, this work demonstrated the technical feasibility of real time monitoring of the bioreactor cell culture process via FTIR spectroscopy. Its implications for enabling cell culture PAT were discussed.

Spatiotemporal Imaging of Cellular Energy Metabolism with Genetically-Encoded Fluorescent Sensors in Brain

The brain has very high energy requirements and consumes 20% of the oxygen and 25% of the glucose in the human body. Therefore, the molecular mechanism under- lying how the brain metabolizes substances to support neural activity is a fundamental issue for neuroscience studies. A well-known model in the brain, the astrocyte- neuron lactate shuttle, postulates that glucose uptake and glycolytic activity are enhanced in astrocytes upon neu- ronal activation and that astrocytes transport lactate into neurons to fulfill their energy requirements. Current evidence for this hypothesis has yet to reach a clear consensus, and new concepts beyond the shuttle hypothesis are emerging. The discrepancy is largely attributed to the lack of a critical method for real-time monitoring of metabolic dynamics at cellular resolution. Recent advances in fluorescent protein-based sensors allow the generation of a sensitive, specific, real-time readout of subcellular metabolites and fill the current technological gap. Here,we summarize the development of genetically encoded metabolite sensors and their applications in assessing cell metabolism in living cells and in vivo, and we believe that these tools will help to address the issue of elucidating neural energy metabolism.