Network pharmacology and verification experiment-based prediction of active components and potential targets of Alpiniae Oxyphyllae Fructus-Saposhnikoviae Radix(Yizhiren-Fangfeng)for treatment of diabetic kidney disease

Background:In this study,we analyzed the potential active components,related crucial targets and possible signaling pathway mechanisms of Alpiniae Oxyphyllae Fructus and Saposhnikoviae Radix(AOF-SR)herb pairs in the treatment of diabetic kidney disease(DKD)using network pharmacology and verification experiments.Methods:The active compounds and potential targets of AOF-SR were derived from the Traditional Chinese Medicine Systems Pharmacology Database and Analysis Platform,The Encyclopedia of Traditional Chinese Medicine,and PubChem databases,and the potential therapeutic targets of DKD were derived from the OMIM,Drugbank,and DisGeNET databases.The“compounds-diseases-targets”network was constructed using Cytoscape 3.6.0.ClusterMaker functionality in Cytoscape is being used to screen important targets for AOF-SR treatment of DKD.Gene Ontology and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes enrichment analysis of important targets were performed using DAVID database.In addition,according to the predicted results of network pharmacology,HK-2 cells were used to construct DKD model for verification experiment.HK-2 cells were divided into control group,high glucose(HG)group and AOF-SR(HG+AOF-SR)group to detect survival rate and expression of key proteins in NF-κB and PI3K/Akt signaling pathways.Results:A total of 38 compounds were selected from AOF-SR,of which 23 were Alpiniae Oxyphyllae Fructus and 15 were Saposhnikoviae Radix.Through enrichment analysis of 82 important targets,88 signaling pathways were identified;some of these pathways,such as the NF-κB,PI3K-Akt,IL-17,and JAK/STAT signaling pathways,regulate the pathological process of DKD.In verification experiment,the HK-2 cells survival rate was higher in the HG+AOF-SR group than in the HG group(P<0.05).Moreover,western blotting results showed that the expression levels of NF-κB,p-PI3K,and p-Akt in HG+AOF-SR group were significantly lower than those in HG group(P<0.05).Conclusion:Overall,this study revealed the active compounds,important targets and possible mechanisms of AOF-SR treatment for DKD,and conducted preliminary verification experiments on its correctness,provided novel insights into the treatment of DKD by AOF-SR.

Exploring the mechanism of Saposhnikoviae Radix and Chuanxiong Rhizoma treating Parkinson's disease based on network pharmacology and molecular docking

Backgroud:Parkinson’s disease(PD)is a neurodegenerative disorder with an increasing global prevalence.However,the development of drugs for PD treatment has not kept pace with the continuously growing number of patients.Currently,the search for new effective substances from natural drugs is a major research direction.Two Chinese medicinal materials,Saposhnikoviae Radix(Fangfeng)and Chuanxiong Rhizoma(Chuanxiong),are commonly used in the treatment of PD in China.However,the mechanism of their combination is not clear,and further research is needed.Methods:Data were collected from publicly available databases:TCMSP,UnitProt,GeneCards OMIM,PharmGKB,Therapeutic Target Database and DrugBank.Network pharmacology and molecular docking methods was used to analyze the data to discover the possible pharmacological effects of the two drugs in the treatment of PD.Results:Beta-sitosterol,Mandenol and Wallichilide were the active components of Saposhnikoviae Radix and Chuanxiong Rhizoma(FC),and they stably bonded with PD targets,including PTGS2,CASP3,AKT1 and JUN.The target genes of FC were significantly enriched in PD-associated pathways,including calcium signaling and apoptosis pathways.Moreover,the study revealed that the active components of FC may affect cellular structures,such as membrane rafts,membrane microdomains,membrane regions,and postsynaptic membranes,which,in turn,affect a variety of molecular functions and biological processes.Conclusion:The results of this study indicate the direction for clarifying the pharmacodynamic substances of FC,the extraction method of pharmacodynamic substances,as well as the mechanism and efficacy of pharmacodynamic substances.Importantly,this study provides a strategy for developing new therapeutic drugs for PD.

Constituents of Chinese Drug Fangfeng, the Root of Saposhnikovia divaricata

从防风根的乙醇浸出物中分离鉴定出8个化合物。通过理化数据及光谱分析,分别鉴定为香柑内酯(Ⅰ),花椒毒内酯(Ⅱ),亥茅酚(Ⅲ),异紫花前胡内酯(Ⅳ),东茛菪内酯(Ⅴ),香草酸(Ⅵ),D-甘露醇(Ⅶ)和蔗糖(Ⅷ),其中Ⅳ与Ⅵ为首次自此植物中提得。

防风(Saposhnikovia divaricata)组织培养中的玻璃化现象研究

以防风茎段为外植体，建立了组织培养再生体系，对防风试管苗玻璃化现象进行了研究。结果表明，与正常苗相比，玻璃化苗形态异常，组织含水量升高，叶绿素含量显著降低，酸性过氧化物同工酶活性减弱。6-BA浓度超过2．0mg／L、光照低于2000Ix、培养瓶内湿度大都极易导致防风试管苗的玻璃化，减少愈伤继代次数，增加培养基内琼脂和蔗糖浓度，可以降低玻璃化率。轻中度的玻璃化苗通过改变培养环境可以恢复正常。优化的防风再生体系为：以嫩茎段为外植体，继代3次左右的愈伤组织诱导出芽，芽继代增殖时，6-BA浓度采用1．0mg／L和0．5mg／L交替使用，培养光照3000～4000Ix。

不同降水量对防风(Saposhnikovia divaricata)幼苗生长状态的影响

通过对不同水份条件下防风幼苗的根冠比、根粗和根重三项形态指标及幼苗中丙二醛、可溶性糖及叶绿素含量三项生理指标的测定,证明了在以甘南县为代表的黑龙江省西部半干旱气候条件下,防风幼苗在降水量超过40mm情况下可以正常生长。人工栽培时要根据实际情况处理,如苗期降水量少于40mm,幼苗会受到干旱胁迫,要依据缺水的程度补足水份或选择在雨水充足的季节之前播种。在本实验进行的气候和土壤条件下,除降水量外,根冠比、根粗、根重、丙二醛含量、可溶性糖含量和叶绿素含量也可作为判断防风幼苗能正常生长的依据。降水量低于40mm时随着干旱胁迫的加深,丙二醛和可溶性糖含量不断提高,而叶绿素含量逐渐降低。

Experiment on Tissue Culture Technique of Saposhnikovia divaricata(Turcz.) Schischk

The study aimed to optimize the induction and differentiation medium by exploreing different tissue culture of Saposhnikovia divaricata （Turcz.） Schischk. In tissue culture with the root, stem segments, young leaf, cotyledonary node and axillary bud of Saposhnikovia divaricata （Turcz.） Schischk as explants, a lot of plantleles were obtained and the corresponding plant regeneration-system was established. The results showed that when use MS＋1.0 mg·L^-1 6-BA＋0.2 mg·L^-1 NAA as callus induction medium, the cotyledonary node had the highest bourgeon rate, and its callus was better than any others; MS＋2 mg·L^-1 6-BA＋0.4 mg·L^-1 NAA was the best adventitious buds induction medium, and the best adventitious buds induced condition was 3% sucrose as carbon source, illumination for 12-14 h·d^-1 and pH 5.8, The best rootage medium was 1/2 MS＋0.5 mg·L^-1 NAA.

Effects and its possible mechanism of Radix Saposhnikoviae on rat colonic smooth muscle in vitro

Objective： To determine the effect of different concentrations of Radix Saposhnikoviae （RS） on the contraction of smooth muscle strips and the Ca2＋ mobilization of cultured smooth muscle ceils of rat colon and its possible mechanism of action. Methods： Strips of rat colon longitudinal muscle were prepared and smooth muscle cells from rat colon were isolated and cultured. In the experiments, in vitro muscle strips were suspended in an organ bath and the contraction of the strips was recorded. In the cell- experiments, intracellular Ca2＋ was assessed using fluorescent intensity （FI） of smooth muscle cells loaded with Fluo-4/AM, measured with a laser scanning confocal microscope and related software. Results： In the in vitro experiment, RS （0.02, 0.2, 2, 20 g/L） inhibited contraction of muscle strips in a concentration-dependent manner, and this inhibition was significant for the three higher RS concentrations （P 〈 0.01） for both Peak （the maximal contraction amplitude） and Area （the area under curves）. Similarly, RS inhibited Ach-induced contraction. In these experiments the inhibition of the Peak values in the RS 2 and 20 g/L groups was significant （P 〈 0.01）, as was the inhibition of the Area values in all RS groups （P 〈 0.05）. Naloxone and propranolol did not significantly affect the inhibitory effect of RS on smooth muscle contractility, while phentolamine significantly reduced the inhibitory effect （P 〈 0.01）. In experiments using primary smooth muscle cell cultures in Ca2＋ - containing buffer, the post-treatment fluorescence of cells in the RS 0.2, 2 and 20 g/L groups differed significantly from pre-treatment values （P 〈 0.05）, and the percent inhibition of fluorescence in the RS 2 g/L and 20 g/L groups was significant （P 〈 0.01）. However, in Ca2＋-free buffer, FS had no significant effect on cell fluorescence. Conclusion： RS inhibited both the spontaneous and Ach-stimulated contraction of rat colonic smooth muscle strips. This RS effect appeared to involve α -adrenoceptors, but not β -adrenoceptors or opioid receptors. In cultured primary smooth muscle cells, RS reduced the mobilization of Ca2＋ from extracellular sources, but may had no effect on the release of Ca2＋ from sarcoplasmic reticulum and endoplasmic reticulum.

Exploration of the effective components and mechanism of Alpinia oxyphylla-Saposhnikovia Radix in the treatment of diabetic kidney disease based on network pharmacology

Objective:Network pharmacology was used to predict the main targets and related mechanism pathways of the key compounds and active ingredients of the Alpinia oxyphylla-Saposhnikovia Radix based on the therapeutic strategy of tonifying kidney and dispelling pathogenic wind for the treatment of diabetic kidney disease(DKD).Methods:The effective components of Alpinia oxyphylla-Saposhnikovia Radix were screened through the data platform of Traditional Chinese Medicine(TCM).After screening effective targets,the disease target gene database was used to obtain targets for DKD,and then gene enrichment analysis to predict relevant signalling pathways after obtaining the key target genes through Venn analysis.Results:There were 324 active components of Alpinia oxyphylla-Saposhnikovia Radix through the data platform of TCM.In addition,Venn analysis showed that there were 48 key target genes for the treatment of DKD.The biological pathways for the action of Alpinia oxyphylla-Saposhnikovia Radix in DKD were closely related to many signaling pathways including NF-kappaB,classical MAP kinase,JNK and P38 MAP kinase,and ERK5.Conclusions:Treatment of DKD with Alpinia oxyphylla-Saposhnikovia Radix based on the therapeutic strategy of tonifying kidney and dispelling pathogenic wind has the characteristics of multi-components,multi-targets and multi-pathways,which could provide new ideas and methods for further researches on the treatment of DKD with Alpinia oxyphylla-Saposhnikovia Radix.

模拟降水量变化对防风(Saposhnikovia divaricata)幼苗光合特性及矿质营养积累的影响

为研究降水量变化对防风(Saposhnikovia divaricata)幼苗光合特性及矿质营养积累的影响,采用盆栽实验,以防风幼苗为材料,模拟研究了正常降水(CK,施水量为309mm,参照防风种子采集地1979-2000年6-9月的总降水量)、增加降水30%(+W)和减少降水30%(-W)对防风幼苗光合特性及矿质营养积累的影响。结果表明:与CK和+W处理相比,?W处理防风幼苗的叶片叶绿素和类胡萝卜素含量显著增加,叶片净光合速率、气孔导度和表观叶肉导度(移栽后73d、102d和128d)显著提升;脯氨酸含量(叶片、叶柄和根)、氮含量(叶片、叶柄和根)、磷含量(叶片和根)、钾含量(叶片和叶柄)、钙含量(根)和硫含量(叶片)显著增加。在本实验条件下,减少降水处理能够使防风幼苗叶片光合作用及植株矿质营养含量维持在较高水平,有利于其生长发育,有利于防风幼苗初生代谢产物的积累。

HPLC Fingerprint Combined with Chemometrics and Network Pharmacology for Q-Markers Prediction Analysis of Saposhnikovia divaricata

Saposhnikovia divaricata(SD)has high medicinal and edible value,but relatively little research has been done on its qual-ity markers(Q-markers).To further clarify the Q-markers of SD with their corresponding pharmacodynamic targets.In this experiment,14 batches of SD were identified and screened for Q-marker candidate components using a combination of HPLC fingerprint with similarity analysis,principal component analysis,hierarchical cluster analysis,and partial least squares discriminant analysis.Then,network pharmacology was used to predict Q-markers and core targets.The results showed that 5-O-methylvisammioside,cimifugin,and prim-O-glucosylcimifugin could be used as Q-markers of SD;while,MAPK1,MAPK3,PIK3CA,JUN,and MAPK8 were the core targets of SD for drug efficacy.To further evaluate the bind-ing efficiency of Q-markers,molecular docking of the main active ingredients of SD to the core targets was performed.The results showed that the compounds bind well to their targets,and binding energies were all less than-5 kcal/mol.The Q-markers obtained from the screening were closely related to the core target genes,which could achieve therapeutic effects by modulating the relevant signaling pathways.This study offers a reference for the establishment of a set of quality control evaluation system for SD potential Q-markers prediction analysis,and lays the foundation for elucidating the mechanism of actionunderlying itspharmacodynamic substance.

Transcriptome analysis of Saposhnikovia divaricata and mining of bolting and fowering genes

Objective: Early bolting of Saposhnikovia divaricata has seriously hindered its medicinal value and sustainable development of resources. The molecular mechanism of bolting and fowering of S. divaricata is still unclear and worth of research. In our study, we explored the transcriptome of the genes related to the bolting and fowering of S. divaricata.Methods: The transcriptome library was constructed, sequenced, assembled and annotated from the bolting and unbolting leaves of S. divaricata by high-throughput sequencing at the bud and fowering stage.Focus on the pathways related to bolting and fowering in plants, and exploring genes. The expression of seven candidate genes was verified by real-time fuorescence quantitative PCR(qRT-PCR).Results: Transcriptome results showed that 249 889 422 high-quality clean reads were obtained. A total of 67 866 unigenes were assembled with an average length of 948.1 bp. Trinity de Novo assembly produced 67 866 unigenes with an average length of 948.1 bp. Among 993 differentially expressed genes,484 genes were significantly up-regulated and 509 genes were down-regulated in the SdM group. A total of 79 GO terms were significantly enriched for differentially expressed genes. KEGG results showed that 11 154 unigenes were enriched in 89 pathways. And 21 candidate genes related to bolting and fowering of S. divaricata were excavated. The qRT-PCR results showed that expression trends of HDA9, PHYB, AP2,TIR1, Hsp90, CaM, and IAA7 were consistent with transcriptomic sequencing results. In addition, RNA-seq had identified 10 740 transcription factors and classified them into 58 families by their conserved domains. Further studies showed that the transcription factors regulating the fowering of S. divaricata were mainly distributed in the NAC, MYB_related, HB-other, ARF, and AP2 families.Conclusion: Based on the results of this study, it was found that the plant hormone signal transduction pathway was one of the decisive factors to control bolting and fowering. Among them, auxin related genes IAA and TIR1 are the key genes in the bolting and fowering process of S. divaricata.

防风多糖体内外免疫调节活性研究

目的采用体内外多指标免疫调节活性评价方法,研究防风多糖体内外免疫功能的调节作用。方法体外实验选用RAW 264.7小鼠巨噬细胞系,采用CCK-8法检测巨噬细胞的增殖能力,中性红染色法检测巨噬细胞的吞噬能力,Griess法测定巨噬细胞NO释放量,酶联免疫吸附法(ELISA)测定巨噬细胞肿瘤坏死因子-α(TNF-α)、白细胞介素-1β(IL-1β)和白细胞介素-6(IL-6)释放量。体内实验选用环磷酰胺诱导的免疫低下BALB/c小鼠,通过碳粒廓清实验探讨防风多糖对小鼠网状内皮系统吞噬功能,以小鼠免疫器官指数评价防风多糖对小鼠免疫器官的影响,并采用ELISA法测定小鼠体内免疫球蛋白(IgM、IgG、IgA)和补体(C3、C4)含量。结果体外实验结果表明,防风多糖能够显著提高巨噬细胞的增殖和吞噬能力,并促进巨噬细胞释放NO、TNF-α和IL-6,但对IL-1β的释放量影响不显著。体内实验结果表明,防风多糖可使免疫低下小鼠模型的吞噬能力和免疫器官指数显著提高,并使免疫低下小鼠体内的免疫球蛋白(IgM、IgG、IgA)和补体(C3、C4)的含量升高。结论防风多糖在体内外水平均具有较好的免疫调节活性,参与调节机体的特异性免疫和非特异性免疫。

防风提取物对IgE致敏肥大细胞的改善作用及机制研究

[目的]探究防风(Saposhnikovia divaricata,SD)提取物对大鼠嗜碱性白血病细胞RBL-2H3脱颗粒的影响及作用机制。[方法]采用噻唑蓝(methylthialazole tetrazolium,MTT)比色法检测,根据5、25、50、100、200、400μg·mL^(-1)SD提取物对RBL-2H3细胞活性的影响,确定后续实验浓度。以免疫球蛋白E(immunoglobulinE,IgE)诱导建立RBL-2H3细胞脱颗粒模型。设立空白对照组、模型组、低剂量SD提取物组(5μg·mL^(-1))、中剂量SD提取物组(25μg·mL^(-1))、高剂量SD提取物组(50μg·mL^(-1))和地塞米松(dexamethasone,DXMS)组(100μg·mL^(-1)),干预30 min。MTT法检测低、中、高剂量SD提取物对RBL-2H3细胞脱颗粒模型活性的影响。甲苯胺蓝染色观察脱颗粒细胞形态,计算细胞脱颗粒率。免疫荧光染色测定细胞F-肌动蛋白(F-actin)表达。酶联免疫吸附试验(enzyme linked immunosorbent assay,ELISA)检测细胞β-氨基己糖苷酶、组胺、白细胞介素-4(interleukin-4,IL-4)、白细胞介素-6(interleukin-6,IL-6)、肿瘤坏死因子-α(tumor necrosis factor-α,TNF-α)、干扰素-γ(interferon-γ,IFN-γ)水平。免疫印迹法检测细胞磷脂酰肌醇-3-羟基激酶(phosphoinositide-3 kinase,PI3K)、磷酸化-PI3K(phosphorylation-PI3K,p-PI3K)、蛋白激酶B(protein kinase B,AKT)、磷酸化-AKT(phosphorylation-AKT,p-AKT)、p38丝裂原活化蛋白激酶(p38 mitogen activited protein kinaseelisa,p38MAPK)、磷酸化-p38MAPK(phosphorylation-p38MAPK,p-p38MAPK)、核因子-κB(nuclear factor-κB,NF-κB)、磷酸化-NF-κB(phosphorylation-NF-κB,p-NF-κB)、细胞外调节激酶(extracellular regulated kinases,ERK)、磷酸化-ERK(phosphorylation-ERK,p-ERK)蛋白表达。[结果]低、中、高剂量防风提取物(5、25、50μg·mL^(-1))对RBL-2H3细胞活性无显著影响(P>0.05)。与空白对照组比较,模型组甲苯胺蓝染色细胞数量减少、形态变圆,细胞脱颗粒率显著上升,F-actin表达下降,β-氨基己糖苷酶、组胺、IL-4、IL-6、TNF-α水平升高,IFN-γ水平降低,p-PI3K/PI3K、p-AKT/AKT、p-p38MAPK/p38MAPK、p-NF-κB/NF-κB、p-ERK/ERK表达升高(P<0.01)。与模型组比较,低、中、高剂量SD提取物组和DXMS组细胞F-actin表达增加,β-氨基己糖苷酶、组胺、IL-4、IL-6、TNF-α释放显著下降(P<0.05,P<0.01),IFN-γ释放显著增加(P<0.01),p-PI3K/PI3K、p-AKT/AKT、p-p38MAPK/p38MAPK、p-NF-κB/NF-κB、p-ERK/ERK表达降低(P<0.05,P<0.01);中、高剂量SD提取物组和DXMS组细胞数量增加,形态多呈梭形,细胞脱颗粒率显著下降(P<0.01)。与低剂量SD提取物组比较,高剂量SD提取物组和DXMS组细胞脱颗粒率下降(P<0.01)、F-actin表达增加(P<0.05)、p-p38MAPK/p38MAPK表达降低(P<0.01)。[结论]SD提取物可抑制IgE致敏的RBL-2H3细胞脱颗粒,降低炎性介质水平,其作用机制可能与抑制PI3K/AKT、p38MAPK/NF-κB、ERK蛋白磷酸化有关。

防风石油醚提取物调节中性粒细胞胞外诱捕网对类风湿性关节炎大鼠的改善作用及机制

目的 探究防风石油醚提取物通过调节中性粒细胞胞外诱捕网(NETs)对类风湿性关节炎(RA)大鼠的改善作用及机制。方法 采用牛Ⅱ型胶原与弗氏完全佐剂建立大鼠RA模型。将造模成功的大鼠随机分为模型组和防风石油醚提取物低、中、高剂量组(55、110、220 mg/kg),另设不造模的正常组,每组10只。各组大鼠灌胃相应药液或等体积2%吐温-80溶液,每天1次,连续28 d。观察大鼠足趾肿胀度并进行关节炎指数(AI)评分,检测大鼠血清中白细胞介素1β(IL-1β)、IL-10、IL-17、肿瘤坏死因子α(TNF-α)、25-羟基维生素D_3[25(OH)D_3]、髓过氧化物酶(MPO)、中性粒细胞弹性蛋白酶(NE)和NETs的水平,观察大鼠踝关节病理学形态变化,检测大鼠踝关节中瓜氨酸化组蛋白H3(CitH3)以及滑膜组织中细胞色素P450 24A1(CYP24A1)、细胞色素P45027B1(CYP27B1)、维生素D受体(VDR)、肽基精氨酸脱亚胺酶4(PAD4)的表达水平。结果 与模型组比较,防风石油醚提取物中、高剂量组大鼠给药后第14天至第28天的足趾肿胀度和AI评分均显著降低(P<0.05或P<0.01);血清中IL-1β、IL-17、TNF-α、MPO、NE和NETs水平均显著降低,IL-10、25(OH)D_3水平均显著升高(P<0.05或P<0.01);踝关节间隙变宽,结构明显改善;踝关节中CitH3以及滑膜组织中CYP24A1、PAD4表达水平均显著降低,滑膜组织中CYP27B1、VDR表达水平均显著升高(P<0.05或P<0.01)。结论 防风石油醚提取物可能通过调控维生素D系统,抑制NETs生成,进而改善RA症状。

防风传统炮制方法与现代炮制工艺的研究进展

防风始载于《神农本草经》,且被誉为上品之药。古书及各朝代名医推崇防风的主要功效有解表和祛风等,对由风寒所引起的关节疼痛、头疼、风湿痛等症有治疗效果。李时珍写有“其功疗风最要,故名”,对其名称的由来进行了解释。防风作为一味有悠久应用历史的祛风要药,其炮制的历史也久远且方法众多,除目前仍然采用的炒防风、炭防风和蜜防风外,历代古籍文献记载其他炮制方法还有酒浸、炙制、麸炒、煮制法等。笔者通过查阅大量的古今文献并进行梳理,对防风的传统炮制方法进行概述,并对其现代炮制工艺进行总结,有助于规范防风炮制技艺、优化防风炮制工艺,为提高中药材资源的合理利用提供理论依据。

防风防治疫病应用探析

防风,药性辛、甘,微温,具有养护正气、解表、祛风胜湿之效,临床广泛应用于预防疫病的滋生及治疗寒疫、风疫、湿疫等症,具有良好的防治效果。近年来,随着对防风药理作用的研究逐渐深入,发现该药材具有解热、镇痛、抗炎抗菌、调节免疫等多重作用。通过对疫病治疗理论、防风性味及功效溯源、治疫作用和现代药理学研究等方面进行回顾与分析,以期为防风的开发运用提供参考。

Specification and grade of Saposhnikoviae Radix(Saposhnikovia divaricata)

Objective:Saposhnikoviae Radix(Fangfeng in Chinese),the roots of Saposhnikovia divaricata,lacks commodity specification and grade standardization in the current market.This study investigated the existing specifications and grades of Saposhnikoviae Radix to provide a standardized scientific reference for its market use.Methods:Based on a textual research of Chinese herbal medicine from the Han Dynasty to the present,medicinal materials of different specifications and grades obtained from Saposhnikoviae Radix in the main producing areas of China were collected and the markets for these materials were investigated.Field investigations were performed in the major producing areas such as Northeast China,Hebei Province,and Inner Mongolia.Four major Chinese herbal medicine markets in China were investigated.Sensory indices were used to categorize the two specifications(wild and cultivated)according to the shape,color,texture,and cross-section.High-performance liquid chromatography was performed to determine the active components.Vernier calipers and measuring tape were used to measure the diameter and length,respectively,of 41 samples.Using Excel and the R Language software,cluster analysis and descriptive statistical analysis were performed to assist in the application of new specifications and grades based on physical characteristics,pharmacological activity,and chemical composition.Results:The two specifications(wild and cultivated)of Saposhnikoviae Radix were divided into three grades each based on the length and diameter.Prim-O-glucosylcimifugin,5-O-methylvisamminoside,and the length of Saposhnikoviae Radix can be used as a basis for classifying the commodity specifications and grades.The specifications and grade standards of Saposhnikoviae Radix were established based on the following eight aspects:shape,surface characteristics,texture,cross section,taste,prim-Oglucosylcimifugin content,5-O-methylvisamminoside content and length.Conclusion:The formulation of this standard stipulates the commodity specification level of Saposhnikoviae Radix.It is also suitable for the evaluation of commodity specifications in the process of production,circulation and use of Saposhnikoviae Radix.

防风药材质量的多指标综合评价

【目的】建立防风Saposhnikovia divaricata药材多指标成分同时定量分析的测定方法,并以多指标成分为评价指标,结合不同成分对防风药材抗炎活性的贡献,分析不同产地的防风药材质量,为防风药材质量的综合评价提供科学依据。【方法】采用高效液相色谱(HPLC)建立防风6种色原酮和4种香豆素成分同时定量的测定方法,采用聚类分析和主成分分析对防风药材质量进行综合评价;采用脂多糖诱导的RAW 264.7小鼠巨噬细胞炎症模型,分析防风10种化学成分与抗炎活性的相关关系。【结果】防风10种化学成分在各自范围内线性关系、准确度和分离度均良好。聚类分析和主成分分析把17批样品分为4类,其中以内蒙古S5和吉林S8~S11产地的2年生防风的综合质量相对较好;17批防风醇提物能不同程度地抑制脂多糖诱导的RAW264.7细胞分泌一氧化氮(NO)、白细胞介素6(IL-6)、白细胞介素1β(IL-1β);其中升麻素苷、5-O-甲基维斯阿米醇苷、升麻素、亥茅酚苷、5-O-甲基维斯阿米醇、欧前胡素与抗炎活性呈正相关;灰色关联度分析表明:防风抗炎活性是多种成分协同作用的结果,升麻素苷、5-O-甲基维斯阿米醇苷、升麻素、亥茅酚苷、5-O-甲基维斯阿米醇与3个细胞炎症指标(NO、IL-6和IL-1β)的关联度均大于0.8,是发挥抗炎作用的主要物质基础。【结论】本研究建立的防风多指标成分测定方法良好,可用于防风色原酮和香豆素成分的同时测定,结合抗炎活性与灰色关联度分析法建立了基于生物活性的防风药材质量综合评价模式,为建立防风药材质量综合评价的标准提供了新的方法和科学依据。

防风仿生挖掘铲的设计与试验

针对河北一年生栽种防风采收过程中挖掘装置挖掘阻力大、碎土能力差等问题,设计了一种防风仿生挖掘铲。结合仿生学原理,采用高精度三维扫描技术对鼹鼠前爪最长的第3趾进行仿生数据采集,运用Imageware逆向设计软件对第3趾点云数据进行处理,以获取轮廓曲线点云数据,并经MatLab软件进行数据拟合得到仿生铲结构曲线。根据根茎类中药材挖掘铲设计原则及栽种防风农艺要求,确定仿生铲关键性能参数,并建立三维模型。利用EDEM离散元仿真分析软件从减阻性能、碎土性能两方面对仿生铲和普通铲的挖掘性能进行对比分析,结果表明:同一仿真条件下,仿生铲减阻率为12.50%,碎土率提升2.92%。通过土槽试验验证仿生铲的挖掘性能及离散元仿真模型的准确性,结果表明:仿生铲减阻率为13.42%,实测值与仿真值相对误差为6.86%,仿生铲具有较好的减阻和碎土性能,所构建离散元仿真模型准确程度较高。

龙泽熊胆胶囊中水防风掺伪的检测方法研究

目的建立龙泽熊胆胶囊中水防风掺伪的检测方法。方法以水防风区别于防风的专属性成分Xanthalin建立薄层色谱鉴别法(TLC),对样品进行初筛。若供试品溶液色谱中出现水防风特征斑点,则采用高效液相色谱(HPLC)进行定性检查。色谱条件:SHIMADZU InertSustain~?C18色谱柱(250 mm×4.6 mm,5μm);以乙腈-水(58∶42)为流动相,等度洗脱;流速:1.0 mL·min^(-1);柱温:30℃;检测波长:324 nm;进样量:10μL。若供试品Xanthalin色谱峰面积大于对照品的峰面积,视为阳性检出,必要时可进一步采用超高效液相色谱串联三重四级杆质谱法(UPLC-MS/MS)进一步确证。结果建立的TLC法、HPLC法简便、快速,专属性、重复性、耐用性均符合《中国药典》要求。对市售107批龙泽熊胆胶囊样品进行检测,19批次样品检出Xanthalin,提示该制剂存在水防风掺伪投料生产的风险。结论该方法可实现水防风掺伪防风的定性鉴别,有助于完善该品种的质量控制。