上邽 天水 秦州——一座区域中心城市的建城历史勾勒

甘肃天水当关陇之会、介雍凉之间,长期以来是西越陇山的一大都会州,也是丝绸之路重镇,人口众多,经济繁荣。其城区或为上邽、或为天水、或为秦州,名称多变,而古城城址就在今天水市城区。天水古城所在南北两山相对,藉水中流,川原狭长,城的走向便成东西长条形状,明清之后形成"五城相接"形制,解放后逐步拆除。天水作为一座文化底蕴深厚的古城,有辉煌而光荣的历史。

段谷与上邽地望考

Duangu was one of the main battle fields which Wei and Shu Struggled for during the later stage of the Three Kingdoms. According to historical records, the site is in the South-east of present Tianshui. The statement circulated in Ming and Qin Time that Duangu was in the east of Qinshui was not true. The establishment of the exact position of Duangu provides a new clue for the movement of Shanggui town and its position. That is to say, before the time of West Jin, Shanggui town was in the Beidao district of the east of present Tianshui, but since then, it has moved to the local area of present Tianshui.

“上邽”“下邽”考

上邽、下邽是先秦时期秦国因伐邽戎和徙邽戎而先后设立的县治。前者是因戎所处自然实体邽山而命名,后者则是因戎得名,且因分别居渭河上下游而加上下以别。史书中有上邽、下邽在北魏避道武帝讳而分别改名上封、夏封(下封)的记载,经对该史实进行辨析,认为北魏时期上邽、下邽并未避讳,记载舛误是因《魏书》著者魏收个人造成,后世文献传抄此说而致后世文献沿用。

蜀魏“上邽之战”胡济“失誓”“失期”考辨

上邽之战中,胡济“不至”对战局影响重大,史书中却未见其咎。胡济“不至”,《三国志》载其“失誓”,而《华阳国志》《通鉴》则言“失期”。“失誓”与“失期”含义不同,“失誓”常指违背约定,当事者承受道义谴责;“失期”则往往构成军事重罪。《华阳国志》《通鉴》“失期”,应为编著者裒辑原书而致误;相比之下,《三国志》“失誓”更具可靠性。胡济“失誓不至”,或与“诸葛之成规”影响下的“汉中督”军制有关,同时反映出蜀汉后期君权渐强的政治趋势。

蜀汉用兵祁山与曹魏陇右战局之演变

古籍中的"祁山"有多种含义,包括汉魏的祁山城或其所在的山峰,今礼县西汉水北岸或南北两岸的秦岭支脉,盐官川河谷地带,以及陇南山区。三国时蜀汉曾向该地发起多次大规模进攻,诸葛亮伐魏是以祁山地区为主攻方向,而姜维则以攻击天水以西的陇西、南安等郡为主;原因在于蜀军统帅先后奉行了"断陇道"和"断凉州之道"的不同战略方针。曹魏初年的陇右防务薄弱,在遭到蜀汉入侵后,魏国对当地军事部署进行了一系列有效的调整,加强了西线防御,挫败了蜀军的进攻。