Study on Spatial Heterogeneity of Urban Green Land Based on ETM+ Image in Shenzhen City

[Objective] To discuss the influence of the spatial heterogeneity of different green land types on their corresponding ecological efficiency and functions. [Method] ETM+ Images are utilized to classify urban green land into three categories, i.e. park green land, affiliated green land and other green lands; the principles of geostatistics are adopted to analyze their spatial heterogeneity. [Result] Spatial heterogeneity of different green land types differs greatly, which follows the scale law of 'affiliated green land < other green lands < park green land'. [Conclusion] The ecological functions and process of different green land types are different in scale; and the shapes of semi-variance functions are closely related to the spatial range, size and variety of ground objects, which however differ slightly in different directions, look similar or tend to isotropy.

Policy Comparison between Shenzhen GPO and Guangdong Medicine Exchange Center

Objective To put forward some suggestions for improving the procurement policy of Shenzhen Pharmaceutical Group.Methods The literature research and comparative research were used to compare the policies between Guangdong’s centralized drug procurement and Shenzhen Pharmaceutical Group’s procurement so as to analyze their advantages and disadvantages.Results and Conclusion The purchasing model of Shenzhen group purchasing organization(GPO)can ensure the timely supply of medicines.Besides,the cross-regional alliance system helps to achieve a true price-for-quantity exchange,and a market-based price linkage mechanism can effectively reduce drug prices.However,the online drug catalogue of Shenzhen GPO cannot fully cover the actual needs of hospitals for procurement.The market-based price linkage may lead to problems of drug quality or shortage of drugs.Therefore,the number of batches of drugs should be increased online appropriately.Meanwhile,a mechanism must be established to guarantee the supply and quality of low-priced drugs.

Factors influencing the concentration of negative air ions during the year in forests and urban green spaces of the Dapeng Peninsula in Shenzhen, China

Negative air ions(NAIs)benefit the mental and physical health of humans,but rapid urbanization can decrease the abundance of NAIs.Quantifying the spatial and seasonal distribution of NAIs and determining the factors that infl uence the concentration during urbanization is thus essential.In the present study of a typical developing urban district in southern China,negative air ion concentrations(NAICs)in 60 forests sites and 30 urban green spaces were quantifi ed on seven consecutive days in each of the four seasons.Large seasonal variations in NAIC were revealed in forests and urban green spaces with trough values in summer.NAIC progressively decreased from forests to urban green spaces and was infl uenced by local land morphology,vegetation characteristics,and climatic factors.The vast,heavily vegetated northeastern region was the richest area for NAIs,whereas the narrow central region(urbanized area)was the poorest,implying dramatic impacts of urbanization on the spatial distribution of NAIs.The relationship between air temperature and NAIC was better fi tted with a quadratic equation than a linear equation.Moreover,the NAIC was more sensitive to local morphology in urban green spaces than in urban forests,indicating the vulnerability of NAIs in urbanized areas.Therefore,the appropriate design of local urban morphology is critical.

Distribution characteristics of heavy metals in surface sediments and core sediments of the Shenzhen Bay in Guangdong Province,China

The concentration of zinc, chromium, cadmium, nickel, lead and copper was measured on both surface sediments and core sediments in the Shenzhen Bay. The average contents of all metals have exceeded the background values in the coastal zone of Guangdong Province. Cadmium is a heavy pollution matter which indicates a strong pollution level according to the ecological risk coefficient method. The ecological risk index of the whole area is 299 which belongs to middle and strong level. The area with strong pollution level is the near shore area closing to the inside of Shenzhen Bay, Shakou area is in the middle level while the weak pollution level occurs in Shenzhenhe Estuary according to ecological risk index. The four sediment cores can be divided into two parts based on lead-210 dating, sediments size analysis and economic development period in surrounding areas since 1950 with strong human intervention. The sediment size, deposition rate and human activities have positive relationship with the contents of heavy metals which directly impact the pollution level of heavy metals in sediments in Shenzhen Bay.

Public Participation in Water Environment Control：the Status and Experience of Shenzhen, Southern China

Public participation is an important part of watershed water environment management. Via public participation, it could enhance public environmental awareness, mobilize multiple forces to reconcile the conflicts among multiple interest groups, supervise corporate environmental be-havior, and overcome the shortcomings of government unilateral decision-making. In this paper, the status quo of public participating in water envi-ronment control is summarized, and the existing problems of public participating in water environment control are analyzed. From the aspects of per-fecting legal system, perfecting water environment information disclosure system, expanding information communication channels, correctly guiding the development of environmental social organization, playing the supervision role of the people＇s congress and political consultative committee, and enriching the forms of publicity and education, the countermeasures and suggestions of public participating in water environment control are proposed, to perfect public participation mechanism, and scientifically and orderly impel comprehensive treatment of water environment.

A NUMERICAL STUDY ON THE INFLUENCES OF URBAN PLANNING AND CONSTRUCTION ON THE SUMMER URBAN HEAT ISLAND IN THE METROPOLIS OF SHENZHEN

By means of the regional boundary layer model (RBLM),a study on the influences of the urban planning and construction on the summer urban heat island (UHI) in the metropolis of Shenzhen is performed.In the study,the current summer UHI distribution,the influences of the increasing high-density construction and the energy consumption on the summer air temperature distribution,and the influences of the urban ventilation corridor on the summer air temperature distribution are numerically analyzed.Some conclusions are drawn in the light of the study:(1) The summer UHI is more obvious in day time than that in night time in the summer of Shenzhen,and the maximum values of UHI intensity in the day time appear in the areas with high-density construction,which are located in Nanshan,Futian and Luohu and western Bao'an districts.(2) The increase of construction density and energy consumption in the urban area will lead to the increase of temperature near the ground,and the increase of temperature at nighttime is more obvious than that at daytime.(3) The ventilation corridor can effectively reduce the UHI intensity and can be taken as a method to eliminate the negative climatic effect caused by the increase of high-density construction and energy consumption in the future.

Pattern Dynamics of Thermal-environment Effect During Urbanization:A Case Study in Shenzhen City,China

The thermal-environment effect exists in the field of rapid urbanization. It has adverse effects on the urban atmosphere, re- gional climate, energy consumption, and public health. Shenzhen, a representative of rapidly urbanizing cities in China, was selected as a case for pattern dynamics analysis of the thermal environment. The surface temperature was acquired from the thermal infrared data of Landsat TM and ETM＋ images in 1986, 1995, and 2005 by Jim6nez-Mufioz and Sobrino＇s generalized single-channel method, which was used in assessing the distribution and spatial patterns of the thermal environment. The relative thermal environment curve （RTC） was combined with Moran＇s I analysis to assess the pattern dynamics of the thermal environment in different urbanization periods. Moran＇s I index and the RTC represent a process of aggregation-fragmentation-aggregation, which shows the aggregation pattern of a decrease during the rapid urbanization period and then an increase during the steady urbanization period. High-temperature areas gradually ex- panded to a uniform and scattered distribution in the rapid urbanization period; while the high thermal-environment effect was gradually transformed into a steady spatial pattern in the stable urbanization period. To characterize the increasing development in this multiple- center city, we chose profiles along an urban-development axis. The results suggest that heat islands have expanded from internal urban to external urban areas. Four profiles were obtained showing differences in shape due to spatial differences in the process of development.

Urban Vegetation Landscape Fragmentation and the Change of Ecological Values in Shenzhen

Due to the increasing man-made activities,the vegetation landscape in the rapidly urbanized areas has changed dramatically.Based on the theory of landscape ecology and the evaluation method of ecosystem service function,this study took the vegetation of Shenzhen City as the research object,and used TM image as the main data source in 1985,1995,2005 and from Vol.4 of 2015 with the support of remote sensing and GIS technology to analyze the variation of vegetation landscape fragmentation and its ecological change.The results showed that the vegetation landscape fragmentation in Shenzhen City was significant in the past 30 years,and the vegetation landscape was the main characteristic in the fluctuation trend.The change trajectory of the vegetation landscape was the main focus,and the woodland land area was the largest land for construction.The fragmentation of vegetation landscape reduced the overall value of ecosystem services and hindered the function of life support systems.

Overview of the Shenzhen Emergency Medical Service Call Pattern

BACKGROUND：In Shenzhen, the Emergency Medical Service （EMS） system has been in service since 1997. This study aims to examine the operation of Shenzhen 120 EMS center and to identify the reasons of calling EMS.BACKGROUND：In this retrospective quantitative descriptive study, the data from the Shenzhen 120 EMS registry in 2011 were analyzed.RESULTS：Shenzhen 120 EMS center is a communication command center. When the number of 120 are dialed, it is forwarded to the closest appropriate hospital for ambulance dispatch. In 2011, the Shenzhen 120 EMS center received 153 160 ambulance calls, with an average of 420 calls per day. Calling emergency services was mainly due to traffic accidents. Trauma and other acute diseases constituted a majority of ambulance transports. The adult patients aged 15-60 years are the principal users of EMS. There are no recognized ＇paramedic＇ doctors and nurses. The pre-hospital emergency service is under the operation of emergency departments of hospitals. Shenzhen at present does not have specialized pre-hospital training for doctors and nurses in posttrauma management. Moreover, specialized pre-hospital training, financial support, and public health education on proper use of EMS should be emphasized.CONCLUSION：The Shenzhen 120 EMS center has its own epidemiology characteristics. Traumatic injury and traffic accident are the main reasons for calling ambulance service. In-depth study emphasizing the distribution and characteristics of trauma patients is crucial to the future development of EMS.

Ecological Characteristics of Plankton in Shenzhen Bay

Based on plankton data at two sampling sites of subtidal zone of Shenzhen Bay during 2016-2017,temporal-spatial changes of species composition and quantity,dominant species,diversity index and evenness were analyzed. The results showed that eco-environment quality of plankton in Shenzhen Bay was in general level.

Spatial Distribution Patterns of Cultural Facilities in Shenzhen Based on GIS and Big Data

As the city’s soft powef,culture is the basic core of urban competitiveness. The spatial concentration of cultufal facilities can show the development status of the dtfs cultural functions in the spatial kyout. In this paper,POI data of Baidu Maps were used to conduct kernel density analysis and comprehensive evaluation of the spatial distribution of cultural facilities in Shenzhen; mean center point method was used to measure the degree of deviation between Shenzhen population centers and cultural facilities centers; the nearest distance method was used to measure the spatial distribution of cultural facilities space and the accessibility to geometdc centers of streets. The results showed that among the four types of cultural facilities in Shenzhen, librades were the most concentrated, accounting for 63% of the total number of cultural facilities, followed by cultxite and arts centers, museiims, and galleries; tiiere was a great disparity in the number of cultural facilities in various districts and subdistricts in Shenzhen, with a clear agglomeration effect in space; from the district level, cultural faculties spatially distributed from the southwest to the northeast by three gradients; from the street leviel, cultural facilities showed the distribution pattern of ^decreasing from west to eastf and a high d^tee of recognition for convenient transportation; the cultural facilities inside the Shenzhen Special Economic Zone （except Yantdan District） were more reasonable in spatial distribution, and the number of people served was more than that of cultural Realities outside the Shenzhen Special Economic Zone, while residents outside the Shenzhen Special Economic Zone enjoyed significantly more cultutal facilities than that inside the Shenzhen Special Economic Zone; the goal of the e￡10-min cultutal dtdeJ, in Shenzhen had been initially completed, that is, residents could reach 72.41% of the streets with cultural facilities within a 10-min ／raJk, but thefe were still 50% districts and 5.1% streets that wefe equipped with, unreasonably distributed cultufal facilities or few cultufal facilities.

Comparisons of urban-related warming for Shenzhen and Guangzhou

Urban-related warming in two first-tier cities(Guangzhou and Shenzhen)in southern China with similar large-scale climatic backgrounds was compared using the nested weather research and forecasting regional climate model.The default urban data in the model were replaced by reconstructed annual urban data retrieved from satellite-based images for both coarse-(including all of China)and fine-resolution domains(eastern China and three city clusters in China:Beijing– Tianjin–Hebei(BTH),the Yangtze River Delta(YRD),and the Pearl River Delta(PRD)),which reproduced urban surface expansion during the past few decades.The results showed that the 37-year(1980–2016)area-averaged annual urban-related warming was similar(0.69°C/0.64°C)between the urban areas of Guangzhou/Shenzhen;however,the values across the entire area of the two cities varied(0.21°C/0.45°C).Seasonal characteristics could be detected for mean surface air temperatures(SAT)at 2 m,SAT maximum and minimum,and diurnal temperature range(DTR).Both the SAT maximum and minimum generally increased,especially over urban areas;however,changes in the SAT minimum were larger,which induced a decrease in DTR.The DTR in summer decreased by-0.25°C/-0.86°C across the entire area of the two cities and decreased by-0.93°C/-1.15°C over urban areas.The contributions of urban surface expansion to regional warming across the entire area of the two cities were approximately 17%/35%of the overall warming and much greater over Shenzhen.However,the values over urban areas were much closer to the values from total warming(35%/44%).

Research on Transformation of Operation Mode of Shenzhen International Landscape Flowers Exposition Park in China

After a brief review of construction and usage history of Shenzhen International Landscape Flowers Exposition Park,the paper had analyzed its operation mode and benefit perceptively during exhibition period and the period after exhibition before successful transformation.Based on relevant data,it could be known that the operation of exposition park had been reduced into a plight after exposition finished,and it revealed the necessity and urgency for transformation of operation mode.It has introduced in detail the transformation progress of three stages covering adjustment of operation,enterprises trusteeship and cooperation demonstration,and free open throughout more than 2 years.It had analyzed the reason why expected benefit hadn't been achieved,and emphasized that the operation mode of the park should be with maximization of social benefit as the target and free open as the transformation form.It had been proved that free open could not only increase tourist capacity and obtain great social benefit,but also increase indirect economic income;finally change the vicious circle of operation plight.On this basis,characteristics of comprehensive park of exposition type had been concluded,so as to provide technical support and reference for holding horticultural exposition,launching construction and operation of comprehensive park of exposition type,and establishing national key park in the future.

Research on Open Block's Pedestrian System Based on the EnvironmentBehavior Theory: A Case Study of Shenzhen Oct-loft

In the context of banning gated communities, blocks returning to the human-oriented scale become the new normal, and pedestrian system design will be paid more attention in the urban planning field. Oct-Loft Creative Park is a template for open blocks in Shenzhen, with a convenient and humanized pedestrian system. This paper selects the creative park's pedestrian system as the research object, using the environment-behavior theory for analysis. Finally, optimization strategies of pedestrian system will be put forward.

An Empirical Study of Urban Spatial Structure Based on Social Network Analys is: A Case Study of Urban Update Unit in Shenzhen as an Example

Through sorting out the data of urban renewal units in Shenzhen from 2010 to 2016, this paper quantitatively analyzed the spatial characteristics of urban update from two dimensions of location conditions and functional attributes, using social network analysis, community discovery and other methods.The research found that:(1) the urban functional network formed based on the update unit had obvious spatial agglomeration and hierarchical characteristics, forming the central-peripheral structure of "two mains and five sections", covering basically all the developed areas of Shenzhen city, and presenting the overall spatial structure of "dense west and sparse east";(2) based on the functional space of urban update unit, five relatively closely connected community groups were formed, whose characteristics mainly included:spatial integration, spatial coupling and spatial spillover effect;(3) the spatial structure formed by urban updates basically conformed to the spatial structure defined in the plan of "the 10 master plan".

Distribution and accumulation of heavy metals in Avicennia marina community in Shenzhen,China

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Application of Principal Component Analysis with SPSS in Water Quality Assessment of Shenzhen Eastern Beach

Survey and analysis were conducted on water quality of offshore seas in eastern region of Shenzhen by principal component analysis with SPSS. Then, 8 pollutants indices were then reduced to 5. Based on weighted analysis of principal component weights, comprehensive scores of different monitored stations were com- puted and sequenced in order to make evaluation on sea quality of eastern region of Shenzhen.

The diffusion of Hong Kong cultural values to China's Mainland: a case study in Shenzhen

s—Since Shenzhen became a special economic zone in 1980, it has achieved spectacular growth in its economy. At the same time, it has opened its door to the importation of foreign goods and cultures,particularly from its neighboring city,Hong Kong.Nowadays,Hong Kong cultural traits, including materialism, individualism, and the idolization of movie stars and pop singers have become well accepted and commonly followed by the people in Shenzhen. This paper looks into the role of mass communication, particularly television programs, in this process of cultural diffusion, and to assess the cause and effect of such changes on Shenzhen.

Ecosystem Health Assessment of the Egong Bay Fisheries Area in Shenzhen Based on Index of Biological Integrity of Fish

[Objective] The ecosystem health of the Egong Bay fisheries area in Shenzhen was assessed,based on the index of biological integrity of fish( F-IBI),for the reference of ecological restoration in typical fisheries area in the coast of South China Sea. [Method]Based on four seasons survey from August( summer) and November( autumn) in 2012 to February( winter) and May( spring) in 2013,six indicators including total species number of fish,percentage of Sciaenidae species,percentage of Sparidae species,percentage of planktivorous species,percentage of benthic-feeding species and percentage of benthic-feeding and piscivorous species,were used in computing F-IBI of Egong Bay. The suitability of F-IBI was tested by principal component analysis( PCA) and Pearson correlation analysis. [Result]Total species number of fish,percentage of Sciaenidae species,percentage of Sparidae species,percentage of planktivorous species and percentage of benthic-feeding species were major assessment indicators for Egong Bay fisheries area. F-IBI of Egong Bay fisheries area was correlated with water temperature,salinity,chemical oxygen demand( COD) and petroleum,and was negative correlation to p H,dissolved oxygen( DO),dissolved inorganic nitrogen( DIN),reactive phosphate( PO_4^(3-)-P),and suspended matters. There were significant correction between the F-IBI with the salinity,COD,and suspended matters.[Conclusion]F-IBI system,based on total species number of fish,percentage of Sciaenidae species,percentage of Sparidae species,percentage of planktivorous species,percentage of benthic-feeding species and percentage of benthic-feeding and piscivorous species was feasible in Egong Bay fisheries area.

Using Urban Landscape Trajectories to Assess Fragmentation in Mountainous Coastal Areas: A Case Study of Shenzhen, China

Rapid urbanization in mountainous coastal areas causes dramatic changes in land use and land cover(LUCC)for their geographic location.To understand changes in landscape trajectories in such regions,we examined temporal and spatial changes in urban landscapes in Shenzhen,China,a city that has undergone rapid urbanization in recent decades,and investigated the drivers of landscape pattern evolution at different scales from LUCC data from 1985,1995,2005,and 2015.The results show that the landscape of Shenzhen has changed dramatically over the 30 years from 1985 to 2015.The proportion of forest area decreased from 50.81%to 37.81%,while the proportion of construction land increased from 17.83%to 48.28%.The changes in the landscape patterns in Shenzhen were driven mainly by human activity.This study is one of the first to assess landscape dynamics of the rapid urbanization from the angle of mountainous coastal area,which plays an important role in the land use and city regulation of the global coastal mountains.