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Small-scale fire tests in the underwater tunnel section model with new sidewall smoke extraction
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作者 Shunyu Yue Ruifeng Miao +2 位作者 Huihang Cheng Maohua Zhong Xiujun Yang 《Deep Underground Science and Engineering》 2024年第2期247-254,共8页
The Shenzhen–Zhongshan Bridge is a 24‐km‐long bridge and tunnel system,including a 6.8-km-long super cross section subsea tunnel.To solve the smoke exhaust problem of a super large cross-section subsea tunnel,the t... The Shenzhen–Zhongshan Bridge is a 24‐km‐long bridge and tunnel system,including a 6.8-km-long super cross section subsea tunnel.To solve the smoke exhaust problem of a super large cross-section subsea tunnel,the tunnel has a new smoke exhaust system that combines a horizontal smoke exhaust cross section at the top and sidewall smoke exhaust holes.In order to evaluate the potential fire hazards of this type of tunnel,a 1:30 tunnel model was established and 140 smallscale experiments on underwater tunnel fires were conducted.By changing the fire power,fire location,and fan operation mode,different scenarios of submarine immersed tunnel fire were simulated and the related key parameters such as fire smoke diffusion behavior and smoke temperature distribution were studied.On this basis,the optimal smoke control strategy was proposed for different fire scenarios.The research results indicate that the new smoke exhaust system can fully utilize the smoke flow characteristics,significantly improve smoke exhaust efficiency,and increase available evacuation time,thus further enhancing the fire safety of super large cross-section subsea tunnels. 展开更多
关键词 sidewall smoke extraction system small‐scale fire tests smoke control
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Study of the Influence of the Distance between Smoke Outlets and Fire Source on Smoke Flow Characteristics in Tunnel Fires
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作者 Liang Yi Zhiqiang Lei +2 位作者 Zhisheng Xu Yaolong Yin Houlin Ying 《Frontiers in Heat and Mass Transfer》 EI 2024年第4期977-996,共20页
This paper explores the smoke flow characteristics in tunnel fires,giving a particular emphasis on the effects of different distances between the smoke outlets and the fire source.It examines the smoke behavior under ... This paper explores the smoke flow characteristics in tunnel fires,giving a particular emphasis on the effects of different distances between the smoke outlets and the fire source.It examines the smoke behavior under different conditions,including variations in heat release rates,exhaust volumetric flow rates,spacing between smoke outlets,and the longitudinal fire source positions.Results indicate that altering the fire source positions and the smoke outlets in the tunnel leads to variations in the properties of smoke flow both the fire source upstream and downstream;the distance between fire source and smoke outlet increases gradually,airflow rate decreases initially and eventually reaches a stable state.Similarly,smoke mass flow rate exhibits an increasing trend that eventually reaches a stable state.Moreover,the heat exchange between the tunnel walls and hot smoke increases as the smoke outlet moves further away from the fire source.This interaction leads to a reduction in the heat exhaust coefficient and a decrease in the distance the smoke spreads.This study investigates the impact of altering the relative longitudinal fire source positions and smoke outlet on smoke flow characteristics by numerical simulation.A theoretical analytical method is used to give a predictive model for the heat exhaust coefficient and the smoke spreading distance.This research can support the theory and technical process of tunnel smoke exhaust prevention and control. 展开更多
关键词 Tunnel fire numerical simulation centralized smoke exhaust heat exhaust coefficient smoke spreading distance
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Study on the Influence of Setting Parameters of Tunnel Centralized Smoke Extraction System on Fire Smoke Flow and Temperature Decay
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作者 Zhisheng Xu SohailMahmood Zihan Yu 《Frontiers in Heat and Mass Transfer》 EI 2024年第3期791-816,共26页
The centralized smoke exhaust system of shield tunnel is an important determinant for tunnel fire safety,and the use of different design parameters of the tunnel smoke exhaust system will affect the smoke exhaust effe... The centralized smoke exhaust system of shield tunnel is an important determinant for tunnel fire safety,and the use of different design parameters of the tunnel smoke exhaust system will affect the smoke exhaust effect in the tunnel,and the influence of different design parameters on the smoke exhaust effect and temperature attenuation of the tunnel can help engineers in designing a more effective centralized smoke exhaust system for the tunnel.In this paper,the Fire Dynamic Simulator(FDS)is utilized to examine smoke exhaust vent settings for a centralized exhaust system in shield tunnel with both flat and sloped conditions,including slopes of+4.5%and−4.5%,under a 30MWfire power with a 150m^(3)/s smoke exhaust rate.The results suggest that maintaining a vent spacing of 60m and a vent size of 4.0 m×1.5 m is a reasonable configuration for centralized smoke exhaust systems in both flat and slope shield tunnels.This choice helpsminimize construction costs and prevent excessive smoke accumulation.It also promotes favorable conditions for maintaining temperature distribution at 2-m height,visibility,smoke spread distance,and temperature below the ceiling,all below the threshold values,while ensuring high smoke extraction efficiency.However,in the slope section,the chimney effect can disrupt exhaust efficiency,visibility,ceiling temperature,and temperature distribution at a height of 2 m.Employing different opening methods,such as having 2 vents up and 4 vents down in a+4.5%slope and 4 vents up and 2 vents down in a−4.5%slope,can help mitigate these effects.Furthermore,the temperature decay formula for shield tunnels follows a bi-exponential decay pattern,and different design parameters of centralized smoke exhaust systems have minimal effects on temperature decay in shield tunnels. 展开更多
关键词 smoke exhaust setting smoke spread efficiency temperature decay
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Inhibition of the NF-κB Signaling Pathway Improves Cigarette Mainstream Smoke-Induced Lung Injury and Gut Microbiota Disturbance
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作者 Hong Huang Shengjie Li +6 位作者 Lifang Zeng Yan Zhang Ying Chen Yanbing Ma Jing Wei Changwei Zou Tingtao Chen 《Biomedical and Environmental Sciences》 SCIE CAS CSCD 2024年第6期676-681,共6页
Currently,cigarette smoke(CS)remains a major contributor to disease morbidity and mortality.CS can be divided into cigarette mainstream smoke(CMS)and side-stream smoke,depending on where it is produced by burning toba... Currently,cigarette smoke(CS)remains a major contributor to disease morbidity and mortality.CS can be divided into cigarette mainstream smoke(CMS)and side-stream smoke,depending on where it is produced by burning tobacco^([1]).CMS is inhaled by smokers from the filter end during cigarette combustion and is strongly associated with the development of several diseases^([2-4]). 展开更多
关键词 smoke CMS CIGARETTE
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U-Net Inspired Deep Neural Network-Based Smoke Plume Detection in Satellite Images
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作者 Ananthakrishnan Balasundaram Ayesha Shaik +1 位作者 Japmann Kaur Banga Aman Kumar Singh 《Computers, Materials & Continua》 SCIE EI 2024年第4期779-799,共21页
Industrial activities, through the human-induced release of Green House Gas (GHG) emissions, have beenidentified as the primary cause of global warming. Accurate and quantitative monitoring of these emissions isessent... Industrial activities, through the human-induced release of Green House Gas (GHG) emissions, have beenidentified as the primary cause of global warming. Accurate and quantitative monitoring of these emissions isessential for a comprehensive understanding of their impact on the Earth’s climate and for effectively enforcingemission regulations at a large scale. This work examines the feasibility of detecting and quantifying industrialsmoke plumes using freely accessible geo-satellite imagery. The existing systemhas so many lagging factors such aslimitations in accuracy, robustness, and efficiency and these factors hinder the effectiveness in supporting timelyresponse to industrial fires. In this work, the utilization of grayscale images is done instead of traditional colorimages for smoke plume detection. The dataset was trained through a ResNet-50 model for classification and aU-Net model for segmentation. The dataset consists of images gathered by European Space Agency’s Sentinel-2 satellite constellation from a selection of industrial sites. The acquired images predominantly capture scenesof industrial locations, some of which exhibit active smoke plume emissions. The performance of the abovementionedtechniques and models is represented by their accuracy and IOU (Intersection-over-Union) metric.The images are first trained on the basic RGB images where their respective classification using the ResNet-50model results in an accuracy of 94.4% and segmentation using the U-Net Model with an IOU metric of 0.5 andaccuracy of 94% which leads to the detection of exact patches where the smoke plume has occurred. This work hastrained the classification model on grayscale images achieving a good increase in accuracy of 96.4%. 展开更多
关键词 smoke plume ResNet-50 U-Net geo satellite images early warning global monitoring
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An Improved YOLOv5s-Based Smoke Detection System for Outdoor Parking Lots
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作者 Ruobing Zuo Xiaohan Huang +1 位作者 Xuguo Jiao Zhenyong Zhang 《Computers, Materials & Continua》 SCIE EI 2024年第8期3333-3349,共17页
In the rapidly evolving urban landscape,outdoor parking lots have become an indispensable part of the city’s transportation system.The growth of parking lots has raised the likelihood of spontaneous vehicle combus-ti... In the rapidly evolving urban landscape,outdoor parking lots have become an indispensable part of the city’s transportation system.The growth of parking lots has raised the likelihood of spontaneous vehicle combus-tion,a significant safety hazard,making smoke detection an essential preventative step.However,the complex environment of outdoor parking lots presents additional challenges for smoke detection,which necessitates the development of more advanced and reliable smoke detection technologies.This paper addresses this concern and presents a novel smoke detection technique designed for the demanding environment of outdoor parking lots.First,we develop a novel dataset to fill the gap,as there is a lack of publicly available data.This dataset encompasses a wide range of smoke and fire scenarios,enhanced with data augmentation to ensure robustness against diverse outdoor conditions.Second,we utilize an optimized YOLOv5s model,integrated with the Squeeze-and-Excitation Network(SENet)attention mechanism,to significantly improve detection accuracy while maintaining real-time processing capabilities.Third,this paper implements an outdoor smoke detection system that is capable of accurately localizing and alerting in real time,enhancing the effectiveness and reliability of emergency response.Experiments show that the system has a high accuracy in terms of detecting smoke incidents in outdoor scenarios. 展开更多
关键词 YOLOv5s smoke detection deep learning SENet
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Study on Temperature Distribution and Smoke Spreading Behavior of Different Fire Source Locations in the UnderwaterW-Shaped Island-Crossing Tunnel
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作者 Zhisheng Xu Juan Wang +1 位作者 Zihan Yu Jiaming Zhao 《Frontiers in Heat and Mass Transfer》 EI 2024年第4期1129-1151,共23页
Called island-crossing tunnels,some specific underwater tunneling projects face constraints imposed by geological and water conditions,necessitating their passage through artificial or natural islands.The longitudinal... Called island-crossing tunnels,some specific underwater tunneling projects face constraints imposed by geological and water conditions,necessitating their passage through artificial or natural islands.The longitudinal of the tunnel follows aW-shaped distribution.The congestion situation does not allowfor immediate longitudinal smoke exhaust at the early stage of the fire,and the natural spread of smoke is complicated.An exhaustive investigation was carried out to analyze the smoke behaviors during a fire incident,employing the fire dynamics software FDS,considering five slopes and four fire locations.The simulation results reveal that the layer of high-temperature smoke becomes thicker as one gets closer to the fire source.The thermal pressure difference significantly impacts the temperature distribution within the tunnel and the distance of smoke spread.The value of the thermal pressure difference is significantly affected by changes in slope.It reaches a maximum of 157 Pa at a 5%slope,while it is only 41 Pa at a 1%slope when the fire occurs at the V-point.Fire hazards vary across locations within the W-shaped tunnel,necessitating separate consideration of the V-point and inverted V-point fire characteristics.The mass flow rate in small and large slope tunnels shows different decay rates due to variations in the main forces acting on the movement.Hence,two equations have been developed to predict the smoke mass flow rate,indicating a nonlinear relationship with the tunnel slope and the distance fromthe fire source.The tunnel slope inversely affects the smoke mass flowrate at the same location.The results can be utilized as a reference for conducting evacuation operations and aiding rescues during aW-shaped tunnel fire. 展开更多
关键词 Tunnel fire tilted tunnel smoke movement temperature distribution
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Unveiling the dynamic role of innate and adaptive immune cells in COPD pathogenesis induced by cigarette smoke
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作者 Dur E Maknoon Razia Syed Sib Tul Hassan Shah Tabish Faheem 《Life Research》 2024年第4期29-41,共13页
Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease(COPD)is a multifaceted syndrome characterized by a dysregulated inflammatory cascade within the respiratory system,primarily triggered by exposure to harmful particles and gases,n... Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease(COPD)is a multifaceted syndrome characterized by a dysregulated inflammatory cascade within the respiratory system,primarily triggered by exposure to harmful particles and gases,notably from cigarette smoke.This inflammatory response is orchestrated by innate immune cells like macrophages and epithelial cells,which recognize danger signals released from damaged cells.Prolonged inflammation prompts an adaptive immune reaction mediated by dendritic cells,culminating in the formation of lymphoid follicles and involving a complex interplay of T and B cells,as well as cytotoxic activity.Additionally,both viral and bacterial infections exacerbate COPD by further igniting inflammatory pathways,perpetuating the chronic inflammatory state.This comprehensive review encapsulates the intricate interplay between innate and adaptive immunity in COPD,with a particular focus on the role of cigarette smoke in its pathogenesis and potential therapeutic targets. 展开更多
关键词 chronic obstructive pulmonary disease innate immunity adaptive immunity cigarette smoke inflammation oxidative stress protease-antiprotease imbalance
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Pursuing a smoke-free generation
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作者 Lawrence O Gostin 《四川生理科学杂志》 2024年第5期1094-1094,共1页
The United Kingdom may soon become a world leader in forging a smoke-free generation.Last month,the country passed a bill that bans the sale of cigarettes to anyone born in 2009 or later.The prime minister claims the ... The United Kingdom may soon become a world leader in forging a smoke-free generation.Last month,the country passed a bill that bans the sale of cigarettes to anyone born in 2009 or later.The prime minister claims the policy will"phase out smoking in young people almost completely as early as 2040."A final vote by Parliament is expected next month.Tobacco claims 8 million lives every year,and could claim a billion lives over this century-mostly in low-and middle-income countries.For every person that dies,at least 30 more suffer from smokingrelated chronic disease.The benefits of a tobacco-free society would be transformational. 展开更多
关键词 smoke INCOME CLAIMS
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Impact of Smoke-Free Legislation on Acute Myocardial Infarction and Subtypes of Stroke Incidence in Shenzhen,China,2012-2016:An Interrupted Time Series Analysis 被引量:2
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作者 SHI Yu Lin XIONG Jing Fan +3 位作者 LIU Li Qun ZHAO Zhi Guang WAN Xia PENG Ji 《Biomedical and Environmental Sciences》 SCIE CAS CSCD 2023年第6期527-536,共10页
Objective This study assesses the impact of smoke-free legislation on the incidence rate for acute myocardial infarction(AMI)and stroke in Shenzhen.Methods Data on ischemic(n=72,945)and hemorrhagic(n=18,659)stroke and... Objective This study assesses the impact of smoke-free legislation on the incidence rate for acute myocardial infarction(AMI)and stroke in Shenzhen.Methods Data on ischemic(n=72,945)and hemorrhagic(n=18,659)stroke and AMI(n=17,431)incidence covering about 12 million people in Shenzhen from 2012 to 2016 were used.Immediate and gradual changes in incidence rates were analyzed using segmented Poisson regression.Results Following the smoke-free legislation,a 9%(95%CI:3%-15%)immediate reduction was observed in AMI incidence,especially in men(8%,95%CI:1%-14%)and in those aged 65 years and older(17%,95%CI:9%-25%).The gradual annual benefits were observed only in hemorrhagic and ischemic stroke incidence,with a 7%(95%CI:2%-11%)and 6%(95%CI:4%-8%)decrease per year,respectively.This health effect extended gradually to the 50-64 age group.In addition,neither the immediate nor gradual decrease in stroke and AMI incidence rates did not show statistical significance among the 35-49 age group(P>0.05).Conclusion Smoke-free legislation was enforced well in Shenzhen,which would generate good experiences for other cities to enact and enforce smoke-free laws.This study also provided more evidence of the health benefits of smoke-free laws on stroke and AMI. 展开更多
关键词 smoke-free legislation Second-hand smoke TOBACCO Myocardial infarction STROKE Prevention
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基于WRF-SMOKE-CMAQ模型的济南市清洁取暖改造环境效益评估 被引量:1
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作者 张怀成 白浩强 +5 位作者 许宏宇 孙晓艳 夏志勇 陈妍君 王兆军 张桂芹 《环境污染与防治》 CAS CSCD 北大核心 2023年第8期1169-1175,共7页
为评估济南市清洁取暖改造后的环境效益,以2018年为基准年,采用WRF-SMOKE-CMAQ模型模拟计算了2019—2021年济南市冬季清洁取暖改造后各项污染物改善率,并分析了不同污染时段和不同气象条件下污染物的改善率。结果表明:济南市清洁取暖改... 为评估济南市清洁取暖改造后的环境效益,以2018年为基准年,采用WRF-SMOKE-CMAQ模型模拟计算了2019—2021年济南市冬季清洁取暖改造后各项污染物改善率,并分析了不同污染时段和不同气象条件下污染物的改善率。结果表明:济南市清洁取暖改造后各污染物浓度均有不同程度的改善,其中CO、SO_(2)和细颗粒物(PM_(2.5))基准年改善率(模拟的污染物浓度相对于基准年同时段的改善率)较大,主要与散煤燃烧CO、SO_(2)和PM_(2.5)的排放因子较大有关,2020年年均改善率(模拟的污染物浓度相对于去年同时段的改善率)最大,主要与污染物的减排量最多有关;各污染物改善呈现出明显的区域差异,清洁取暖改造户数较多的区县污染物年均改善率较高;各污染物在空气严重污染时段基准年改善率均最大,重度污染时段次之,并且在不利气象条件时基准年改善率也最大,说明清洁取暖改造对冬季不利气象条件造成的高污染物浓度起到明显的削峰作用,可为济南市空气质量持续改善提供有力保障。 展开更多
关键词 WRF-smoke-CMAQ模型 清洁取暖 环境效益评估 改善率
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The Association between Exposure to Second-Hand Smoke and Disease in the Chinese Population: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis 被引量:2
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作者 WANG Yu Tong HU Kui Ru +7 位作者 ZHAO Jian AI Fei Ling SHI Yu Lin WANG Xue Wei YANG Wen Yi WANG Jing Xin AILiMei WAN Xia 《Biomedical and Environmental Sciences》 SCIE CAS CSCD 2023年第1期24-37,共14页
Objective To analyze the association between exposure to second-hand smoke(SHS) and 23 diseases,categorized into four classifications, among the Chinese population.Methods We searched the literature up to June 30, 202... Objective To analyze the association between exposure to second-hand smoke(SHS) and 23 diseases,categorized into four classifications, among the Chinese population.Methods We searched the literature up to June 30, 2021, and eligible studies were identified according to the PECOS format: Participants and Competitors(Chinese population), Exposure(SHS),Outcomes(Disease or Death), and Study design(Case-control or Cohort).Results In total, 53 studies were selected. The odds ratio(OR) for all types of cancer was 1.79(1.56–2.05), and for individual cancers was 1.92(1.42–2.59) for lung cancer, 1.57(1.40–1.76) for breast cancer, 1.52(1.12–2.05) for bladder cancer, and 1.37(1.08–1.73) for liver cancer. The OR for circulatory system diseases was 1.92(1.29–2.85), with a value of 2.29(1.26–4.159) for stroke. The OR of respiratory system diseases was 1.76(1.13–2.74), with a value of 1.82(1.07–3.11) for childhood asthma. The original ORs were also shown for other diseases. Subgroup analyses were performed for lung and breast cancer. The ORs varied according to time period and were significant during exposure in the household;For lung cancer, the OR was significant in women.Conclusion The effect of SHS exposure in China was similar to that in Western countries, but its definition and characterization require further clarification. Studies on the association between SHS exposure and certain diseases with high incidence rates are insufficient. 展开更多
关键词 Second-hand smoke Chinese population CANCER Diseases of the respiratory system Diseases of the circulatory system Systematic review META-ANALYSIS
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Design and Optimization of New Smoke Exhaust Pipe for Mining Trucks
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作者 Qian WANG Cheng XIN +1 位作者 Jialei ZHOU Liang HAN 《Mechanical Engineering Science》 2023年第1期1-3,I0005,I0006,共5页
In order to improve the maintenance efficiency,extend the use time,ensure that the exhaust emission meets the standard,forthe 830E truck heating bucket exhaust pipe design defects,the current single smoke exhaust syst... In order to improve the maintenance efficiency,extend the use time,ensure that the exhaust emission meets the standard,forthe 830E truck heating bucket exhaust pipe design defects,the current single smoke exhaust system is transformed into atime period,convertible smoke exhaust system.After the transformation,it can not only realize the side row to prevent direct corrosion of the box bucket in summer,but also realize the heating of the box bucket at low temperature in winter to prevent snow and ice and frozen blocks from sticking to the box bucket and the materials transported.After the transformation can save a lot of manpower,material resources,financial resources,improve the service life. 展开更多
关键词 smoke exhaust pipe mining truck extended use
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Smoke Hazard Assessment Model Based on Fire Dynamics Simulator and FED Model 被引量:2
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作者 Nianfeng Li Shang Zhou +1 位作者 Zhiguo Xiao Yifei Zhao 《Journal of Computer and Communications》 2020年第9期81-93,共13页
Smoke is the main cause of fire death. In order to minimize the potential danger of smoke hazard, a rational VR based fire training simulator should fully consider all aspects of smoke hazard. In the simulator, the vi... Smoke is the main cause of fire death. In order to minimize the potential danger of smoke hazard, a rational VR based fire training simulator should fully consider all aspects of smoke hazard. In the simulator, the visualization of data based on FDS (Fire Dynamics Simulator) and FED fire dynamic data and volume rendering is further optimized, which can be effectively and quickly applied to virtual fire protection. In addition, a comprehensive smoke hazard assessment model based on FED and FED is established to assess the IHD value of different paths, which represents the safety of different paths, and can be used for evacuation or rescue in virtual training. Taking the case of campus fire drill as an experiment, the research shows the accuracy and effectiveness of smoke assessment based on FDS and FED model. The road force with the highest safety can be selected through the comprehensive model. So the assessment model is proved to be valuable. 展开更多
关键词 smoke Hazard smoke Visualization Integrated smoke Assessment Model FDS FED
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Carbon Monoxide and Respiratory Disorders in Professional Female Fish Smokers at 2 Artisanal Sites in Benin
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作者 Mênonli Adjobimey Ibrahim Mama Cissé +6 位作者 Fintani Kaki Mariano Steven Sagbohan Perside Fabien Gounongbe Rose Mikponhoue Ayélo Paul Vikkey Hinson 《Occupational Diseases and Environmental Medicine》 2023年第4期175-186,共12页
Introduction: The use of biomass for cooking is a very common practice in Africa and Benin, and is associated with exposure to organic pollutants. The aim of this study was to assess carbon monoxide exposure and respi... Introduction: The use of biomass for cooking is a very common practice in Africa and Benin, and is associated with exposure to organic pollutants. The aim of this study was to assess carbon monoxide exposure and respiratory disorders in women at artisanal fish-smoking sites. Methods: This was a cross-sectional study of women fish smokers at two artisanal fish-smoking sites in Benin. Recruitment was exhaustive. An interview using a respiratory questionnaire inspired by the Union questionnaire, spirometry and carbon monoxide (CO) measurement were carried out. Descriptive analysis and comparison of means using Student’s t-test with a threshold of p = 0.05 were performed. Results: The median age of the 81 people surveyed was 40, with an interquartile range (IQT) of [25 to 75]. The median duration of daily exposure to smoke was 6 h IQT [4, 7]. Of those surveyed, 64 (79.01%) were illiterate and 39 (48.24%) had been working for 20 years. CO levels at the start of activity varied from 89 to 145 ppm in one case and from 40 to 89 ppm in the other. Respiratory symptoms were present in 19 (23.46%);18 (22.22%) had mild airway impairment on spirometry. There was a statistically significant decrease between the mean values of peak expiratory flow (PEF), mean expiratory volume in seconds (FEV1) and forced vital capacity (FVC) before and after exposure to smoke. Conclusion: CO levels are high on fish smoking sites and respiratory problems are common. Improved working conditions are important for these women. 展开更多
关键词 Respiratory Symptoms SPIROMETRY Carbon Monoxide Fish Smoking Women
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Smoke distribution in naturally ventilated urban transportation tunnels with multiple shafts 被引量:1
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作者 童艳 施明恒 翟志强 《Journal of Southeast University(English Edition)》 EI CAS 2013年第3期305-309,共5页
The smoke spreading law of urban transportation tunnels with multiple shafts under natural ventilation is studied.A full-scale burning experiment is conducted in an actual tunnel.The study shows that smoke temperature... The smoke spreading law of urban transportation tunnels with multiple shafts under natural ventilation is studied.A full-scale burning experiment is conducted in an actual tunnel.The study shows that smoke temperatures below the tunnel ceiling reduce rapidly along the longitudinal towards the tunnel exits. A noticeable temperature stratification is observed near the fire source.Most fire smoke is exhausted out of the shafts while the number of the smoke shafts in the downstream is more than that in the upstream.Large eddy simulation LES based on computational fluid dynamics CFD is carried out using the fire dynamics simulator FDS software with parallel processing in which the grid size of the fire-domain is set to be 0.083 m.The simulation results of temperatures under the ceiling the smoke fronts and the shafts'smoke exhaust or air supply agree reasonably with the experimental data. Further simulations indicate that the decreasing ambient temperature or shaft spacing might reduce smoke temperatures under the tunnel ceiling and increase mass flow rates out of the shafts.This study provides technical scientific evidence and supports for the design and construction of such kinds of tunnels. 展开更多
关键词 TUNNEL natural ventilation multiple shafts largeeddy simulation smoke spreading
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Analysis of temporal and spatial distribution characteristics of ammonium chloride smoke particles in confined spaces 被引量:3
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作者 Chen-youshi Xu Bing-ting Zha +2 位作者 Jia-qian Bao He Zhang Hong-xia Li 《Defence Technology(防务技术)》 SCIE EI CAS CSCD 2022年第7期1269-1280,共12页
In response to the demand for short-range detection of anti-smoke environment interference by laser fuzes,this study proposes a smoke environment simulation of non-uniform continuous point source diffusion and investi... In response to the demand for short-range detection of anti-smoke environment interference by laser fuzes,this study proposes a smoke environment simulation of non-uniform continuous point source diffusion and investigates an experimental laboratory smoke environment using an ammonium chloride smoke agent.The particle size distribution,composition,and mass flow distribution of the smoke were studied.Based on a discrete phase model and a kεturbulence model,a numerical simulation was developed to model the smoke generation and diffusion processes of the smoke agent in a confined space.The temporal and spatial distribution characteristics of the smoke mass concentration,velocity,and temperature in the space after smoke generation were analyzed,and the motion law governing the smoke diffusion throughout the entire space was summarized.Combined with the experimental verification of the smoke environment laboratory,the results showed that the smoke plume changed from fan-shaped to umbrella-shaped during smoke generation,and then continued to spread around.Meanwhile,the mass concentration of smoke in the space decreased from the middle outward;the changes in temperature and velocity were small and stable.In the diffusion stage(after 900 s),the mass concentration of smoke above 0.8 m was relatively uniform across an area of smoke that was 12 m thick.The concentration decreased over time,following a consistent decreasing trend,and the attenuation was negligible in a very short time.Therefore,this system was suitable for conducting experimental research on laser fuzes in a smoke environment.Owing to the stability of the equipment and facilities,the setup could reproduce the same experimental smoke environment by artificially controlling the smoke emission of the smoke agent.Overall,this work provides a theoretical reference for subsequent research efforts regarding the construction of uniform smoke environments and evaluating laser transmission characteristics in smoky environments. 展开更多
关键词 Laser fuze smoke environment Temporal distribution Spatial distribution Confined space smoke agent
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Dose-response relationship of lung cancer to amount smoked, duration and age starting
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作者 John S Fry Peter N Lee +1 位作者 Barbara A Forey Katharine J Coombs 《World Journal of Meta-Analysis》 2013年第2期57-77,共21页
AIM: To quantify smoking/lung cancer relationships accurately using parametric modelling.METHODS: Using the International Epidemiological Studies on Smoking and Lung Cancer database of all epidemiological studies of... AIM: To quantify smoking/lung cancer relationships accurately using parametric modelling.METHODS: Using the International Epidemiological Studies on Smoking and Lung Cancer database of all epidemiological studies of 100+ lung cancer cases published before 2000, we analyzed 97 blocks of data for amount smoked, 35 for duration of smoking, and 27 for age started. Pseudo-numbers of cases and controls (or at risk) estimated from RRs by dose level formed the data modelled. We fitted various models relating loge RR to dose (d), including βd, βdY and βloge (1 + Wd), and investigated goodness-of-fit and heterogeneity between studies.0.833 loge [1 + (8.1c/10)] for cigarettes/d (c), 0.792 (y/10)0.74 for years smoked (y) and 0.176 [(70 - a)/10]1.44 for age of start (a). Each model fitted well overall, though some blocks misfitted. RRs rose from 3.86 to 22.31 between c = 10 and 50, from 2.21 to 13.54 be-tween y = 10 and 50, and from 3.66 to 8.94 between a = 30 and 12.5. Heterogeneity (P 〈 0.001) existed by continent for amount, RRs for 50 cigarettes/d being 7.23 (Asia), 26.36 (North America) and 22.16 (Europe). Little heterogeneity was seen for duration of smoking or age started.CONCLUSION: The models describe the dose-relation-ships well, though may be biased by factors including misclassification of smoking status and dose. 展开更多
关键词 SMOKING Lung neoplasms DOSE-RESPONSE Meta-analysis Review AMOUNT smokeD DURATION of SMOKING Age at STARTING to smoke
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Detection of nicotine from secondhand smoke as a marker compound
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作者 Sanjay Walode 《Asian Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences》 SCIE CAS 2016年第1期91-92,共2页
About millions of people die yearly due to tobacco use.A number that has been estimated byWorld Health Organization will be double in next 15 years.Over the past decade significant progress has been made around thewor... About millions of people die yearly due to tobacco use.A number that has been estimated byWorld Health Organization will be double in next 15 years.Over the past decade significant progress has been made around theworld in controlling involuntary exposure of nonsmokers to the Secondhand smoke(SHS).In some country expanding workplace restriction now protect a majority of working adults,but the home remains the most important exposure setting for children.The BIDI is often called the poor man’s cigarette and is perhaps the cheapest tobacco smoking product in the world.Most often found in India,it is more harmful than cigarette and is one of the major sources for Secondhand smoke. 展开更多
关键词 NICOTINE Secondhand smoke Environmental TOBACCO smoke(ETS)
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Salivary immunoglobulin classes in Nigerian smokers with periodontitis
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作者 Olatunde A Olayanju Sheu K Rahamon +1 位作者 Ijeboime O Joseph Olatunbosun G Arinola 《World Journal of Biological Chemistry》 CAS 2012年第10期180-183,共4页
AIM:To determine the levels of salivary immunoglobulin classes in Nigerian smokers and non-smokers with periodontitis.METHODS:Sixty-nine individuals were recruited into this study after obtaining informed consent.They... AIM:To determine the levels of salivary immunoglobulin classes in Nigerian smokers and non-smokers with periodontitis.METHODS:Sixty-nine individuals were recruited into this study after obtaining informed consent.They were subdivided into three groups that consisted of 20(aged 46 ± 11 years) cigarette smokers with periodontitis(S+P);24(40 ± 12 years) smokers without periodontitis(S-P);and 25(53 ± 11 years) non-smokers with periodontitis(NS+P).An oral and maxillofacial surgeon used radiographs for periodontal probing for the diagnosis of periodontitis.The smokers included subjects who smoked at least six cigarettes per day and all the periodontitis patients were newly diagnosed.About 5 mL of unstimulated saliva was expectorated by each subject into plain sample bottles.Salivary immunoglobulin levels were estimated using enzyme linked immunosorbent assay.Student's t test was used to deter-mine significant differences between the means.Values of P < 0.05 were regarded as significant.RESULTS:No significant differences were observed in the mean salivary levels of the immunoglobulin classes(IgG,IgA,IgM and IgE) when S+P was compared with S-P.Mean salivary levels of IgA(520.0 ± 155.1 ng/mL vs 670.0 ± 110 ng/mL,P = 0.000) and IgM(644.5 ± 160.0 ng/mL vs 791.4 ± 43.7 ng/mL,P = 0.000) were significantly lower in the S+P compared with NS+P group.Salivary IgA(570.4 ± 145.6 ng/mL vs 670.0 ± 110 ng/mL,P = 0.008) and IgM(703.1 ± 169.3 ng/mL vs 791.4 ± 43.7 ng/mL,P = 0.012) levels were significantly lower in the S-P compared with NS+P group.Only one(5%) periodontal patient had detectable levels of salivary IgE(0.20 IU/mL).Similarly,only one smoker(4.17%) had detectable levels of salivary IgE(0.04 IU/mL) and two non-smokers(9.52%) had detectable levels of IgE(0.24 IU/mL).CONCLUSION:Our study suggests that reduced salivary IgA and IgM levels in smokers with periodontitis could enhance increased susceptibility to periodontitis. 展开更多
关键词 CIGARETTE smoke IMMUNOGLOBULIN PERIODONTITIS SALIVA smokeRS
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