Determination of volumetric elastic moduli of plant leaf cells based on pressure-volume curves

Volumetric elastic modulus （VEM） is an important parameter in biophysics and biomechanics of plants for in particular understanding cell growth. This paper proposes a new relation that can be used for precisely determining VEM. With the aid of this relation, it shows that the exponential approximation of the pressure-volume relationship adopted in most of the literatures in this field may lead to serious errors on VEM.

A study of jacking force for a curved pipejacking

For a pipejacking, the jacking force is critical to balance the resistance force and to move the pipe string forwards. The driving mechanism of a curved pipejacking is more complicated than a straight-line pipejacking, and its jacking force is also more difficult to be determined. The paper theoretically studies the jacking force of a curved pipejacking by considering the static equilibrium of earth pressure, resistance at cutting face, friction at pipe surface, and the driving force behind the pipe string. The derived theoretical formula can be used to estimate the driving forces of a straight-line or a curved pipejacking. Case study was performed by applying the theoretical and empirical formulae. After calibration, the corrected formula is more accurate and more applicable.

From Pressure-Volume Relationship to Volume-Energy Relationship: A Thermo-Statistical Model for Alveolar Micromechanics

The connective tissue fiber system and the surfactant system are essential and interdependent components of lung elasticity. Despite considerable efforts over the last decades, we are still far from understanding the quantitative roles of either the connective tissue fiber or the surfactant systems. Through thermo-statistic considerations of alveolar micromechanics, the author introduced a thermo-statistic state function “entropy” to analyze the elastic property of pulmonary parenchyma based on the origami model of alveolar polyhedron. By use of the entropy for alveolar micromechanics, from the logistic equation for the static pressure (P)-volume (V) curves including parameters a, b, c, and k (V - a = b/[1+ exp{-k (P - c)}]), a set of equations was obtained to define the internal energy of lungs (UL) and its corresponding lung volume (VL). Then, by use of parameters a, b, c, and k, an individual volume-internal energy (VL - UL) diagram was constructed from reported data in patients on mechanical ventilation. Each VL - UL diagram constructed was discussed that its minimal value Uo = c (a + b/2) and its shape parameter b/k represent quantitatively the energy of tissue force and the energy of surface force. Furthermore, by use of the VL - UL relationship, the hysteresis of lungs estimated by entropy production was discussed as dependent on the difference in the number of contributing pulmonary lobules. That is, entropy production might be a novel quantitative indicator to estimate the dynamics of the bronchial tree. These values obtained by combinations of parameters of the logistic P-V curve seem useful indicators to optimize setting a mechanical ventilator. Thus, it is necessary to develop easy tools for fitting the individual sigmoid pressure-volume curve measured in the intensive care unit to the logistic equation.

Stability and Leakage Analysis of a Novel PP Based 9T SRAM Cell Using N Curve at Deep Submicron Technology for Multimedia Applications

Due to continuous scaling of CMOS, stability is a prime concerned for CMOS SRAM memory cells. As scaling will increase the packing density but at the same time it is affecting the stability which leads to write failures and read disturbs of the conventional 6T SRAM cell. To increase the stability of the cell various SRAM cell topologies has been introduced, 8T SRAM is one of them but it has its limitation like read disturbance. In this paper we have analyzed a novel PP based 9T SRAM at 45 nm technology. Cell which has 33% increased SVNM (Static Voltage Noise Margin) from 6T and also 22%.reduced leakage power. N curve analysis has been done to find the various stability factors. As compared to the 10T SRAM cell it is more area efficient.

A Model of the Fatigue Life Distribution of Composite Laminates Based on Their Static Strength Distribution

The reasons of the static strength dispersion and the fatigue life dispersion of composite laminates are analyzed in this article. It is concluded that the inner original defects, which derived from the manufacturing process of composite laminates, are the common and major reason of causing the random distributions of the static strength and the fatigue life. And there is a correlative relation between the two distributions. With the study of statistical relationship between the fatigue loading and the fatigue life in the uniform confidence level and the same survival rate S-N curves of material, the relationship between the static strength distribution and the fatigue life distribution through a material S-N curve model has been obtained. And then the model which is used to describe the distributions of fatigue life of composites, based on their distributions of static strength, is set up. This model reasonably reflects the effects of the inner original defects on the static strength dispersion and on the fatigue life dispersion of composite laminates. The experimental data of three kinds of composite laminates are employed to verify this model, and the results show that this model can predict the random distributions of fatigue life for composites under any fatigue loads fairly well.

Drought resistance of four grasses using pressure-volume curve

Pressure-volume curve(PV curve)technique is a major method for studying critical plant water potential and critical tissue water content when plasmolysis takes place.In the present study,a mathematical solution method is put forward to obtain parameters based on the PV curve.The cal-culated results for the parameters of Lolium perenne,Festuca arundinacea,Leymus chinensis and Stipa krylovii indicated that the mathematical solution method is convenient for actual research compared with the graphical method.Further analysis of the calculations suggested that drought resistance decreased in the following order:S.krylovii>F.arundinacea and L.chinensis>L.perenne.

Simplified Step-by-Step Nonlinear Static Program Investigating Equilibrium Conditions of Electrons in Atom and Ionization Energies: Case Study on Argon

For investigation of equilibrium conditions of electrons in an atom, and Ionization Energies of Elements, a simplified deterministic static model is proposed. The electrons are initially uniformly and sparsely arranged on the outer surface of nucleus. Then, by taking into account the nucleus-electron interaction (attractive and repulsive) and the mutual electron-electron repulsions, and by a simple step-by-step nonlinear static analysis program, all the electrons are found to equilibrate on the outer surface of the same sphere, which is concentric and larger than nucleus. In a second stage, starting from an equilibrium sphere of electrons, one of the electrons is subjected to gradual forced removal, radially and outwards with respect to nucleus. Within each removal step, the produced work increment is determined and the increments are summed. When no more significant attraction is exerted by nucleus to removed electron, the total work gives the Ionization Energy. After removing of single electron, the remaining electrons fall on a lower shell, that is, they equilibrate on the outer surface of a smaller concentric sphere. For nucleus-electron interaction, an L-J (Lennard-Jones) type curve, attractive and repulsive, is adopted. When the parameter of this curve is n > 1.0, the Ionization Energy exhibits an upper bound. As parameter n increases from 1.0 up to 2.0, the attractive potential of L-J curve is gradually weakened. The proposed model is applied on Argon. It is observed that, as the number of electrons increases, the radius of equilibrium sphere increases, too, whereas the attractive nucleus-electron potential is reduced;thus the Ionization Energy is reduced, too. Particularly, as the number of electrons and the radius of equilibrium sphere exceed some critical values, the above two last quantities exhibit abrupt falls. A regular polyhedron is revealed, which can accommodate Elements up to atomic number Z = 146, that is 28 more than Z = 118 of existing last Element, as guide for initial locations of electrons in the above first program.

Study on Impact of Wind Turbines on Static Voltage Stability of Power System

The static voltage stability of the power system integrating wind farms adopting different kinds of wind turbines is analyzed. Through the simulation of one certain local power grid in Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region, the PV curves at the point of common coupling (PCC), key buses and important substations are plotted; the variation of voltage as well as the limit and margin of static stability are analyzed. It is resulted from the simulation that the limit of static voltage at weak nodes is lower, and the static voltage of the power system with wind farms adopting doubly-fed induction generators (DFIG) is more stable than that with wind farms adopting common asynchronous generators.

江苏宝华山宝华玉兰种群结构与动态特征分析

为了揭示极危(CR)植物宝华玉兰〔Yulania zenii(W.C.Cheng)D.L.Fu〕野生种群的结构和动态特征,对江苏省句容市宝华山宝华玉兰野生资源进行全面调查,并运用静态生命表、存活曲线和生存分析等方法综合分析宝华玉兰种群结构和动态变化。结果表明:宝华山全境现存宝华玉兰野生开花植株115株,主要分布于宝华山北坡中部。宝华玉兰种群以中树和大树〔10 cm≤胸径(DBH)<25 cm〕为主,占比达66.1%,属于衰退型种群。从静态生命表看,宝华玉兰种群的生命期望随着径级的增加逐渐下降,种群存活曲线趋向于Deevey-Ⅱ型。生存分析结果显示:宝华玉兰种群趋势具有前期锐减、中期稳定、后期衰退的特点。种群动态量化分析结果表明:宝华玉兰种群动态总体呈增长趋势,但增长极为缓慢。基于上述研究结果,建议采取人工播种、补植实生苗等方式加强对宝华玉兰种群的保护和管理,促进其种群的更新和良性发展。

准静态压缩下“EPE/瓦楞纸板”缓冲系统能量吸收的研究

本研究主要探讨了发泡类材料与瓦楞纸板的共同缓冲作用。本研究将“EPE/瓦楞纸板”看作缓冲包装系统,并对其进行准静态压缩试验,得到材料的应力-应变曲线和能量吸收图,探究环境温度、EPE密度、EPE厚度对缓冲包装系统力学性能、能量吸收性能的影响。在应变为0.6时,组合缓冲系统(EPE_3、EPE_5)标准化能量(W/Es)吸收分别为0.2266、0.2024,较对照组EPE(W/Es=0.1835)增加了23.5%、10.3%;应变为0.6时,随着温度由-20℃增加至23℃、40℃,EPE_3吸收的标准化能量明显减小,EPE_3吸收的能量分别减少17.7%、20.9%,而EPE_5吸收的能量分别减少11.8%、19.9%;在上述应变状态下,EPE密度为24g/cm3的试样组合缓冲系统(EPE_3、EPE_5)具有最高的标准化能量吸收,分别为0.1916、0.1745;EPE厚度为30mm、40mm、50mm的组合材料(EPE_3、EPE_5)能量吸收曲线(W/Es-ε)重合度较高。瓦楞纸板在组合缓冲系统(EPE_3、EPE_5)中的缓冲作用不可被忽略;温度升高,组合缓冲系统的能量吸收会减少;EPE密度对组合缓冲系统力学性能有影响且存在“阈值效应”。EPE厚度对组合缓冲系统的力学性能影响不显著,增加EPE厚度会导致能量吸收曲线(W/Es-σ/Es)趋于平滑,使得最佳吸能点难以辨识。

考虑静强度的复合材料疲劳寿命预测及概率特性分析

为考虑初始静强度对疲劳寿命的影响,基于经典剩余强度理论,构建同时考虑初始静强度和应力的复合材料疲劳寿命预测模型。建立的寿命预测模型能够表征疲劳寿命与初始静强度和应力之间的内在关系,可退化为经典S-N曲线。疲劳寿命与初始静强度呈非线性关系,疲劳寿命与应力呈高度非线性关系,疲劳寿命的概率分布可根据初始静强度和应力的概率分布利用MCS获得。算例表明,初始静强度和应力的概率特性对剩余强度和疲劳寿命的概率特性均有影响,相比初始静强度,应力对疲劳寿命概率特性的影响更加显著。

嵌岩单桩水平静力加载现场试验及 p-y 曲线研究

为研究风化花岗岩地质条件下嵌岩单桩的受荷响应和p-y曲线规律,本文基于现场试验,开展了水平静力荷载作用下嵌岩单桩的荷载-位移关系、弯矩、桩身变形及p-y曲线响应研究。试验表明:在所研究的相对深度范围内,随着z/D的增加,岩土阻力和相应位移都减小,上部荷载很难传递到深部岩层;桩身最大弯矩在3~4倍桩径之间,极限荷载主要取决于桩身强度而不是岩土体。将p-y曲线分别与一般双曲函数和双曲正切函数进行拟合,评估现有p-y曲线模型在风化花岗岩地基中的适用性,修正了模型在风化岩层中的参数取值。结果表明:一般双曲函数在较浅区域拟合良好,相对深度较大的区域数据离散性较强;双曲正切函数在各深度处拟合优度均较好。分析结果简化了现场p-y曲线的预测程序。

发泡聚乙烯最大加速度-静应力曲线快速获取方法研究

目的研究快速、准确预测最大加速度-静应力曲线的方法。方法首先利用落锤冲击试验机获取了5个不同高度下,5种不同厚度的发泡聚乙烯的最大加速度-静应力曲线。在此基础上,分析对比文中3种不同的改进拟合法与已有的动应力与动能量多项式拟合法的区别。结果研究发现,当不区分高度的情况下,以最大加速度因子为函数值,以跌落高度、衬垫厚度、静应力为变量进行拟合时,其代表预测精度R^(2)的平均为0.835,相比动应力与动能量多项式拟合法的0.2996要高。但曲线右侧的预测精度偏低。引入以静应力为变量的多项式作为修正因子后,R^(2)的平均值为0.934。预测精度有所提高,右侧的预测偏差减小,但仍存在。在区分高度的情况下,以带有修正因子的公式进行预测时,R^(2)的平均值为0.984,曲线向右侧预测偏差逐渐增大的现象明显改善。结论区分高度情况下,利用带修正因子的预测公式可以快速且较准确地预测最大加速度-静应力曲线,可以为冲击防护设计及相关软件的开发提供一定的帮助。

周向约束对木材压缩吸能特性的影响

通过准静态压缩试验,考察轻木、泡桐、杉木、毛白杨4种木材在周向约束条件时,顺纹和横纹的压缩力学行为、破坏形态、吸能特性,并利用t检验分析其差异显著性。结果表明:①周向约束木材的顺纹压缩应力-应变曲线仍表现为“三阶段”特征,周向约束可抑制木材剪切扩展、大幅屈曲变形等非稳态破坏,曲线平台阶段应力基本与破坏强度持平。②泡桐、杉木、毛白杨顺纹压缩的吸能能力、平台阶段平稳性显著提高,其单位体积吸能值分别提高了15.51%、53.02%、48.15%,理想吸能率增大了35.93%、24.24%、86.00%。③周向约束木材的径向与弦向压缩力学行为、吸能特性相似,木材压头侧边纤维受试样中部拉伸和剪切作用发生竖向剥离,并沿压缩方向产生裂纹。④与无约束压缩相比,周向约束轻木、泡桐横纹压缩应力-应变曲线形状无明显变化,径向压缩单位体积吸能值分别提高了325.51%、182.60%,弦向压缩单位体积吸能值分别提高了430.57%、255.66%;杉木、毛白杨周向约束时横纹压缩应力-应变曲线变为无平台区的“两阶段”形式,理想吸能率均显著降低。

SP08-20先导式螺纹插装比例方向阀静态特性仿真与试验

SP08-20是一种用于方向控制的先导式螺纹插装比例方向阀,断电时,用作单向阀,通电时,用作节流阀,通过控制先导阀芯及主阀芯位置变化实现对阀的流量控制。此阀流道形状较为复杂,控制腔压力分布规律难以确定,且传统的液动力与流量经验公式本身准确性较差,导致在通过由经验公式构成的数学模型求解阀的静态特性时,模型计算结果与试验结果有较大的差异。故采用Fluent软件对SP08-20进行流场仿真得到其阀芯受力规律,利用曲线拟合的方式得到阀芯受力拟合式,据此求解静态数学模型,得到此阀的静态特性。试验结果表明,利用流场仿真的方式求解所得静态特性曲线与试验曲线具有较高的吻合度。

极小种群野生植物狭叶坡垒种群结构与动态特征

【目的】研究极小种群野生植物狭叶坡垒[Hopea chinensis(Merr.) Hand.-Mazz.]的种群结构特征和数量动态特征,探讨种群发展潜力和濒危原因,为狭叶坡垒种质资源的保护和恢复提供参考依据。【方法】采用样地调查法对广西十万大山区域8个狭叶坡垒自然集中分布区进行调查,以空间代替时间分析狭叶坡垒种群结构特征,绘制种群静态生命表和存活曲线,分析种群动态指数及种群生存函数,对种群未来发展趋势进行预测。【结果】狭叶坡垒野生种群龄级结构呈倒J型,幼龄个体数占比较高,表现为增长型结构,种群个体幼龄期淘汰率较高;种群动态指数、随机干扰敏感指标和随机干扰风险概率分别为52.61%、4.38%和8.33%,对外界干扰敏感,环境对个体有较强的选择作用。狭叶坡垒野生种群存活曲线为DeeveyⅡ型的B1亚型,狭叶坡垒种群生存率在Ⅰ~Ⅵ龄级期间随龄级增加而减小,累积死亡率随龄级增加而增加,危险率在Ⅵ龄级达最高值,狭叶坡垒种群在Ⅵ龄级之后进入生理衰退期。时间序列分析表明,除Ⅻ龄级的个体数经过4个龄级时间后保持不变,经过4、6、8、10个龄级时间后,狭叶坡垒各龄级的个体数均呈增加趋势,其中Ⅳ~Ⅷ龄级逐渐成为种群的主体,狭叶坡垒种群总体呈增长状态。【结论】狭叶坡垒野生种群为增长型,种群处于波动变化状态中,对外界干扰敏感。幼苗数量充足,在生境不被破坏的前提下,具有较好的恢复潜力。但幼苗向幼树、幼树向小树转换过程中存在增补限制,制约狭叶坡垒种群发展。

极小种群野生植物朱红大杜鹃的种群结构与动态特征

朱红大杜鹃是中国极小种群野生植物,也是国家二级重点保护野生植物。为了厘清朱红大杜鹃的群落特征,评估其种群的生存潜力,通过样地调查,分析群落物种组成,编制静态生命表,研究朱红大杜鹃的径级结构、种群动态。结果显示:(1)样方中重要值>1%的木本植物有17种,其中窄叶青冈、白穗石栎、云南越桔和云南松为群落优势种。(2)朱红大杜鹃种群第Ⅱ龄级个体数量最多,占总体数量的17.06%,各龄级的个体数量随着龄级的增加先增加后减少,种群径级结构呈“纺锤”型,种群年龄结构属于衰退型。(3)朱红大杜鹃存活曲线趋近DeeveyⅠ型分布,种群的死亡高峰出现在X龄级,死亡率为40%,种群动态变化指数(V_(pi))和受外界干扰种群动态变化指数(V′_(pi))均大于0,但V′_(pi)较小,种群在外部环境干扰下承担的风险概率最大值(P_(max))为0.07%,说明该种群受外界随机干扰时增长趋势不明显。建议对朱红大杜鹃种群进行就地保护,以提高幼苗和小树的存活率,促进种群的自然更新和恢复。

牯牛降自然保护区浙江桂生境群落及种群结构特征

浙江桂经济价值高,野生资源有限。基于2hm^(2)固定样地调查数据,通过分析其群落特征,编制静态生命表、绘制存活曲线、计算数量动态指数、引入时间序列模型等,研究了安徽省牯牛降国家级自然保护区浙江桂生境群落结构及种群动态特征。结果表明:(1)样地内共记录物种198种,木本以樟科、壳斗科、杜鹃花科为主;(2)甜槠是建群树种,其龄级组成以老龄级(V级)为主(占总株数的78.92%),其它优势种有香桂、马银花、新木姜子等,以幼龄级(Ⅰ和Ⅱ级)为主(占总株数90%以上);(3)浙江桂种群龄级组成呈倒“J”型,幼龄级个体占总数的85.15%,但幼苗转化成体折损率高;(4)时间序列预测分析表明,浙江桂种群未来个体数量呈增加趋势。基于这些研究结果我们提出就地封育保护为主,辅以低龄级幼株的精准抚育管理,以促进其种群的恢复。

带十字形预制件的全螺栓连接钢模块节点抗震性能试验研究

提出了一种带十字形预制件的全螺栓连接钢模块节点。为研究该节点的抗震性能,采用不同的梁端、柱端连接方式、梁段削弱形式以及十字形预制件构造形式设计了5个节点试件。对5个节点试件进行了低周往复加载试验,分析了节点的破坏模式和拼接区的滑移情况,获得了节点的滞回曲线、骨架曲线、延性系数、耗能能力、转动能力、刚度退化等抗震性能指标。研究结果表明:节点试件的破坏模式为拼接区拼接板及十字形预制件贯穿隔板的塑性变形及核心区部分焊缝开裂;5个节点试件的滞回曲线较为饱满且为“Z”形,具有较好的耗能能力;5个节点试件的位移延性系数均超过4,塑性转角均超过0.03rad,满足抗震规范要求,具有良好的转动能力和延性;5个节点试件均有明显的刚度退化现象,但下降坡度缓慢;不同的拼接区连接形式和不同的十字形预制件构造对节点抗震性能有一定的影响;不同的梁段削弱形式对节点抗震性能影响不明显。

海南尖峰岭热带雨林方枝蒲桃的种群结构特征与动态分布

以海南尖峰岭60 hm2大样地中方枝蒲桃Syzygium tephrodes群落为研究对象,研究其种群结构特点和生长动态变化规律,并探究株间竞争强度及分布格局。结果表明:(1)方枝蒲桃种群自然更新能力强,幼苗数量丰富,种群死亡率随径级增大波动增加或者波动下降而后在Ⅳ阶段极速递减,波动幅度在第Ⅳ至Ⅴ径级最明显,死亡率在Ⅳ级以后快速下降并趋于平稳。(2)方枝蒲桃的存活曲线总体表现为Deevey-Ⅲ型,即早期死亡率高,一旦存活至某一年龄,死亡率较低。(3)时间序列预测结果表明,在经历未来2、4、6龄级后,每个龄级的个体数量均有不同程度增加。综上所述,方枝蒲桃种群幼龄个体死亡率高,但仍有一定的更新潜力。该研究为方枝蒲桃的园林应用和保护对策制定提供理论支持,建议应进一步加强生境保护,并采取适当的干预措施促进群落内种群稳定发展。