In situ forming injectable MSC-loaded GelMA hydrogels combined with PD for vascularized sweat gland regeneration

Dear Editor,Three dimensional(3D)bioprinted extracellular matrix(ECM)can be used to provide both biochemical and biophysical cues to direct mesenchymal stem cells(MSCs)differentiation,and then differentiated cells were isolated for implantation in vivo using surgical procedures.However,the reduced cell activity after cell isolation from 3D constructs and low cell retention in injured sites limit its application[1].Methacrylated gelatin(GelMA)hydrogel has the advantage of fast crosslinking,which could resemble complex architectures of tissue construct in vivo[2].Here,we adopted a noninvasive bioprinting procedure to imitate the regenerative microenvironment that could simultaneously direct the sweat gland(SG)and vascular differentiation from MSCs and ultimately promote the replacement of glandular tissue in situ(Fig.1a).

Effects of Low Concentration Samarium Chloride on theUltrastructure and Function of Rat Thyroid Gland

The levels of thyroxine (T3, T4) and thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH) in rat serum were measured by radioimmunoassay, and also ultrastructure of the thyroid gland and adenohypophyseal cell were examined by transmission electronic microscopy (TEM) after low concentration (0. 05 mg/kg) of samarium chloride (SmCl3) administration by intraperitoneal, oral and tail intravenous routes. The results showed that the level of T4 in rat serum increased and the level of TSH unchanged by the intraperitoneal administration, and the levels of T3, T4 and TSH did not increase by the oral and tail intravenous administration. The evidences mentioned above were in accord with the morphological changes of thyroid follicular epithelial cells andadenohypophysis thyrotroph observed under electronic microscope in a sense.

Small molecules facilitate single factor-mediated sweat gland cell reprogramming

Background: Large skin defects severely disrupt the overall skin structure and can irreversibly damage sweat glands(SGs), thus impairing the skin’s physiological function. This study aims to develop a stepwise reprogramming strategy to convert fibroblasts into SG lineages, which may provide a promising method to obtain desirable cell types for the functional repair and regeneration of damaged skin.Methods: The expression of the SG markers cytokeratin 5(CK5), cytokeratin 10(CK10), cytokeratin 18(CK18), carcinoembryonic antigen(CEA), aquaporin 5(AQP5) and α-smooth muscle actin(α-SMA) was assessed with quantitative PCR(qPCR), immunofluorescence and flow cytometry. Calcium activity analysis was conducted to test the function of induced SG-like cells(iSGCs). Mouse xenograft models were also used to evaluate the in vivo regeneration of iSGCs.BALB/c nude mice were randomly divided into normal group, SGM treatment group and iSGC transplantation group.Immunocytochemical analyses and starch-iodine sweat tests were used to confirm the in vivo regeneration of iSGCs.Results: Ectodermal dysplasia antigen(EDA) overexpression drove human dermal fibroblast(HDF) conversion into i SGCs in SG culture medium(SGM). qPCR indicated significantly increased mRNA levels of the SG markers CK5, CK18and CEA in iSGCs, and flow cytometry data demonstrated(4.18±0.04)% of iSGCs were CK5 positive and(4.36±0.25)%of iSGCs were CK18 positive. The addition of chemical cocktails greatly accelerated the SG fate program. qPCR results revealed significantly increased mRNA expression of CK5, CK18 and CEA in iSGCs, as well as activation of the duct marker CK10 and luminal functional marker AQP5. Flow cytometry indicated, after the treatment of chemical cocktails,(23.05±2.49)% of iSGCs expressed CK5^(+) and(55.79±3.18)% of iSGCs expressed CK18^(+), respectively. Calcium activity analysis indicated that the reactivity of iSGCs to acetylcholine was close to that of primary SG cells [(60.79±7.71)% vs.(70.59±0.34)%, ns]. In vivo transplantation experiments showed approximately(5.2±1.1)% of the mice were sweat test positive, and the histological analysis results indicated that regenerated SG structures were present in iSGCs-treated mice.Conclusions: We developed a SG reprogramming strategy to generate functional iSGCs from HDFs by using the single factor EDA in combination with SGM and small molecules. The generation of iSGCs has important implications for future in situ skin regeneration with SG restoration.

Metastatic apocrine sweat gland adenocarcinoma in a terrier dog

This report describes the clinical and pathological aspects of an apocrine sweat gland carcinoma with distant metastasis in an aged dog.A 7-year-old male terrier dog was referred to small animal hospital of Shuhid Bahonar University of Kerman with a 5.5×3.5 centimeter pedunculated mass on its head near left auricular region which had been progressively growing since tliree months ago.The radiography showed no local and distant metastasis.Surgical excision and histological evaluation was done.Histologically,the mass was composed of epithelial cells arranged in glandular and solid patterns.The morphologic findings suggested either a primary or metastatic apocrine-gland carcinoma.Immunohistochemically,the tumor cells were intensely positive for cytokeratin 7 and 20 and negative for S100 protein.On the basis of histopathological and clinical findings,the tumor was diagnosed as a malignant apocrine gland tumor,arising from apocrine sweat glands of the skin.Local tumor recurrence with anorexia and weight loss was reported by the owner nine month later.Severe submandibular and prescapular lymphadenomegaly was noted in clinical examination.Several large pulmonary nodules were noted in chest radiographs resembling mediastinal lymph node metastasis.Second surgery and chemotherapy was rejected by the owner due to grave prognosis of the patient.The animal was died 45 days later due to respiratory complications.Tumors of apocrine sweat glands are relatively uncommon in dogs whereas apocrine gland adenocarcinoma with distant metastasis is extremely rare.

Malignant sweat gland tumor of breast arising in pre-existing benign tumor: A case report

BACKGROUND Sweat glands belong to skin appendages.Sweat gland tumors are uncommon,especially when they occur as malignant tumors in the breast.We report a case of malignant sweat gland tumor of the breast,including imaging and pathological findings.CASE SUMMARY A 47-year-old woman visited our hospital with a non-tender palpable lesion in her left breast.The lesion had not shown changes for 10 years.However,it recently increased in size.Sonography showed a well circumscribed cystic lesion with internal debris and fluid-fluid level.Magnetic resonance imaging showed a well circumscribed oval mass with T1 hyper-intensity compared to muscle and T2 high signal intensity.There was a small enhancing mural component in the inner wall of the mass.The tumor was resected.Its pathologic result was a malignant transformation of benign sweat gland tumor such as hidradenoma.The lesion was treated with excision and radiation therapy.At 1-year follow up,there was no local recurrence or metastasis in the patient.CONCLUSION In the case of a rapid growing cystic mass in the nipple and subareola,it is necessary to distinguish it from a malignant sweat gland tumor.

Improved sweat gland function during active heating in tennis athletes

Background：Relatively few studies on the peripheral sweating mechanisms of trained tennis athletes have been conducted.The purpose of this study was to compare the sweating capacities of tennis athletes against untrained subjects（controls）.Methods：Thirty-fi e healthy male volunteers participated including 15 untrained subjects and 20 trained tennis athletes（nationally ranked）.Active heat generation was performed for 30 min（running at 60%VO2max） in a climate chamber（temperature,25.0°C ± 0.5°C;relative humidity,60% ± 3%,termed active heating）.Sweating data（local sweat onset time,local sweat volume,activated sweat glands,sweat output per gland,whole body sweat loss volume） were measured by the capacitance hygrometer-ventilated capsule method and starch-iodide paper.Mean body temperature was calculated from tympanic and skin temperatures.Results：Local sweat onset time was shorter for tennis athletes（p〈0.001）.Local sweat volume,activated sweat glands of the torso and limbs,sweat output per gland,and whole body sweat loss volume were significant y higher for tennis athletes than control subjects after active heating（p〈0.001）.Tympanic and mean body temperatures were lower among tennis athletes than controls（p〈0.05）.Conclusion：These results indicate that tennis athletes had increased regulatory capacity of their sweat gland function.

The interaction between epidermal growth factor (EGF) and matrix metalloproteinase induces the development of sweat glands in human fetal skin

Objective:The development of sweat glands is a very complicated biological process involving many factors. In this study, we explore the inter-relationship between epidermal growth factor (EGF), matrix metalloproteinases (MMP-2,MMP-7) and development of sweat glands in human embryos. Furthermore, we hope to elucidate the mechanism(s) underlying the induction of epidermal stem cells into sweat gland cells.

Nerve Terminal Types of Sinus Gland and Neurosecretory Cell Types of X-organ in Crab Eriocheir sinensis

The ultrastructure of the X organ sinus gland complex in sexually immature Chinese mitten crab Eriocheir sinensis was examined under the electron microscope. The sinus gland (SG) is composed primarily of nerve terminals and glial cells. The terminal contains a great number of membrane bound granules, mitochondria, rough endoplasmic reticulum and electron lucent vesicles. The profiles of the terminals are sometimes exhibited finger like projections. The X organ (XO) locates at the ventral surface of the medulla terminalis ganglion in the eyestalk, oppositing to SG. According to the features of granule size, shape, electron density and cytoplasm, 6 types of terminals in SG and 7 types of neurosecretory (NS) cells in XO were identified. The release process by exocytosis of the granules in SG was observed and a tentative comparison was made for the granules between different types of terminals and NS cells. It seemed that they had a good correspondence since no change in electron density and just a slight increase of sizes was shown.

Discussion on the Problem of Salt Gland of Glycine soja

Glycine soja Sieb. et Zucc. plants living in saline soil in three provinces of China were treated with different salinity concentrations under different laboratory culture conditions (including solution, sand and field cultivation). The attachment shape and distribution on the surface of stalk and leaf of G. soja plants were observed with scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and the ultrastructure of glandular hair with transmission electron microscopy (TEM). Na+ and Cl- contents in the secretion of the leaf surface and inside the leaf of G. soja subjected to different treatments were measured. The Na+ relative contents in glandular cells, epidermal cells and mesophyllous cells of leaves under different salinities were determined by X-ray microanalysis. Results show that only glandular and epidermal hair exist on the surface attachments of leaves and stalks of G. soja plants. These glandular hair were similar in shape to some salt glands of Gramineae halophytes, and they attached to the vein on the leaf surface. The cell structure of the glandular hair showed the characteristics of common salt glands, such as big vacuoles, dense cytoplasm, a great deal of mitochondria, chloroplast, plasmodesmata and thicker cell walls, etc. The results of Na+ and Cl- contents in the leaf secretion and inside the leaf showed that the glandular hair executed the function of salt-secretion, and when treated with the salt gland inhibitor the salt-secretion process was inhibited. As a result, Na+ and Cl- were mainly accumulated inside G. soja leaves. The results of Na+ X-ray microanalysis under different salinities proved that the three cells of the glandular hair, especially the top cell, possessed strong competence for Na+ accumulation. Above all, the glandular hair were the salt gland, and no other kind of salt glands were found on G. soja plants. The secreting mechanism of the salt gland was also discussed.

Dynamic Analysis of Mental Sweating by the Time-Sequential Piled-Up En-Face OCT Images

In this paper, the dynamic analysis of mental sweating for sound stimulus of a few tens of eccrine sweat glands is performed by the time-sequential piled-up en-face optical coherence tomography (OCT) images with the frame spacing of 3.3 sec. In the experiment, the amount of excess sweat can be evaluated simultaneously for a few tens of sweat glands by piling up of all the en-face OCT images. Strong non-uniformity is observed in mental sweating where the amount of sweat in response to sound stimulus is different for each sweat gland. Furthermore, the amount of sweat is significantly increased in proportion to the strength of the stimulus.

凡士林纱卷铆钉样缝合加压包扎对腋臭术后并发症发生率的影响研究

目的:研究凡士林纱卷铆钉样缝合加压包扎对腋臭术后并发症发生率的影响。方法:将入选的101例患者按就诊顺序编号,随机分为两组,均采用微小切口大汗腺修剪术治疗。治疗组61例,采用凡士林纱卷铆钉样缝合加压包扎,对照组40例,采用“8”字绷带包扎。结果:治疗组皮下血肿、皮肤坏死、切口愈合延迟、瘢痕的发生率(分别为0.82%、0.82%、1.64%、2.46%)低于对照组(分别为12.5%、7.5%、8.75%、10%),差异有统计学意义(均P<0.05);治疗组、对照组术口感染发生率分别为1.64%、2.50%,差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。治疗组满意度为93.44%,高于对照组的62.50%(P<0.05)。结论:与“8”字绷带包扎相比,凡士林纱卷铆钉样缝合加压包扎可以一定程度上降低腋臭术后并发症发生率,满意度更高,值得临床推广应用。

莱氏拟乌贼输卵管腺超显微结构

为了解莱氏拟乌贼(Sepioteuthis lessoniana)输卵管腺的结构和功能,通过解剖学、组织切片和透射电镜技术对腺体进行解剖学及超显微结构观察。解剖结果显示,莱氏拟乌贼具有1个输卵管腺,由圆饼状近端输卵管腺和圆柱状远端输卵管腺构成,整体呈白色,靠近内壳侧具有棕黄色的色素沉着,透明瓣膜位于腺体末端。显微结果显示,输卵管腺由腺壁组织包裹,由外向内分别是外膜层和结缔组织。外膜层由柱状上皮细胞构成,结缔组织中分布少量肌肉组织和血管;腺体的外膜层和透明瓣膜的外表层中分布少量杯状细胞,瓣膜主要由肌肉组织构成。腺体内部是分泌叶瓣,在腺体中呈层状分布,叶瓣依附于腺壁组织。电镜结果显示,分泌细胞个体较大,细胞核呈圆形或椭圆形,包含大量内质网、线粒体和高尔基体等细胞器,此外,胞内分布大量黏液颗粒,细胞外连续着生纤毛。透明瓣膜主要由肌细胞构成,可见横切和纵切的肌丝以及大量的胶原纤维。研究表明,输卵管腺具备分泌功能,其分泌物形成受精卵的内层卵鞘,在受精卵孵化过程中具有重要作用。本研究首次对莱氏拟乌贼的输卵管腺进行超显微结构观察,描述了输卵管腺的外部形态构造和内部结构特征,分析并总结了该腺体的结构和功能,为头足类生殖腺体的相关研究提供一定参考。

Venom gland of the ichneumonid Diadromus collaris： morphology, ultrastructure and age-related changes

Females of the solitary parasitoid Diadromus collaris （Insecta： Hymenoptera： Ichneumonidae） lay eggs in the pupae of Plutella xylostella （Lepidoptera： Plutellidae）, and the venom is synchronously injected into hosts. The venom apparatus consists of two glandular tubules terminating in a common reservoir, A ductule connects the reservoir with the sting apparatus, by which the reservoir content enters the latter. Secretory units line the two glandular tubules. All secretory cells belong to dermal gland type Ⅲ. Dermal gland cells in glandular tubules are more abundant and developed than those in the reservoir. There are extensive rough endoplasmic reticulum and electrondense vesicles, and the microvilli are well developed. By the cuticle-lined central funnel secretion products of secretory units reach the reservoir. Moreover, the secretory apparatus undergoes age-related changes. The secretory units in the venom gland are better developed and more vigorous 7 days after eclosion than those 1 day after eclosion; autolytic processes occur 15 days after eclosion, and the tissue of the reservoir is more prostrate 15 day after eclosion than those 1 day after eclosion. The ovipostion peak of this parasitoid, about 3-7 days after eclosion, corresponds with the period when the venom gland is highly developed in the life span of the wasp.

Bioactive materials for in vivo sweat gland regeneration

Loss of sweat glands(SwGs)commonly associated with extensive skin defects is a leading cause of hyperthermia and heat stroke.In vivo tissue engineering possesses the potential to take use of the body natural ability to regenerate SwGs,making it more conducive to clinical translation.Despite recent advances in regenerative medicine,reconstructing SwG tissue with the same structure and function as native tissue remains challenging.Elucidating the SwG generation mechanism and developing biomaterials for in vivo tissue engineering is essential for understanding and developing in vivo SwG regenerative strategies.Here,we outline the cell biology associated with functional wound healing and the characteristics of bioactive materials.We critically summarize the recent progress in bioactive material-based cell modulation approaches for in vivo SwG regeneration,including the recruitment of endogenous cells to the skin lesion for SwG regeneration and in vivo cellular reprogramming for SwG regeneration.We discussed the re-establishment of microenvironment via bioactive material-mediated regulators.Besides,we offer promising perspectives for directing in situ SwG regeneration via bioactive material-based cell-free strategy,which is a simple and effective approach to regenerate SwG tissue with both fidelity of structure and function.Finally,we discuss the opportunities and challenges of in vivo SwG regeneration in detail.The molecular mechanisms and cell fate modulation of in vivo SwG regeneration will provide further insights into the regeneration of patient-specific SwGs and the development of potential intervention strategies for gland-derived diseases.

Eccrine porocarcinoma in the tempus of an elderly woman:A case report

BACKGROUND Eccrine porocarcinoma(EPC)is a rare skin tumor that mainly affects the elderly population.Tumors often present with slow growth and a good prognosis.EPCs are usually distinguished from other skin tumors using histopathology and immunohistochemistry.However,surgical management alone may be inadequate if the tumor has metastasized.However,currently,surgical resection is the most commonly used treatment modality.CASE SUMMARY A seventy-four-year-old woman presented with a slow-growing nodule in her left temporal area,with no obvious itching or pain,for more than four months.Histopathological examination showed small columnar and short spindle-shaped cells;thus,basal cell carcinoma was suspected.However,immunohistochemical analysis revealed the expression of cytokeratin 5/6,p63 protein,p16 protein,and Ki-67 antigen(40%),and EPC was taken into consideration.The skin biopsy was repeated,and hematoxylin and eosin staining revealed ductal differentiation in some cells.Finally,the patient was diagnosed with EPC,and Mohs micrographic surgery was performed.We adapted follow-up visits in a year and not found any recurrence of nodules.CONCLUSION This case report emphasizes the diagnosis and differentiation of EPC.

Porocarcinoma in a palm reconstructed with a full thickness skin graft: A case report

BACKGROUND Porocarcinoma is a rare type of skin cancer that originates from sweat gland tumors.It is an aggressive malignant skin cancer that is difficult to diagnose clinically owing to its rarity and similarity to squamous cell carcinoma(SCC).CASE SUMMARY This case involved a 92-year-old woman,a farmer by profession,presented with an exophytic and verrucous mass on her left palm that had formed 2 years prior and caused chronic pain and frequent bleeding.Initially,the patient was diagnosed with SCC using a punch biopsy;however,a repeat biopsy with addi-tional immunohistochemical tests was performed for porocarcinoma.Ultimately,the patient was diagnosed with porocarcinoma and reconstruction was planned using a full-thickness skin graft.After treatment,the range of motion of the palm was preserved,and the aesthetic outcome was favorable.At 6 mo of follow-up,the patient was satisfied with the outcome.CONCLUSION Porocarcinoma is commonly misdiagnosed as SCC;therefore,clinicians should consider porocarcinomas when evaluating mass-like lesions on the hands.

汗腺肿瘤的超声表现及误诊原因分析

目的探讨汗腺肿瘤的超声影像特点,并分析超声诊断误诊原因及影响因素,以提高超声诊断准确性和对该类疾病的认识,从而减少误诊。方法回顾性分析2009年1月至2024年7月在本院行手术切除的汗腺肿瘤87例患者的临床资料、超声检查及病理结果。结果87例病灶均位于皮下,皆为单发,平均直径约为19.7 mm(7~49 mm),54个(62%)病灶内部呈囊实性混合回声。术前高频超声仅对4例汗腺肿瘤作出正确诊断(误诊率高达88%),27例误诊为表皮样囊肿,其余被误诊为皮脂腺囊肿14例,真皮纤维瘤13例,脂肪瘤2例,基底细胞癌6例,纤维瘤4例,转移性淋巴结7例,血管瘤6例,神经鞘瘤3例,乳腺癌1例。结论汗腺瘤具有相对特异性的声像图表现,术前超声检查有助于诊断。其他类型汗腺肿瘤超声表现缺乏特异性,极易误诊,因此需要熟练掌握汗腺肿瘤的多种超声声像图表现,重视病史采集及临床表现,综合分析病灶特点及性质,掌握该类疾病鉴别诊断要点,从而减少误诊,但确诊仍需病理诊断。

FOXC1人表皮干细胞向汗腺细胞分化的影响

目的探究叉头框C1(FOXC1)对人表皮干细胞向汗腺细胞分化的影响及可能机制。方法收集2021年1月至2022年6月行包皮环切术7例的患者正常包皮组织,分离培养得到表皮干细胞,采用慢病毒介导FOXC1基因进行转染,并为过表达组、干扰组和对照组,RT-PCR及Western blot检测细胞FOXC1 mRNA及蛋白表达,MTT实验及吉姆萨染色检测细胞增殖水平、克隆形成率,ELISA检测培养基中基质金属蛋白酶-2(MMP-2)、MMP-9表达,激光共聚焦显微镜检测Ca^(2+)荧光强度,Western blot检测细胞角蛋白(CK19)、CK18、癌胚抗原(CEA)、β1整合素(ITGB1)表达。结果与对照组比较,过表达组细胞中FOXC1 mRNA及蛋白相对表达量、细胞增殖水平、细胞克隆形成率、Ca^(2+)荧光强度、MMP-2、MMP-9、表皮干细胞标记物CK18、CEA蛋白表达量升高(P<0.05),ITGB1、CK19蛋白表达量降低(P<0.05);与对照组比较,干扰组中FOXC1 mRNA及蛋白相对表达量、细胞增殖水平、细胞克隆形成率、Ca^(2+)荧光强度、MMP-2、MMP-9、表皮干细胞标记物CK18、CEA蛋白表达量降低(P<0.05),ITGB1、CK19蛋白表达量升高(P<0.05)。结论FOXC1可促进表皮干细胞向汗腺细胞分化的表型改变,其作用可能与其能促进表皮干细胞增殖及上调Ca^(2+)、MMP-2、MMP-9表达有关。

肺转移性产黏液内分泌汗腺癌的临床病理学观察

目的探讨产黏液内分泌汗腺癌(EMPSGC)的临床病理特征、诊断及鉴别诊断。方法回顾性分析1例肺转移性EMPSGC患者的临床病理特征及免疫表型,并复习相关文献。结果患者男性,53岁,10年前患有左侧腋窝皮肤汗腺腺样囊性癌病史。患者3个月前,无明显诱因的出现咳嗽、咳痰症状,支气管镜活检标本病理组织学示:正常的支气管黏膜下方见肿瘤组织,肿瘤细胞呈实性、筛孔状结构,异型性不明显;瘤细胞内及细胞外见少量黏液;未见坏死。免疫组化示瘤细胞CK(P)、EMA、GATA3、AR、ER、PR、Mucin⁃2弥漫强阳性,INSM1中等阳性,Mammaglobin和GCDFP⁃15部分阳性,CK7、CK20、TTF⁃1、NapsinA、P63、Syn、CgA、S⁃100、CD117、Dog1和Pan⁃TRK均阴性,Ki⁃67增殖指数约10%。结论EMPSGC是一种少见的表达神经内分泌标记的低度恶性的汗腺肿瘤,可局部复发,极少数病例可发生远处转移。目前,仍需要更多的病例研究来探讨其复发风险因素及远处转移发生率。

汗腺的种植(附2例报告)

目的大面积深度烧伤治疗的半数致死面积(LA50)已达98%,但由于伤面切除植皮后无汗液分泌,使患者的生活质量显著下降。目前,由于烧伤治疗技术已趋成熟,存活者日益增多,因而汗腺再生的问题必须解决,而通过干细胞移植诱导再生汗腺是其中的重要方法之一。方法分离培养人骨髓间充质干细胞(MSCs)和人汗腺细胞(SGCs)并进行鉴定。通过共培养方式促进骨髓间充质干细胞向汗腺细胞分化。将具有汗腺表型的干细胞局部移植于裸鼠烫伤脚掌,观察汗腺组织再生修复情况,结合碘-淀粉发汗试验检测汗腺功能以判定治疗效果。在动物实验初步证明转化的汗腺细胞能发挥修复汗腺功能后,选择2例烧伤自愿患者。1例患者双上臂背侧均有相似的烧伤后遗留的瘢痕,经发汗腺试验证明无汗液分泌。抽取其骨髓并切取小块正常皮肤分离培养骨髓间充质干细胞和汗腺细胞进行共培养,诱导骨髓间充质干细胞获得汗腺细胞表型,通过自行设计的方案将该细胞种植于右侧切除瘢痕处。创面愈合后治疗侧行发汗试验、汗液成分分析以及组织学检查。另1例为颏颈挛缩、瘢痕切除解除挛缩的患者,在其1/3的创面上种植诱导的汗腺细胞,2个月后进行发汗试验。结果通过共培养方式培养的骨髓间充质干细胞表达汗腺细胞特异性标志,可获得汗腺细胞表型。发汗试验和形态学观察证实将具有汗腺细胞表型的干细胞移植于裸鼠脚掌的创面后,能显著促进受损汗腺的修复与再生。人体移植试验表明,种植诱导的汗腺细胞后患者创面愈合部位呈现出汗功能,对照部位发汗试验阴性,形态学检测显示移植汗腺的真皮浅层有大量癌胚抗原(CEA)阳性细胞,结构类似正常汗腺组织。汗液成分分析结果显示移植处收集的汗液与正常皮肤处收集的汗液具有类似的pH值、渗透压和化学组分。第2例创面移植汗腺细胞后发汗试验也呈阳性。结论干细胞能够在体外成功诱导为汗腺细胞,移植后在创面能形成具有功能的汗腺。但在大面积烧伤患者早期切除焦痂后进行汗腺修复能否获此功效,尚待进一步研究。