Solutions to Consider in Current Transformer Selection for APR1400 Nuclear Power Plant Medium Voltage Switchgears

This paper discusses a preferable solution to mitigate the CT （current transformer） saturation problem, and at same time, reduce the accuracy errors when considering the selection of CTs for installation on the medium voltage switchgear of a nuclear power plant. This consideration is important for both measurement and protection functions of the digital protective relays. This is a study to ascertain the best options for a suitable solution to prevent CT saturation in relations to its protective capabilities during short circuit fault without compromising the CT accuracy class during normal operation of the system, while ensuring its conformity to the design requirement is within limit. The advantages of current transformers have proven not only to be reliable and safe, but also are of easy handling, reduction of the cost and components on the MV （medium voltage） switchgear. The purpose of this research is to identify best approach to resolve the existing problems in the current protection system. With the view of LPCT （low power current transformer） which has been newly constructed by few manufacturers to provide good protection and a wide range of measuring function without errors, some other solutions will be considered in this research.

特高压GIS设备现场标准雷电冲击耐压试验技术的应用

气体绝缘金属封闭组合电器(GIS)在电力系统中应用广泛,其运行安全可靠对电力系统至关重要。现场雷电冲击耐压试验受制于设备体积和回路电感,难以在GIS变电站,尤其是特高压GIS变电站应用。本文分析了目前GIS设备冲击耐压试验现状,并从波形参数、电压极性和加压间隔时间等方面阐述了GIS设备冲击电压绝缘缺陷检出影响因素。基于研发的特高压GIS变电站现场冲击耐压试验用的可移动式气体绝缘标准雷电冲击试验成套设备,成功在1000 kV南京站和苏州站开展了现场标准雷电冲击耐压试验。

浅谈六氟化硫气体介质的危害

SF6气体因其优异的绝缘、灭弧性能及化学稳定性,已被广泛地应用在电力设备中,如高压断路器、变压器、互感器、电容器、避雷器、熔断器、管道母线等。随着SF6气体使用量的增加,范围的扩大,人们对其在使用过程中产生的危害有进一步的认识。至2030年,六氟化硫气体将被禁止使用。

温度对GIS绝缘子表面金属异物局部放电及闪络特性的影响

表面金属异物是造成气体绝缘全封闭组合电器(gas-insulated switchgear,GIS)绝缘子故障失效的重要原因。运行中的绝缘子不仅承受强电场作用,还承受温度场的作用,研究电–热耦合下绝缘子表面金属异物的局部放电和闪络特性,具有重要的实际意义。鉴于此,该文建立GIS绝缘子电场和温度场耦合试验平台,开展不同温度作用下绝缘子表面金属异物缺陷的局部放电和闪络特性研究。结果发现,绝缘子表面最高温度从25℃升高至75℃时,绝缘子表面2.5cm长金属异物缺陷的局部放电起始电压降低约16%;平均放电量从0.55pC增加至1.45pC;最大放电量从9.1pC增加至11.5pC;放电频次也从不足200次/s增加至近400次/s。不同电压下,不同尺寸金属异物局部放电特性随温度变化的规律基本一致;而温度对绝缘子表面金属异物缺陷的工频闪络电压的影响不显著。研究结果有助于进一步认识实际运行中在电–热耦合作用下,温度变化对绝缘子表面金属异物缺陷的局部放电和闪络特性的影响规律。

地电波方法在金属封闭式开关柜放电故障诊断中的应用(英文)

In order to solve the problems of TEV(transient earth voltage) utilization,such as single judgment criterion and low reliability of PD detection in HV switchboard,this paper discussed the method on how to make a better utilization of TEV in PD detection of metal-enclosed switchgears.Through discussing the relationship among the temporal phase,number of pulses and threshold of measuring and extracting the features corresponding to different typical defects,test results showed that the needle discharge distributed in 0°～90°and 200°～340°with low appearance probability above high measurement threshold;internal discharge distributed in 0°～90°and 270°～315°,and showed a similar decreasing trend under increasing of the threshold in the two regions;suspended discharge distributed in 0°～135°and 180°～315°where the PD in negative half periods decreased more seriously than those in positive half with increasing threshold.These results followed the doctrine of consistency with the conclusions that were obtained by using the traditional pulse current method.The possibility of using TEV method to make identification of PD defects has been proved to prepare for further research.

佛山地区500kV变电站设备运行缺陷分析

对广东佛山地区500kV变电站运行设备从缺陷类别、发现方法、设备种类、出现原因、电压等级等方面进行了统计分析和总结,并提出了针对性较强的消缺和预防措施,对500kV变电站的运行管理、维护、建设有一定的指导意义。

Non-Intrusive Magneto-Optic Detecting System for Investigations of Air Switching Arcs

In current investigations of electric arc plasmas, experiments based on modern testing technology play an important role. To enrich the testing methods and contribute to the understanding and grasping of the inherent mechanism of air switching arcs, in this paper, a nonintrusive detecting system is described that combines the magneto-optic imaging（MOI） technique with the solution to inverse electromagnetic problems. The detecting system works in a sequence of main steps as follows： MOI of the variation of the arc flux density over a plane, magnetic field information extracted from the magneto-optic（MO） images, arc current density distribution and spatial pattern reconstruction by inverting the resulting field data. Correspondingly, in the system, an MOI set-up is designed based on the Faraday effect and the polarization properties of light, and an intelligent inversion algorithm is proposed that involves simulated annealing（SA）.Experiments were carried out for high current（2 kA RMS） discharge cases in a typical low-voltage switchgear. The results show that the MO detection system possesses the advantages of visualization, high resolution and response, and electrical insulation, which provides a novel diagnostics tool for further studies of the arc.

Statistical characteristics of transient enclosure voltage in ultra-high-voltage gas-insulated switchgear

Transient enclosure voltage（TEV）,which is a phenomenon induced by the inner dielectric breakdown of SF_6 during disconnector operations in a gas-insulated switchgear（GIS）,may cause issues relating to shock hazard and electromagnetic interference to secondary equipment.This is a critical factor regarding the electromagnetic compatibility of ultra-high-voltage（UHV）substations.In this paper,the statistical characteristics of TEV at UHV level are collected from field experiments,and are analyzed and compared to those from a repeated strike process.The TEV waveforms during disconnector operations are recorded by a self-developed measurement system first.Then,statistical characteristics,such as the pulse number,duration of pulses,frequency components,magnitude and single pulse duration,are extracted.The transmission line theory is introduced to analyze the TEV and is validated by the experimental results.Finally,the relationship between the TEV and the repeated strike process is analyzed.This proves that the pulse voltage of the TEV is proportional to the corresponding breakdown voltage.The results contribute to the definition of the standard testing waveform of the TEV,and can aid the protection of electronic devices in substations by minimizing the threat of this phenomenon.

单壁碳纳米管气体传感器在GIS局部放电检测中的应用(英文)

This paper describes a realizable fabrication method to manufacture chemical gas sensors by using singlewalled carbon nanotubes(SWCNTs).The sensors were tested for the monitoring of SF_6 decomposition gas produced by partial discharge(PD) in GIS tank.The results showed a superior sensitivity,favorable reliability and good reproducibility. For further clarifying the relativity between sensor response and partial discharge activity,the discharge in GIS tank was monitored simultaneously through conventional pulse current method and a SWCNTs gas sensor,and the measurement results were put together for comparative analysis in this paper.The sensor response showed a great dependence on partial discharge characteristics.The sensor response increased nearly linearly with limits when the energy of discharge was persistently accumulated.Partial discharge power had a great influence on the response rate and the time delay.With the increase of partial discharge power,the response rate augmented almost in proportion while the time delay gradually becomes shorter with limits.The results were quite favorable to assess the partial discharge intensity and duration to some extent.Compared with pulse current method,the sensor was predominant to detect partial discharge exposed to constantly high levels of noise.It was capable of detecting partial discharge which was too weak to be detected with pulse current method.However,the sensor response didn't show much dependency on the apparent discharge of partial discharge.

THE STUDY ON MEASURING TECHNIQUE OF PARTIAL DISCHARGE IN GAS INSULATED SWITCHGEAR USING ULTRA HIGH FREQUENCY METHOD WITH EXTERNAL SENSORS

Objective In order to find early latent faults and prevent catastrophic failures, diagnosis of insulation condition by measuring technique of partial discharge(PD) in gas insulated switchgear (GIS) is applied in this paper, which is one of the most basic ways for diagnosis of insulation condition. Methods Ultra high frequency(UHF) PD detection method by using internal sensors has been proved efficient, because it may avoid the disturbance of corona, but the sensor installation of this method will be limited by the structure and operation condition of GIS. There are some of electromagnetic (E-M) waves leak from the place of insulation spacer, therefore, the external sensors UHF measuring PD technique is applied, which isn't limited by the operation condition of GIS. Results This paper analyzes propagated electromagnetic (E-M) waves of partial discharge pulse excited by using the finite-difference time-domain (FDTD) method. The signal collected at the outer point is more complex than that of the inner point, and the signals' amplitude of outer is about half of the inner, because it propagates through spacer and insulation slot. Set up UHF PD measuring system. The typical PD in 252kV GIS bus bar was measured using PD detection UHF technique with external sensors. Finally, compare the results of UHF measuring technique using external sensors with the results of FDTD method simulation and the traditional IEC60270 method detection. Conclusion The results of experiment shows that the UHF technique can realize the diagnosis of insulation condition, the results of FDTD method simulation and the result UHF method detection can demonstrate each other, which gives references to further researches and application for UHF PD measuring technique.

Denoising Method for Partial Discharge Signal of Switchgear Based on Continuous Adaptive Wavelet Threshold

Partial discharge(PD)is an important reason for the insulation failure of the switchgear.In the process of PD detection,PD signal is often annihilated in strong noise.In order to improve the accuracy of PD detection in power plant switchgear,a method based on continuous adaptive wavelet threshold switchgear PD signals denoising is proposed in this paper.By constructing a continuous adaptive threshold function and introducing adjustment parameters,the problems of over⁃processing of traditional hard threshold functions and incomplete denoising of soft threshold functions can be improved.The analysis results of simulated signals and measured signals show that the continuous adaptive wavelet threshold denoising method is significantly better than the traditional denoising method for the PD signal.The proposed method in this paper retains the characteristics of the original signal.Compared with the traditional denoising methods,after denoising the simulated signals,the signal⁃to⁃noise ratio(SNR)is increased by more than 30%,and the root⁃mean⁃square error(RMSE)is reduced by more than 30%.After denoising the real signal,the noise suppression ratio(NRR)is increased by more than 40%.The recognition accuracy rate of PD signal has also been improved to a certain extent,which proves that the method has a certain practicability.

A Novel Modularizing Design Method of 10 kV High Voltage Switchgear for Live Maintenance

Due to imperfect manufacturing technology, design defects and environmental impact, the failure rate of 10 kV switchgear is very high. For this reason, based on taken present situation of traditional switchgear and the current technical requirements for switchgear into account, a new reliable and safe modular high voltage switchgear design method is presented in this paper, which can reduce the failure rate of switchgear and improve the reliability of power supply. The electric field and temperature rise simulation model are established to check the reasonability and validity. By using the finite element software, the simulation results show that the design in this paper has a maximum temperature rise of 55 K for the main cabinet and a maximum temperature rise of 45 K for the deputy cabinet, which is far below the international standard of 70 K. The areas where the partial discharge is likely to occur within the switchgear are places such as the connection between bus-bar and cabinet, bus-bar joint and bus-bar corner. In order to avoid potential dangers, the discharge point must be located in time to prevent insulation fault of electrical equipment of the high voltage switchgear. The simulation results demonstrate that the design method in this paper greatly improve the reliability of switchgear and meets the demands of power system.

Overview of development, design, testing and application of compact gas-insulated DC systems up to ±550 kV

The development of high-voltage direct current gas-insulated switchgear assemblies(DC GIS)of rated voltages up to±550 kV has been completed.DC GIS provide a compact technical solution with a high functional density,optimized for projects with limited space as in offshore HVDC converter platforms,onshore HVDC converter stations and transition stations between different transmission media.Up to now,no standards for testing of gas-insulated DC systems are available,although pre-standardization work is in progress within CIGRE.Some tests can be performed as required in AC GIS standards.Special aspects of DC voltage stress,like the electric field distribution of insulators influenced by the accumulation of electrical charge carriers and the operation-related inhomogeneous temperature distribution,must be considered by additional electric and thermoelectric tests.For DC GIS,the experience of long-term performance is limited today.Although ageing is expected to be of lower importance,tests are recommended.This contribution summarizes the physical and technical background to design and develop compact DC switchgear assemblies using gas-insulated technology.It explains the developed modules of the substation and gives an overview of the performed tests.Furthermore,it provides an insight in the on-going standardization activities and describes applications in converter and transition stations,showing its space-saving characteristics.

Automatic wiring method for switchgear design

An automatic 3D wiring method for switchgear design is proposed in this paper. First, wiring constraints are created, and a corresponding evaluation model is proposed. Then, based on the structure of the cabinet, we propose a contour expansion scheme to construct rough paths. Different wiring features of the switchgear are used to connect rough local paths. All the paths are represented in a uniform data structure and forma path network. Finally, an improved A* algorithm is used to search the wiring path between the components in the routing network; the evaluation model is considered as heuristic rules for path searching. The result can satisfy the practical requirements of switchgear design. Experimental results are also provided.

六氟化硫组合开关设备在鲁新煤矿的应用

六氟化硫负荷开关是一种开断能力比较强的开关.普通的负荷开关采用的是空气灭弧,而六氟化硫负荷开关触头密封于六氟化硫气仓内,利用六氟化硫的高绝缘性能灭弧.。随着国民经济的发展需要,高压配电SF6的装置广泛应用于城区变电站、工业变电站。做好SF6的安装、维护,能保证电力系统的安全运行。

Design of Distributed Temperature Measurement System for Switchgear

This paper develops a novel distributed temperature measurement system based on DSP and DS18B20 digital thermometer. The real-time temperature of each node in the switchgear is obtained by several DS18B20s which are connected on the 1-wire bus together. RS-485 master-slave communication protocol is used to centralize monitoring temperatures of several switchgear cabinets. The system also has the function of temperature alarm. The operation of simulation experiment has showed that the system is able to complete monitoring real-time temperatures in high voltage switchgear.

A Wireless Solution for Train Switchgear Contact Temperature Monitoring and Alarming System Based on Wireless Communication Technology

We present a temperature monitoring and warning system, which is based on wireless communi- cation technology and applied in train switchgear in this paper. The system is consists of three parts, including wireless temperature detection module, inter-vehicle transmission networks module and?remote monitoring server. The switchgear contact temperature data are collected via the wireless temperature detection module and exchanged in inter-vehicle wireless networking by Zigbee modules. Then the temperature of train switchgear cabinets can be monitored remotely through the GPRS wireless communication.

Shanghai Hua Tong Switchgear Works -A Major Switchgear Manufacturer for Power Transmission, Substation and Distribution in China

Founded in 1919, Shanghai Hua Tong Switchgear Works ("HTSW" in short for below) is one of large enterprises on state level. With high and new technology, it is designed as an export base for mechanical and electrical product of the Ministry of Machinery Industry as well. It has been awarded the honor of first grade factory in the competition for key and major project construction in Shanghai year by year,

220kV GIS设备出厂试验探讨

GIS是Gas-insulated metal-enclosed Switchgear中主要单词首字母缩写即气体绝缘金属封闭开关设备通常成为高压开关设备。本文对核电站用220kV GIS设备出厂试验包含的试验项目、试验目的、试验实施等进行了较详细的论述。220kV是电网系统标称电压,设备一般以最高电压Um的有效值命名产品型号,这也符合国标GB/T11022《高压开关设备和控制设备标准的共用技术要求》中4.2.1、GB311.1-2012《高压输变电设备绝缘配合》表2中的规定。电压等级220kV和252kV为同一等级,某核电站220kV GIS设备主要的出厂试验项目有:回路电阻测量、SF6水份测量、SF6气密试验、雷电冲击试验、耐压及局部放电测量。