The neon flying squid(Ommastrephes bartramii) is a short-lived opportunistic species widely distributed in subtropical and temperate waters in the North Pacific Ocean. The life cycle of O. bartramii from planktonic eg...The neon flying squid(Ommastrephes bartramii) is a short-lived opportunistic species widely distributed in subtropical and temperate waters in the North Pacific Ocean. The life cycle of O. bartramii from planktonic eggs to nektonic adults is closely linked to oceanographic conditions. The fluctuations in O. bartramii abundance and distribution tend to increase and widen continuously due to the heavy influences of ocean-climate events on various spatio-temporal scales. In this study, we reviewed the interaction between O. bartramii and oceanography variability in the North Pacific with respect to large-scale climatic-oceanic phenomena including El Ni?o, La Ni?a, Kuroshio, Oyashio and Pacific Decadal Oscillation(PDO), as well as regional environmental variables such as sea surface temperature(SST), sea surface height(SSH), sea surface salinity(SSS), chlorophyll-a(Chl-a) concentration, and plankton density. The population dynamics of O. bartramii is mediated mainly by meso- and large-scale climatic-oceanic events(e.g., Kuroshio and Oyashio Currents) rather than other local environmental conditions(e.g., SST and Chl-a concentration), because all of the oceanographic influences are imposed on the context of large-scale climate changes(e.g., PDO). An unstructured-grid finitevolume coastal ocean model coupled with an individual-based model is proposed to simulate relevant physical-biological oceanographic processes for identifying ocean-climate influence and predicting O. bartramii distribution and abundance in the North Pacific. Future research needs to be focused on improving the knowledge about early life history of O. bartramii and evaluating the relationship between marine physical environment and two separate passive drifting life stages of O. bartramii including free-floating eggs and planktonic paralarvae.展开更多
The Indo-Pacific convergence region is the best target to solve the teo remaining challenges of the plate tectonics theory,i.e.,subduction initiation and the driving force of plate tectonics.Recent studies proposed th...The Indo-Pacific convergence region is the best target to solve the teo remaining challenges of the plate tectonics theory,i.e.,subduction initiation and the driving force of plate tectonics.Recent studies proposed that the Izu-Bonin subduction initiation belongs to spontaneous initiation,which implies that it started from extension,followed by low angle subduction.Numerical geodynamic modeling suggests that the initiation of plate subduction likely occurred along a transform fault,which put the young spreading ridge in direct contact with old oceanic crust.This,however,does not explain the simultaneous subduction initiation in the west Pacific region in the Cenozoic.Namely,the subduction initiations in the Izu-BoninMariana,the Aleutian,and the Tonga-Kermadec trenches are associated with oceanic crusts of different ages,yet they occurred at roughly the same time,suggesting that they were all triggered by a maj or change in the Pacific plate.Moreover,low angle subduction induces compression rather than extension,which requires external compression forces.Given that the famous Hawaiian-Emperor bending occurred roughly at the same time with the onset of westward subductions in the west Pacific,we propose that these Cenozoic subductions were initiated by the steering of the Pacific plate,which are classified as induced initiation.Induced subduction initiation usually occurs in young ocean basins,forming single-track subduction.The closure s of Neo-Tethys Oceans were likely triggered by plume s in the south,forming northward subductions.Interestingly,the Indian plate kept on moving northward more than 50 Ma after the collision between the Indian and Eurasian continents and the break-off of the subducted oceanic slab attached to it.This strongly suggests that slab pull is not the main driving force of plate tectonics,whereas slab sliding is.展开更多
This paper recalls the 1942 Rose Bowl game,which was relocated from its traditional site at Pasadena,California,to Duke University in Durham,North Carolina.The Tournament of Roses nearly cancelled the game after a gov...This paper recalls the 1942 Rose Bowl game,which was relocated from its traditional site at Pasadena,California,to Duke University in Durham,North Carolina.The Tournament of Roses nearly cancelled the game after a government request to avoid large crowds on the West Coast,in light of the Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor.Duke,originally selected as the visiting team to play Pacific Coast Conference champion Oregon State University,resolved the dilemma by offering to stage the game at its campus stadium.Duke Stadium had a capacity of only 35,000,much smaller than the Rose Bowl stadium,and 20,000 temporary seats from nearby University of North Carolina and North Carolina State University were added to accommodate fans.On the strength of a 13-point third quarter,Oregon State upset undefeated Duke,20-16,in the 28th Rose Bowl game.The game returned to Pasadena the following year.With Allied victory at the Battle of Midway and stabilization of the Pacific Theater of war,the West Coast was considered secure enough to host large events.The move of the 1942 Rose Bowl was the first of many impacts on sport generally and college football in particular caused by World War II.With male enrollment reduced drastically,many colleges and universities did not field a football team for one or more seasons during the war.Prominent players were killed in action,including some who competed in the 1942 Rose Bowl.Coaches likewise joined the war effort,notably Wallace Wade of Duke.Following the war,the readjustment of servicemen extended to the gridiron,as football rosters included many veterans.Yet the 1942 Rose Bowl has new relevance beyond its 75th anniversary.The 2008 Southeastern Conference men’s basketball tournament was moved when a tornado struck Atlanta.In 2015 terrorists attacked a soccer stadium in Paris,raising new consciousness of the global threat of terrorism.Sport managers strive to make events safe,not only at the venue,but within an expanding perimeter.展开更多
Dogtooth tuna,Gymnosarda unicolor were sampled off the east coast of Australia(southwest Pacific Ocean)from 2007 to 2012.Ages were determined by examining thin transverse sections of their sagittal otoliths and were b...Dogtooth tuna,Gymnosarda unicolor were sampled off the east coast of Australia(southwest Pacific Ocean)from 2007 to 2012.Ages were determined by examining thin transverse sections of their sagittal otoliths and were based on counts of alternating opaque and translucent zones(annual growth increments).Growth was rapid during the first year of life,after which growth in length was much reduced.Parameters of the constrained von Bertalanffy growth function(fork length-at-age)were L∞=1164.77(mm,FL)and K=0.44 year^(-1).Preliminary estimates of longevity indicate a maximum observed age of at least 20 years.There was a high degree of variation in the observed length and age of sexual maturity for G.unicolor.Despite this variation,the size at 50%maturity for female G.unicolor estimated in this study was 713 mm FL(<2 years of age).The diet of G.unicolor is very broad and covers a range of fish species.The life history characteristics of G.unicolor overall,indicate that this species may be somewhat resilient to fishing.However,reports of localised depletions,in association with heavy targeting by sports fishers,low effective population sizes and patchy recruitment indicate that this species is particularly vulnerable to overfishing.展开更多
基金financially supported by the National High-Tech R&D Program(863 Program)of China(2012AA092303)the Project of Shanghai Science and Technology Innovation(12231203900)+3 种基金the Industrialization Program of National Development and Reform Commission(2159999)the National Key Technologies R&D Program of China(2013BAD13B00)the Shanghai Universities First-Class Disciplines Project(Fisheries A)the Funding Program for Outstanding Dissertations in Shanghai Ocean University
文摘The neon flying squid(Ommastrephes bartramii) is a short-lived opportunistic species widely distributed in subtropical and temperate waters in the North Pacific Ocean. The life cycle of O. bartramii from planktonic eggs to nektonic adults is closely linked to oceanographic conditions. The fluctuations in O. bartramii abundance and distribution tend to increase and widen continuously due to the heavy influences of ocean-climate events on various spatio-temporal scales. In this study, we reviewed the interaction between O. bartramii and oceanography variability in the North Pacific with respect to large-scale climatic-oceanic phenomena including El Ni?o, La Ni?a, Kuroshio, Oyashio and Pacific Decadal Oscillation(PDO), as well as regional environmental variables such as sea surface temperature(SST), sea surface height(SSH), sea surface salinity(SSS), chlorophyll-a(Chl-a) concentration, and plankton density. The population dynamics of O. bartramii is mediated mainly by meso- and large-scale climatic-oceanic events(e.g., Kuroshio and Oyashio Currents) rather than other local environmental conditions(e.g., SST and Chl-a concentration), because all of the oceanographic influences are imposed on the context of large-scale climate changes(e.g., PDO). An unstructured-grid finitevolume coastal ocean model coupled with an individual-based model is proposed to simulate relevant physical-biological oceanographic processes for identifying ocean-climate influence and predicting O. bartramii distribution and abundance in the North Pacific. Future research needs to be focused on improving the knowledge about early life history of O. bartramii and evaluating the relationship between marine physical environment and two separate passive drifting life stages of O. bartramii including free-floating eggs and planktonic paralarvae.
基金the Strategic Priority Research Program(B)of the Chinese Academy of Sciences(No.XDB42020203,XDB18020102)the National Key R&D Program of China(No.2016YFC0600408)the Taishan Scholar Program of Shandong(No.TS201712075)。
文摘The Indo-Pacific convergence region is the best target to solve the teo remaining challenges of the plate tectonics theory,i.e.,subduction initiation and the driving force of plate tectonics.Recent studies proposed that the Izu-Bonin subduction initiation belongs to spontaneous initiation,which implies that it started from extension,followed by low angle subduction.Numerical geodynamic modeling suggests that the initiation of plate subduction likely occurred along a transform fault,which put the young spreading ridge in direct contact with old oceanic crust.This,however,does not explain the simultaneous subduction initiation in the west Pacific region in the Cenozoic.Namely,the subduction initiations in the Izu-BoninMariana,the Aleutian,and the Tonga-Kermadec trenches are associated with oceanic crusts of different ages,yet they occurred at roughly the same time,suggesting that they were all triggered by a maj or change in the Pacific plate.Moreover,low angle subduction induces compression rather than extension,which requires external compression forces.Given that the famous Hawaiian-Emperor bending occurred roughly at the same time with the onset of westward subductions in the west Pacific,we propose that these Cenozoic subductions were initiated by the steering of the Pacific plate,which are classified as induced initiation.Induced subduction initiation usually occurs in young ocean basins,forming single-track subduction.The closure s of Neo-Tethys Oceans were likely triggered by plume s in the south,forming northward subductions.Interestingly,the Indian plate kept on moving northward more than 50 Ma after the collision between the Indian and Eurasian continents and the break-off of the subducted oceanic slab attached to it.This strongly suggests that slab pull is not the main driving force of plate tectonics,whereas slab sliding is.
文摘This paper recalls the 1942 Rose Bowl game,which was relocated from its traditional site at Pasadena,California,to Duke University in Durham,North Carolina.The Tournament of Roses nearly cancelled the game after a government request to avoid large crowds on the West Coast,in light of the Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor.Duke,originally selected as the visiting team to play Pacific Coast Conference champion Oregon State University,resolved the dilemma by offering to stage the game at its campus stadium.Duke Stadium had a capacity of only 35,000,much smaller than the Rose Bowl stadium,and 20,000 temporary seats from nearby University of North Carolina and North Carolina State University were added to accommodate fans.On the strength of a 13-point third quarter,Oregon State upset undefeated Duke,20-16,in the 28th Rose Bowl game.The game returned to Pasadena the following year.With Allied victory at the Battle of Midway and stabilization of the Pacific Theater of war,the West Coast was considered secure enough to host large events.The move of the 1942 Rose Bowl was the first of many impacts on sport generally and college football in particular caused by World War II.With male enrollment reduced drastically,many colleges and universities did not field a football team for one or more seasons during the war.Prominent players were killed in action,including some who competed in the 1942 Rose Bowl.Coaches likewise joined the war effort,notably Wallace Wade of Duke.Following the war,the readjustment of servicemen extended to the gridiron,as football rosters included many veterans.Yet the 1942 Rose Bowl has new relevance beyond its 75th anniversary.The 2008 Southeastern Conference men’s basketball tournament was moved when a tornado struck Atlanta.In 2015 terrorists attacked a soccer stadium in Paris,raising new consciousness of the global threat of terrorism.Sport managers strive to make events safe,not only at the venue,but within an expanding perimeter.
文摘Dogtooth tuna,Gymnosarda unicolor were sampled off the east coast of Australia(southwest Pacific Ocean)from 2007 to 2012.Ages were determined by examining thin transverse sections of their sagittal otoliths and were based on counts of alternating opaque and translucent zones(annual growth increments).Growth was rapid during the first year of life,after which growth in length was much reduced.Parameters of the constrained von Bertalanffy growth function(fork length-at-age)were L∞=1164.77(mm,FL)and K=0.44 year^(-1).Preliminary estimates of longevity indicate a maximum observed age of at least 20 years.There was a high degree of variation in the observed length and age of sexual maturity for G.unicolor.Despite this variation,the size at 50%maturity for female G.unicolor estimated in this study was 713 mm FL(<2 years of age).The diet of G.unicolor is very broad and covers a range of fish species.The life history characteristics of G.unicolor overall,indicate that this species may be somewhat resilient to fishing.However,reports of localised depletions,in association with heavy targeting by sports fishers,low effective population sizes and patchy recruitment indicate that this species is particularly vulnerable to overfishing.
