Decrepitation Thermometry and Compositions of Fluid Inclusions of the Damoqujia Gold Deposit,Jiaodong Gold Province,China:Implications for Metallogeny and Exploration

The recently discovered Damoqujia （大磨曲家） gold deposit is a large shear zone-hosted gold deposit of disseminated sulphides located in the north of the Zhaoping （招平） fault zone, Jiaodong （胶东） gold province, China. In order to distinguish the temperature range of cluster inclusions from different mineralization stages and measure their compositions, 16 fluid inclusions and 5 isotopic geochemistry samples were collected for this study. Corresponding to different mineralization stages, the multirange peaks of quartz decrepitation temperature （250-270, 310-360 and 380-430℃） indicate that the activity of ore-forming fluids is characterized by multistage. The ore-forming fluids were predominantly of high-temperature fluid system （HTFS） by CO2-rich, and SO4^2--K^＋ type magmatic fluid during the early stage of mineralization and were subsequently affected by low-temperature fluid system （LTFS） of CH4-rich, and Cl^--Na^＋/Ca^2＋ type meteoric fluid during the late stage of mineralization. Gold is transferred by Au-HS^- complex in the HTFS, and Au-Cl^- complex can be more important in the LTFS. The transition of fluids from deeper to shallow environments results in mixing between the HTFS and LTFS, which might be one of the most key reasons for gold precipitation and large-scale mineralization. The ore-forming fluids are characterized by high-temperature, strong-activity, and superimposed mineralization, so that there is a great probability of forming large and rich ore deposit in the Damoqujia gold deposit. The main bodies are preserved and extend toward deeper parts, thereby suggesting a great potential in future.

Effect of arc on radiation thermometry in welding process

The effect of arc on radiation thermometry is analyzed in a field close to the arc during the welding process, and the ratio of signal to noise and other factors are obtained for a small current arc .The method of the temperature measurement is feasible when the arc current is decreased to a smaller value in the welding process.

Using zircon saturation thermometry of source magma in strongly altered volcanic ashes

The present study deals with the possibilities of applying the zircon saturation thermometry, which is based on the equilibrium between the zircon crystals and the melt, to strongly altered volcanic ashes—bentonites. It proposes an alternative to a widely used method of calculating magma temperature from Zr content and major component composition(Boehnke in Chem Geol351:324–333, 2013), that is not suitable for bentonites, as most of the major components have been largely altered in these rocks. For calculating source magma temperatures in strongly altered volcanic ashes, the exponential function from the Zr(ppm)/Al_(2)O_(3)(%) ratio with compositional corrections from the TiO_(2)/Al_(2)O_(3) ratio was found applicable. The idea to use the ratios of these elements is based on the low mobility of these elements in the earth’s surface conditions. Temperatures of magma, forming in the partial melting process, are assessed from the bulk rock composition. Pre-eruption temperatures were estimated from the composition of fine fractions of bentonites. The accuracy of the new method was established from comparison with the method by Boehnke et al.(Chem Geol 351:324–333,2013). The difference between the two methods was mostly less than ± 30° to ± 50°. The comparison with the magma temperature, estimated from the sanidine composition,revealed 13° lower values on average. Although the proposed method for estimating the source magma temperatures is less precise than the method of accounting for detailed rock compositions, it can be used in strongly altered rocks, where other methods are not usable. The new method still enables differentiation between felsic source magmas originating at low or high temperatures. Early Palaeozoic bentonites in the Baltic Basin can be divided,according to the source magma temperatures, into two types:(1) Low temperature(650–790 ℃), containing potassium-rich sanidine and abundant biotite(S type),(2)high temperature(770–850 ℃) with sodium-rich sanidine and scarce biotite(I type).

Exposure to Long Magnetic Resonance Imaging Thermometry Does Not Cause Significant DNA Double-Strand Breaks on CF-1 Mice

The purpose of the study was to investigate if the high gradient strength and slew rate used for long MRI-thermometry monitoring could cause DNA double-stranded breaks (DSBs). To this end, an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) was used to quantify γH2AX, a molecular marker for DSBs, in the blood of mice after a 6-hour exposure to magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). Fourteen CF-1 female mice were separated into 4 experimental groups: Untreated negative control, MRI-treated, MRI-Control, and exposed to ionizing radiation positive control. Untreated negative control was used as a baseline for ELISA to quantify γH2AX. MRI-treated consisted of a 6-hour continuous magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) echo planar imaging (EPI) sequence with a slew rate of 192 mT/m/s constituting a significantly longer imaging time than routine clinical imaging. MRI-control mice were maintained under the same conditions outside the MRI scanner for 6-hours. Mice in the irradiation group served as a positive control of DSBs and were exposed to either 2 Gy, 5 Gy or 10 Gy of ionizing radiation. DSBs in the blood lymphocytes from the treatment groups were analyzed using the γH2AX ELISA and compared. Total protein concentration in lysates was determined for each blood sample and averaged 1 ± 0.35 mg/mL. Irradiated positive controls were used to test radiation dose-dependency of the γH2AX ELISA assay where a linear dependency on radiation exposure was observed (r2 = 0.93) between untreated and irradiated samples. Mean and standard error mean of γH2AX formation were calculated and compared between each treatment group. Repeated measures 1-way ANOVA showed statistically significant differences between the means of irradiated controls and both the MRI-control and MRI-treated groups. There was no statistically significant difference between the MRI-treated samples and the MRI-control groups. Our results show that long MRI exposure at a high slew rate did not cause increased levels of γH2AX when compared to control mice, suggesting that no increase in DSBs was caused by the long MR thermometry imaging session. The novelty of this work contradicts other studies that have suggested MRI may cause DSBs;this work suggests an alternative cause of DNA damage.

Dynamic manipulation of multimodal emission in Er^(3+)-activated non-core-shell structure for optical thermometry and information security

Regulating luminescent dynamics of lanthanide-based luminescent materials via external stimuli is of great significance in the fields of optical thermometry and high-level anti-counterfeiting.However,it is still a huge challenge to realize multimodal emissions with tunable color outputs from a single activator in simple structures via smart dynamic control of photon transition processes.Herein,we present a mechanistic strategy to achieve multimodal luminescence of Er^(3+)activators with color-switchable outputs in a non-core-shell host.Under the control of excitation dynamics(λ_(ex)=980,808,1532,377 nm),the population among the intermediate en ergy levels of Er^(3+)and the interaction between Er^(3+)and Yb^(3+)could be precisely modulated through energy transfer and migration processes,leading to the generation of colortunable multimodal luminescence upon diverse excitation modes(non-steady-state,single-/dual-wavelength steady,thermal activation).Inspired by its special luminescent performance,the as-obtained material exhibits great potential in noncontact thermometry,multimodal anticounterfeiting,and high-capacity information encryption by performing a series of proof-of-concept experiments.Our findings might provide a conceptual model to modulate the luminescent dynamics in a simple-structured system for the generation of color-adjustable multimodal emissions,which is convenient for the development of advanced luminescent materials toward versatile cuttingedge applications.

Multi-point temperature measurements in packed beds using phosphor thermometry and ray tracing simulations

Packed bed reactors are commonly found in the process industry,for example in flame-assisted calci-nation for cement production.Understanding the heat transfer inside the bed is essential for process control,product quality and energy efficiency.Here we propose a technique to determine the internal temperature distribution of packed beds based on a combination of lifetime-based phosphor ther-mometry,ray tracing simulations,and assimilation of temperature data using finite element heat transfer simulations.To establish and validate the technique,we considered a reproducible regular packing of 6 mm diameter aluminum spheres,with one of the spheres in the top layer being electrically heated.If a sphere inside the packing is coated with thermographic phosphors and excitation light is directed to-wards the packing,luminescence from the coated sphere exits the packed bed after multiple reflection and the sphere's temperature can be determined.Isothermal measurements showed that the temper-ature obtained by phosphor thermometry is independent of the luminescent sphere location.When imaging the luminescence on a camera,the luminescence distribution in recorded image depended,however,on the position of the sphere.Therefore,in setups with multiple phosphor-coated spheres,their signals can be separated using a least squares fit.We demonstrate the approach using a setup with three luminescent spheres and validated the temperature readings against thermocouple measurements.To obtain the spatial signatures for individual sphere positions required for the least squares fit,ray tracing simulations were used.These provide an efficient alternative to single sphere measurements that are only practical for regular spherical packed beds.Multi-point measurements were used as input to a finite element heat transfer simulations to determine parameters such as particle-to-particle air gap distance.With these,the full temperature distribution inside the bed could be assimilated from the measured values.

Bi^(3+)-activated dual-wavelength emitting phosphors toward effective optical thermometry

Optical thermometry as an important local temperature-sensing technique,has received increasing attention in scientific and industrial areas.However,it is still a big challenge to develop luminescent materials with self-activated dual-wavelength emissions toward high-sensitivity optical thermometers.Herein,a novel ratiometric thermometric strategy of Bi^(3+)-activated dual-wavelength emission band was realized in the same lattice position with two local electronic states of La_(3)Sb_(1-x)Ta_xO_(7):Bi^(3+)(0≤x≤1.0)materials based on the different temperature-dependent emission behaviors,benefiting from the highlysensitive and regulable emission to the coordination environment of Bi^(3+).The structural and spectral results demonstrate that the emission tremendously shifted from green to blue with 68 nm and the intensity was enhanced 2.6 times.Especially,the visual dual-wavelength emitting from two emission centers was presented by increasing the Ta^(5+)substitution concentration to 20%or 25%,mainly originating from the two local electronic states around the Bi^(3+)emission center.Significantly,the dual-wavelength with different thermal-quenching performance provided high-temperature sensitivity and good discrimination signals for optical thermometry in the range between 303 and 493 K.The maximum relative sensitivity reached 2.64%/K(La_(3)Sb_(0.8)Ta_(0.2)O_(7):0.04Bi^(3+)@383 K)and 1.91%/K(La_(3)Sb_(0.75)Ta_(0.25)O_(7):0.04Bi^(3+)@388 K).This work reveals a rational design strategy of different local electronic states around the singledoping multiple emission centers towards practical applications,such as luminescence thermometry and white LED lighting.

Multi-ratio optical thermometry and energy storage characteristics of Yb^(3+)/Er^(3+)/Tm^(3+)doped BaNb_(2)O_(6)transparent glass-ceramics

In order to meet the needs of new materials gradually developing towards miniaturization,integration,and light weight,multifunctional BaNb_(2)O_(6):Yb^(3+)/Er^(3+)/Tm^(3+)transparent glass-ceramics were success-fully prepared by melt quenching and controllable crystallization.Its structure,luminescence,and en-ergy transmission were studied.Using the opposite temperature dependence of the Tm^(3+)emission band and the corresponding large energy level gap,a maximum relative sensitivity of 2.3%K^(-1)based on thermal coupling levels(TCLs)is obtained in a wide temperature range(298-673 K).The multi-ratio optical thermometry based on TCLs and non-TCLs is successfully realized by using the different emission bands of double emission centers,which makes it possible for self-reference optical temperature measurement modes.In addition,the transparent glass-ceramic exhibits excellent electrical properties under 700 kV cm^(-1)electric field:high discharge energy density(W_(d)=0.99 J cm^(-3)),huge instantaneous power density(225.3 MW cm^(-3)),and ultra-fast discharge rate(T_(0.9)≤15.8 ns).The prepared glass-ceramic is expected to be a new type of lead-free multifunctional photoelectric material for temperature sensors and transparent electronic devices.

Effects of content and particle size of TiH2 powders on the energy output rules of RDX composite explosives

In order to improve the detonation characteristics of RDX,a RDX-based composite explosive with TiH_(2)powders was prepared.The effects of content and particle size of TiH_(2)powders on thermal safety,shock wave parameters and thermal damage effects of RDX-based composite explosive were studied with the C80 microcalorimeter,air blast experiment system and colorimetric thermometry method.Experimental results showed that TiH_(2)powders could enhance the thermal stability of RDX-based composite explosive and increase its ultimate decomposition heat.The content and particle size of TiH_(2)powders also had significant effects on the thermal safety,detonation velocity,shock wave parameters,fireball temperature and duration of RDX-based composite explosives.Furthermore,the differences of TiH_(2)and Ti powders on the detonation energy output rules of RDX-based composite explosives were also compared,showing that TiH_(2)powders had better influences on improving the explosion power and thermal damage effect of RDX-based composite explosives than Ti powders,for the participation of free H_(2)released by TiH_(2)powders in the detonation process.TiH_(2)powders have important research values as a novel energetic additive in the field of military composite explosives.

Er^(3+)/Yb^(3+)/Li^+/Zn^(2+):Gd_2(MoO_4)_3 upconverting nanophosphors in optical thermometry

Er^(3+)-Yb^(3+)-Li^+:Gd_2(MoO_4)_3 and Er^(3+)-Yb^(3+)-Zn^(2+):Gd_2(MoO_4)_3 nanophosphors, synthesized by chemical co-precipitation technique were characterized through XRD,FESEM,dynamic light scattering(DLS),diffuse reflectance, photoluminescence, photometric and decay time analysis. The enhancement of about～28, ～149 and ～351 times in the green upconversion emission band is observed for the optimized Er^(3+)-Yb^(3+),Er^(3+)-Yb^(3+)-Li^+ and Er^(3+)-Yb^(3+)-Zn^(2+):Gd_2(MoO_4)_3 nanophosphors in comparison to the singly Er^(3+) doped nanophosphors. The electric dipole-dipole interaction is found to be responsible for the concentration quenching. The temperature dependent behaviour of the two green thermally coupled levels of the Er^(3+) ions based on the fluorescence intensity ratio technique was studied. The maximum sensor sensitivity ～38.7 × 10^(-3) K^(-1) at 473 K for optimized Er^(3+)-Yb^(3+)-Zn^(2+) codoped Gd_2(MoO_4)_3 nanophosphors is reported with maximum population redistribution ability～88% among the ~2H_(11/2) and ~4S_(3/2) levels.

Transparent perovskite glass-ceramics for visual optical thermometry

Optical thermometers have aroused considerable attention in recent years,and the increasing demand of sensitivity for practical application encourages the investigation on developing innovative non-contact optical thermo metric materials with higher sensitivity and accuracy.Perovskite quantum dots(QDs)with excellent temperature-dependence optical properties,provide a feasible approach to realizing the detection of temperature change,however,their poor high temperature thermal stability and the facile realization to obtain the production remain a daunting challenge.Herein,growing Tb^(3+)-doped CsPbl_(3) QDs in situ in borosilicate glass is proposed,which ensures the phase stability,and high-efficiency florescence output of the all-inorganic perovskite as a temperature sensor.A higher absolute and relative temperature sensitivity(0.0398 K^(-1) and 7.12%/K,respectively),along with the visible color change from orange-red to yellow-green with the increase of temperature is accomplished.Notably,the repeatable florescence intensity of Tb^(3+)-doped CsPbl_(3) QDs under high temperature enables their temperature sensing application.

Highly sensitive up-conversion phosphor for optical thermometry:CaLaAl3O7:Er3+/Yb3+

Herein,we reported Er^3+/Yb^3+co-doped CaLaAl3O7 up-conversion phosphors synthesized via solid state reaction,which was further explored as a new optical thermometry.The luminescent properties of Er^3+or Er^3+/Yb^3+doped CaLaAl3O7 phosphor was studied in detail.The two-photon process for the green emissions of Er^3+were confirmed by the power-dependent luminescence.The up-conversion optical temperature sensing performances of the Er^3+/Yb^3+-codoped CaLaAl3O7 phosphor were investigated based on the FIR technique.The maximum sensitivity of this phosphor can reach about 0.00345 K-1 at 453 K,which reveals this phosphor can be a promising candidate for optical thermometry devices.

Investigation of High-Stability Temperature Control in Primary Gas Thermometry

We presented a relationship between the temperature control and measurement stability limit and the temperature resolution,particularly for using rhodium-iron resistance thermometers and AC resistance bridges.Based on this,temperature control was investigated and demonstrated in primary gas thermometry under various working conditions.With optimized parameters,micro-Kelvin level temperature control stability was realized in the temperature region from 5 K to 24.5 K.The temperature control stabilities are better than 8μK over 180 h with an integration time of 33.6 s in the concerned temperature range,closing to the limit that the sensors and the instruments can control and measure.These stabilities were significantly improved about(44±8)%at 24.5 K and(70±7)%at 5 K comparing with our previous work(Chen et al.,Cryogenics,2019,97:1–6).

NIR emitting terephthalates(SmxDyyGd1-x-y)2(tph)3(H2O)4 for luminescence thermometry in the physiological range

The first luminescence thermometer based on coordination compound of samarium and dysprosium is repo rted.High luminescence intensity and high signal resolution are reached thanks to the concentration quenching reduction due to the use of the trimetallic complexes of Sm-Dy-Gd.The best thermometric properties in a wide temperature range among the studied systems are demonstrated by(Sm0.2Dy0.15Gd0.65)2(tph)3(H2O)4.The sensitivity reaches 0.5%/K in visible range and 1.2%/K in NIR range at low temperatures and 0.5%/K and 0.8%/K in physiological range.

InAs nanowire superconducting tunnel junctions： Quasiparticle spectroscopy, thermometry, and nanorefrigeration

We demonstrate an original method based on controlled oxidation for creating high-quality tunnel junctions between superconducting A1 reservoirs and InAs semiconductor nanowires （NWs）. We show clean tunnel characteristics with a current suppression by 〉4 orders of magnitude for a junction bias well below the A1 gap of △0≈ 200 μeV. The experimental data agree well with the Bardeen- Cooper-Schrieffer theoretical expectations for a superconducting tunnel junction. The studied devices employ small-scale tunnel contacts functioning as thermometers as well as larger electrodes that provide proof-of-principle active cooling of the electron distribution in the NWs. A peak refrigeration of approximately δT = 10 mK is achieved at a bath temperature of Tbath≈ 250-350 mK for our prototype devices. This method introduces important perspectives for the investigation of the thermoelectric effects in semiconductor nanostructures and for nanoscale refrigeration.

Optical thermometry based on near-infrared luminescence from phosphors mixture

Luminescence ratiometric thermometry based on rare earth(RE)ions has attracted great interest for the potential applications in many fields.But the improvement of the measurement sensitivity and accuracy is significantly restricted due to the small energy gap between thermally coupled levels(TCL).Here,a strategy striving for good thermometric properties of luminescent materials was designed by using the phosphors mixture composed of NaY(WO_(4))_(2):Nd^(3+)-Yb^(3+)and NaY(WO_(4))_(2):Er^(3+),which were prepared by secondary sintering method.Under the excitation of 980 nm lase r,the near-infrared(NIR)emissions(710-920 nm)from Nd^(3+)ions are effectively strengthened when the temperature increases from 304 to773 K,whereas Er^(3+)NIR luminescence centered at around 1536 nm is thermally quenched.The remarkably different response of NIR emissions to the thermal variation allows us to map temperature through the ratiometric method.By optimizing the dopant concentration of rare earth(RE)ions,a maximum sensitivity of 5.14%/K together with a measurement uncertainty of about 0.1 K is acquired at304 K,which is superior to the previously reported RE luminescence-based temperature sensors,indicating that the approach developed here can pave the way for achieving optical thermometry with desired properties.

Molecular tagging techniques and their applications to the study of complex thermal flow phenomena1,211

This review article reports the recent progress in the development of a new group of molecule-based flow diagnostic techniques, which include molecular tag- ging velocimetry （MTV） and molecular tagging thermometry （MTT）, for both qualitative flow visualization of thermally induced flow structures and quantitative whole-field mea- surements of flow velocity and temperature distributions. The MTV and MTT techniques can also be easily combined to result in a so-called molecular tagging velocimetry and ther- mometry （MTV＆T） technique, which is capble of achieving simultaneous measurements of flow velocity and temperature distribution in fluid flows. Instead of using tiny particles, the molecular tagging techniques （MTV, MTT, and MTV＆T） use phosphorescent molecules, which can be turned into long-lasting glowing marks upon excitation by photons of appropriate wavelength, as the tracers for the flow veloc- ity and temperature measurements. The unique attraction and implementation of the molecular tagging techniques are demonstrated by three application examples, which include： （1） to quantify the unsteady heat transfer process from a heated cylinder to the surrounding fluid flow in order to exam- ine the thermal effects on the wake instabilities behind the heated cylinder operating in mixed and forced heat convec- tion regimes, （2） to reveal the time evolution of unsteady heat transfer and phase changing process inside micro-sized, icing water droplets in order to elucidate the underlying physics pertinent to aircraft icing phenomena, and （3） to achievesimultaneous droplet size, velocity and temperature measure- ments of ＂in-flight＂ droplets to characterize the dynamic and thermodynamic behaviors of flying droplets in spray flows.

Metallogenic controls on the granite-related W–Sn deposits in the Hunan–Jiangxi region, China: evidence from zircon trace element geochemistry

The Nanling Range in South China is well known for its rich granite-related W–Sn deposits.To elucidate the controls of different granite-related W–Sn metallogenesis in the region,we chose five representative orerelated granites(Yanbei,Mikengshan,Tieshanlong,Qianlishan,and Yaogangxian intrusions)in the Hunan–Jiangxi region,and studied their magmatic zircon ages and trace element geochemistry.Our new zircon data showed the differences in ages,temperatures and oxygen fugacity of the ore-forming magmas.Zircon U–Pb ages of the Yanbei and Mikengshan intrusions are characterized by 142.4±2.4 and 143.0±2.3 Ma,respectively,whereas the Tieshanlong and Qianlishan intrusions are 159.5±2.3and 153.2±3.3 Ma,respectively.The Sn-related intrusions were younger than the W-related intrusions.The Tiin-zircon thermometry showed that there was no systematic difference between the Sn-related Yanbei(680–744℃)and Mikengshan(697–763℃)intrusions and the W-related Tieshanlong(730–800℃),Qianlishan(690–755℃)and Yaogangxian(686–751℃)intrusions.However,the zircon Ce^4+/Ce^3+ratios of the Yanbei(averaged at 18.3)and Mikengshan(averaged at 18.8)intrusions are lower than those of the Tieshanlong(averaged at 36.9),Qianlishan(averaged at 38.4)and Yaogangxian(averaged at 37)intrusions,indicating that the Sn-related granitic magmas might have lower oxygen fugacities than those of the W-related.This can be explained by that,in more reduced magmas,Sn is more soluble than W and thus is more enriched in the residual melt to form Sn mineralization.The difference in source materials between the Sn-related and the W-related granites seems to have contributed to the different redox conditions of the melts.

The dating and temperature measurement technologies for carbonate minerals and their application in hydrocarbon accumulation research in the paleouplift in central Sichuan Basin, SW China

A new method for reconstructing the geological history of hydrocarbon accumulation is developed, which are constrained by U-Pb isotope age and clumped isotope((35)47) temperature of host minerals of hydrocarbon-bearing inclusions. For constraining the time and depth of hydrocarbon accumulation by the laser in-situ U-Pb isotope age and clumped isotope temperature, there are two key steps:(1) Investigating feature, abundance and distribution patterns of liquid and gaseous hydrocarbon inclusions with optical microscopes.(2) Dating laser in-situ U-Pb isotope age and measuring clumped isotope temperature of the host minerals of hydrocarbon inclusions. These technologies have been applied for studying the stages of hydrocarbon accumulation in the Sinian Dengying gas reservoir in the paleo-uplift of the central Sichuan Basin. By dating the U-Pb isotope age and measuring the temperature of clumped isotope((35)47) of the host minerals of hydrocarbon inclusions in dolomite, three stages of hydrocarbon accumulation were identified:(1) Late Silurian: the first stage of oil accumulation at(416±23) Ma.(2) Late Permian to Early Triassic: the second stage of oil accumulation between(248±27) Ma and(246.3±1.5) Ma.(3) Yanshan to Himalayan period: gas accumulation between(115±69) Ma and(41±10) Ma. The reconstructed hydrocarbon accumulation history of the Dengying gas reservoir in the paleo-uplift of the central Sichuan Basin is highly consistent with the tectonic-burial history, basin thermal history and hydrocarbon generation history, indicating that the new method is a reliable way for reconstructing the hydrocarbon accumulation history.

Research on Temperature Field Reconstruction Based on RBF Approximation with Polynomial Reproduction Considering the Refraction Effect of Sound Wave Paths

The temperature field distribution directly reflects the combustion condition in a furnace.In this paper,acoustic thermometry to reconstruct temperature distribution is investigated.A method based on radial basis function approximation with polynomial reproduction(RBF-PR)is proposed in order to improve the accuracy and stability of the method based on RBF approximation.In addition,the refraction effect of sound wave paths is considered in the process of reconstruction.The curved lines with refraction effect are numerically calculated by solving differential equations,which show that sonic waves curve towards the zones of higher temperature.The reconstructed performance is validated via numerical simulation using four temperature distribution models.Results and analysis show that the proposed method has much greater accuracy than the method based on RBF approximation,and when considering the effect of refraction,our method can reconstruct more excellent reconstruction performance than others,which do not take into account the refraction effect of sound wave paths.