As a national cultural property,General Zhang Fei’s Temple is the largest ancient architectural complex in the Three Gorges of the Yangtze River.It was built in the Han Dynasty and has a long history of nearly 2,000 ...As a national cultural property,General Zhang Fei’s Temple is the largest ancient architectural complex in the Three Gorges of the Yangtze River.It was built in the Han Dynasty and has a long history of nearly 2,000 years.In 1994,the Chinese government launched the Three Gorges Dam project at the Yangtze River and implemented the largest relocation project for the General Zhang Fei Temple to prevent it from being submerged.The temple was relocated 32 kilometers upstream along with the local people of Yunyang County,and the historic environment was rebuilt on the opposite side of the migrant city of New Yunyang County.The temple was restored successfully and the tradition of offering sacrifices to General Zhang Fei continued in the local community.The relocation project lasted for 8 years and became the largest cultural heritage conservation project of the People’s Republic of China at the end of the 20th century.This paper comprehensively summarizes and reviews the project goals,implementation process,and project highlights of this relocation,so as to provide an important case reference for heritage conservation projects in the future.展开更多
The Three Gorges Project(TGP)has changed the flow-sediment process in the middle Yangtze River.For navigation purposes,there is an urgent need to study the changes of the river regime over a long-term period and the s...The Three Gorges Project(TGP)has changed the flow-sediment process in the middle Yangtze River.For navigation purposes,there is an urgent need to study the changes of the river regime over a long-term period and the shoal-channel evolution over different seasons since the completion of the TGP.Based on analysis of the measured data and the results of a two-dimensional mathematical model,the changes of the river regime and river bed evolution in the Yaojian reach downstream of the TGP were studied.Results show that a high sediment transport flux helps to keep the main flow in the North Branch,while a low sediment transport flux helps to keep the main flow in the South Branch.Thus,the main branch will not change in the near future because of the low sediment transport load.In this study,the flow-sediment process adjusted by the TGP was restored to the conditions before the TGP,and the river bed evolution under the adjusted and non-adjusted flow-sediment conditions was calculated.After the completion of the TGP,the reservoir storage accelerated the flood recession process and decreased the erosion by 11.9%under the flow-sediment conditions in 2010,and the deposition in the flood season decreased by 56.4%.展开更多
The construction of the double-lane five-step ship lock of the Three Gorges Project （TGP） wascommenced in 1994, the excavation of the ship lock was completed by the end of 1999, and the ship lockwas put in operation...The construction of the double-lane five-step ship lock of the Three Gorges Project （TGP） wascommenced in 1994, the excavation of the ship lock was completed by the end of 1999, and the ship lockwas put in operation in June 2003. The side slopes of the ship lock are characterized by great height（170 m）, steepness （70 m in height of upright slope）, and great length （over 7000 m in total length）. Inassociation with the ship lock, the surrounding rocks in slope have a high potential to deform, withwhich the magnitude of deformation is restricted. Monitoring results show that the deformation of thefive-step ship lock high slopes of the TGP primarily occurred in excavation period, and deformationtended to be stable and convergent during operation period, suggesting the allowable ranges of deformation.At present, the slopes and lock chambers are stable, and the ship lock works well under normaloperation condition, enabling the social and economic benefits of the TGP. 2015 Institute of Rock and Soil Mechanics, Chinese Academy of Sciences. Production and hosting byElsevier B.V. All rights reserved.展开更多
Seismic monitoring data for the past 50 years in the Three Gorges Reservoir area show that the reservoir head area is a typical weak seismic region with low seismieity before impoundment and that the epicenters were c...Seismic monitoring data for the past 50 years in the Three Gorges Reservoir area show that the reservoir head area is a typical weak seismic region with low seismieity before impoundment and that the epicenters were concentrated in the east and west sides of the Zigui Basin, most of which were natural tectonic earth- quakes. After impoundment, the seismic activity shifted to the segment between Badong and Zigui along the Yangtze River, mainly within 5 km of the reservoir bank. The seismogenesis was categorized into four types： Karst collapse earthquakes, earthquakes caused by Karst gas explosion, mining tunnel collapse earthquakes, and rock （terrane） slip earthquakes, all of which are related to the lithology, structure, and tectonics of near- surface geological bodies of the area. Compared with the seismicity before impoundment, the seismic frequency increase was remarkable, with most of the magnitudes below Ms2.0. Therefore, the intensity of the earth- quakes remained at a low level. On November 22, 2008, a magnitude 4.1 earthquake, the largest earthquake recorded since impoundment, occurred in Quyuan Town, Zigui County. The intensity and PGA of reservoir-in- duced earthquakes are higher than those of tectonic earthquakes with equal magnitude, but the peak intensity of reservoir-induced earthquakes is not likely to go beyond that of the estimated range from earlier studies.展开更多
The Three Gorges Project is one of the essential key projects for flood controlling and water resources regulation in the Yangtze River. The project includes a river-crossing dam, underground powerhouses, and navigati...The Three Gorges Project is one of the essential key projects for flood controlling and water resources regulation in the Yangtze River. The project includes a river-crossing dam, underground powerhouses, and navigation structures. Because of the huge size and complicated construction technologies, the project faced a series of challenging engineering issues. In terms of rock mechanics, there are many key technical issues, including the sliding resistance and stability of the dam section along the foundations of powerhouses No.l-5, the ,,;lope stability of the double-line five-stage shiplock, excavation of large-scale underground powerhouses, and curtain grouting under the dam. With decades of scientific research and 16 years of practical construction experiences and reservoir operations, these key technical issues in construction of the Three Gorges Project are successfully resolved, which will attribute to the development of hydropower technology. On the basis of the monitoring data during construction and normal operation periods of the Three Gorges Project, this paper presents a systematic analysis of these key rock mechanical issues in terms of behaviors, solutions, dynamic controlling, monitoring arrangement and integrated assessment.展开更多
The high earth and rockfill cofferdam of Three Gorges Project employs plastic concrete diaphragm walls as seepage barrier. In view of the importance and technical difficulty of the cofferdams, the behavior of plastic ...The high earth and rockfill cofferdam of Three Gorges Project employs plastic concrete diaphragm walls as seepage barrier. In view of the importance and technical difficulty of the cofferdams, the behavior of plastic concrete and the diaphragm walls within the cofferdams was studied. Plastic concrete samples taken from concrete mixer in the dam site were tested by using large triaxial testing apparatus in Tsinghua University. Mechanical properties and parameters of Duncan Chang nonlinear elastic model were obtained. Test results indicated that, comparing with ordinary concrete, the materials have the features of low modulus of deformation and favorable impermeability. The analysis of stresses and deformations of the diaphragm walls was performed by means of finite element method (FEM), using parameters obtained from the result of triaxial tests. Calculation results were discussed.展开更多
This paper studies current policies in compensation for land lost due to construction of the Three Gorges project (TGP), China. In the case study of Kaixian County, the value of land in the peri-urban areas is underes...This paper studies current policies in compensation for land lost due to construction of the Three Gorges project (TGP), China. In the case study of Kaixian County, the value of land in the peri-urban areas is underestimated. Some losses in land are tangible and thus measurable, but some losses are intangible and thus immeasurable. The land available in the resettlement areas is scarce and rarely of equivalent quality. This study suggests that the loss of agricultural land be compensated with alternative land and/or non-land-based livelihood strategies, including part compensation in monetary terms and preferential policies.展开更多
A formula for the calculation of critical shear stress of non-uniform sediment was developed by on river bed has been established while considering the relative degree expose of grains.The values of the Coeffi- cients...A formula for the calculation of critical shear stress of non-uniform sediment was developed by on river bed has been established while considering the relative degree expose of grains.The values of the Coeffi- cients in the formula have been obtained.The formula has been verified with prototype observation data, flumes data of both nature and lightweight sand.The computed results fully reflect the characteristics of thresh- old motion of non-uniform sediment.The result have been used in some physical mo...展开更多
In this paper we have analyzed precise gravity survey and gravity effects resulted from water loading, crustal deformation, ground water level change and precipitation before and after the water impoundment in the Thr...In this paper we have analyzed precise gravity survey and gravity effects resulted from water loading, crustal deformation, ground water level change and precipitation before and after the water impoundment in the Three Gorges Reservoir. We found that： ① In dam area of the reservoir, gravity effect resulted from water load increase is the most significant, maximum gravity change is 200×10^-8 m/s^2, but this effect is limited in amplitude and range. Gravity change can be observed about 5 km offshore. The gravity change caused by ground water level change is regional; and the impact of precipitation on it should not be neglected. ② At head area of the reservoir, the maximum gravity change is near Xiangxi. Monitoring the variation of gravity field and further study should continue in the future.展开更多
The Yangtze River has nurtured the fertile land on both its banks and hundreds of millions of Chinese people. but its raging waters have also wreaked havoc on the people living in its reaches. Since the founding of Ne...The Yangtze River has nurtured the fertile land on both its banks and hundreds of millions of Chinese people. but its raging waters have also wreaked havoc on the people living in its reaches. Since the founding of New China, large-scale surveys, planning, scientific research and feasibility studies have been carried out in an effort to harness the展开更多
The two renowned water control projects on the Yangtze River—— the Gezhouba Water Control Project and the Three Gorges Water Control Project——are both in Yichang attracting world attention for the region. The Yich...The two renowned water control projects on the Yangtze River—— the Gezhouba Water Control Project and the Three Gorges Water Control Project——are both in Yichang attracting world attention for the region. The Yichang Sub-Council of the China Council for the Promotion of International Trade (CCPIT Yichang Sub-Council) and the Yichang Chamber展开更多
The Three Gorges Project on the Yangtze River was started in December 1994. It is the largest water conservancy and hydropower project in the present world with a comprehensive result of flood prevention, generating a...The Three Gorges Project on the Yangtze River was started in December 1994. It is the largest water conservancy and hydropower project in the present world with a comprehensive result of flood prevention, generating and navigation. The reservoir can hold 22.2 billion cubic metres of water, thus being able to cut the flood flow of 27, 000 to 33, 000 cubic metres per second. Its hydropower station will have a total generating equipment capacity of 18.2 million kw with an annual generating quantity of 84.7 billion kwh to supply energy for the economic development of east China, central China and展开更多
Yichang City is the place where both the Three Gorges and the Gezhouba Dam projects are being constructed. Practice shows that any large State planned project will bring prosperity to the local economy. The Gezhouba D...Yichang City is the place where both the Three Gorges and the Gezhouba Dam projects are being constructed. Practice shows that any large State planned project will bring prosperity to the local economy. The Gezhouba Dam Project in Yichang has provided the first opportunity for the city’s development During the first stage of the Gezhouba project from 1971 to 1980, the annual average progressive growth rate of fixed assets investment and展开更多
Xiangfan Coal-fired Power Plant, a key energy construction project matched with Three Gorges Project, approved by the State Council. formally started to build in the suburb of Xiangfan City, Hubei Province on November...Xiangfan Coal-fired Power Plant, a key energy construction project matched with Three Gorges Project, approved by the State Council. formally started to build in the suburb of Xiangfan City, Hubei Province on November 29, 1996.展开更多
文摘As a national cultural property,General Zhang Fei’s Temple is the largest ancient architectural complex in the Three Gorges of the Yangtze River.It was built in the Han Dynasty and has a long history of nearly 2,000 years.In 1994,the Chinese government launched the Three Gorges Dam project at the Yangtze River and implemented the largest relocation project for the General Zhang Fei Temple to prevent it from being submerged.The temple was relocated 32 kilometers upstream along with the local people of Yunyang County,and the historic environment was rebuilt on the opposite side of the migrant city of New Yunyang County.The temple was restored successfully and the tradition of offering sacrifices to General Zhang Fei continued in the local community.The relocation project lasted for 8 years and became the largest cultural heritage conservation project of the People’s Republic of China at the end of the 20th century.This paper comprehensively summarizes and reviews the project goals,implementation process,and project highlights of this relocation,so as to provide an important case reference for heritage conservation projects in the future.
基金supported by the National Key Research and Development Program of China(Grants No.2016YFC0402307 and 2016YFC0402103)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant No.51520105014).
文摘The Three Gorges Project(TGP)has changed the flow-sediment process in the middle Yangtze River.For navigation purposes,there is an urgent need to study the changes of the river regime over a long-term period and the shoal-channel evolution over different seasons since the completion of the TGP.Based on analysis of the measured data and the results of a two-dimensional mathematical model,the changes of the river regime and river bed evolution in the Yaojian reach downstream of the TGP were studied.Results show that a high sediment transport flux helps to keep the main flow in the North Branch,while a low sediment transport flux helps to keep the main flow in the South Branch.Thus,the main branch will not change in the near future because of the low sediment transport load.In this study,the flow-sediment process adjusted by the TGP was restored to the conditions before the TGP,and the river bed evolution under the adjusted and non-adjusted flow-sediment conditions was calculated.After the completion of the TGP,the reservoir storage accelerated the flood recession process and decreased the erosion by 11.9%under the flow-sediment conditions in 2010,and the deposition in the flood season decreased by 56.4%.
文摘The construction of the double-lane five-step ship lock of the Three Gorges Project （TGP） wascommenced in 1994, the excavation of the ship lock was completed by the end of 1999, and the ship lockwas put in operation in June 2003. The side slopes of the ship lock are characterized by great height（170 m）, steepness （70 m in height of upright slope）, and great length （over 7000 m in total length）. Inassociation with the ship lock, the surrounding rocks in slope have a high potential to deform, withwhich the magnitude of deformation is restricted. Monitoring results show that the deformation of thefive-step ship lock high slopes of the TGP primarily occurred in excavation period, and deformationtended to be stable and convergent during operation period, suggesting the allowable ranges of deformation.At present, the slopes and lock chambers are stable, and the ship lock works well under normaloperation condition, enabling the social and economic benefits of the TGP. 2015 Institute of Rock and Soil Mechanics, Chinese Academy of Sciences. Production and hosting byElsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
基金supported by the China Three Gorges Corporation(SXSN/2377)
文摘Seismic monitoring data for the past 50 years in the Three Gorges Reservoir area show that the reservoir head area is a typical weak seismic region with low seismieity before impoundment and that the epicenters were concentrated in the east and west sides of the Zigui Basin, most of which were natural tectonic earth- quakes. After impoundment, the seismic activity shifted to the segment between Badong and Zigui along the Yangtze River, mainly within 5 km of the reservoir bank. The seismogenesis was categorized into four types： Karst collapse earthquakes, earthquakes caused by Karst gas explosion, mining tunnel collapse earthquakes, and rock （terrane） slip earthquakes, all of which are related to the lithology, structure, and tectonics of near- surface geological bodies of the area. Compared with the seismicity before impoundment, the seismic frequency increase was remarkable, with most of the magnitudes below Ms2.0. Therefore, the intensity of the earth- quakes remained at a low level. On November 22, 2008, a magnitude 4.1 earthquake, the largest earthquake recorded since impoundment, occurred in Quyuan Town, Zigui County. The intensity and PGA of reservoir-in- duced earthquakes are higher than those of tectonic earthquakes with equal magnitude, but the peak intensity of reservoir-induced earthquakes is not likely to go beyond that of the estimated range from earlier studies.
文摘The Three Gorges Project is one of the essential key projects for flood controlling and water resources regulation in the Yangtze River. The project includes a river-crossing dam, underground powerhouses, and navigation structures. Because of the huge size and complicated construction technologies, the project faced a series of challenging engineering issues. In terms of rock mechanics, there are many key technical issues, including the sliding resistance and stability of the dam section along the foundations of powerhouses No.l-5, the ,,;lope stability of the double-line five-stage shiplock, excavation of large-scale underground powerhouses, and curtain grouting under the dam. With decades of scientific research and 16 years of practical construction experiences and reservoir operations, these key technical issues in construction of the Three Gorges Project are successfully resolved, which will attribute to the development of hydropower technology. On the basis of the monitoring data during construction and normal operation periods of the Three Gorges Project, this paper presents a systematic analysis of these key rock mechanical issues in terms of behaviors, solutions, dynamic controlling, monitoring arrangement and integrated assessment.
文摘The high earth and rockfill cofferdam of Three Gorges Project employs plastic concrete diaphragm walls as seepage barrier. In view of the importance and technical difficulty of the cofferdams, the behavior of plastic concrete and the diaphragm walls within the cofferdams was studied. Plastic concrete samples taken from concrete mixer in the dam site were tested by using large triaxial testing apparatus in Tsinghua University. Mechanical properties and parameters of Duncan Chang nonlinear elastic model were obtained. Test results indicated that, comparing with ordinary concrete, the materials have the features of low modulus of deformation and favorable impermeability. The analysis of stresses and deformations of the diaphragm walls was performed by means of finite element method (FEM), using parameters obtained from the result of triaxial tests. Calculation results were discussed.
文摘This paper studies current policies in compensation for land lost due to construction of the Three Gorges project (TGP), China. In the case study of Kaixian County, the value of land in the peri-urban areas is underestimated. Some losses in land are tangible and thus measurable, but some losses are intangible and thus immeasurable. The land available in the resettlement areas is scarce and rarely of equivalent quality. This study suggests that the loss of agricultural land be compensated with alternative land and/or non-land-based livelihood strategies, including part compensation in monetary terms and preferential policies.
基金Supported by Doctorial Fund of Ministry of Education (2002-173) and (2003-172)
文摘A formula for the calculation of critical shear stress of non-uniform sediment was developed by on river bed has been established while considering the relative degree expose of grains.The values of the Coeffi- cients in the formula have been obtained.The formula has been verified with prototype observation data, flumes data of both nature and lightweight sand.The computed results fully reflect the characteristics of thresh- old motion of non-uniform sediment.The result have been used in some physical mo...
基金Social Welfare Research Special Project of Ministry of Science and Technology (2004DIB3J131).
文摘In this paper we have analyzed precise gravity survey and gravity effects resulted from water loading, crustal deformation, ground water level change and precipitation before and after the water impoundment in the Three Gorges Reservoir. We found that： ① In dam area of the reservoir, gravity effect resulted from water load increase is the most significant, maximum gravity change is 200×10^-8 m/s^2, but this effect is limited in amplitude and range. Gravity change can be observed about 5 km offshore. The gravity change caused by ground water level change is regional; and the impact of precipitation on it should not be neglected. ② At head area of the reservoir, the maximum gravity change is near Xiangxi. Monitoring the variation of gravity field and further study should continue in the future.
文摘The Yangtze River has nurtured the fertile land on both its banks and hundreds of millions of Chinese people. but its raging waters have also wreaked havoc on the people living in its reaches. Since the founding of New China, large-scale surveys, planning, scientific research and feasibility studies have been carried out in an effort to harness the
文摘The two renowned water control projects on the Yangtze River—— the Gezhouba Water Control Project and the Three Gorges Water Control Project——are both in Yichang attracting world attention for the region. The Yichang Sub-Council of the China Council for the Promotion of International Trade (CCPIT Yichang Sub-Council) and the Yichang Chamber
文摘The Three Gorges Project on the Yangtze River was started in December 1994. It is the largest water conservancy and hydropower project in the present world with a comprehensive result of flood prevention, generating and navigation. The reservoir can hold 22.2 billion cubic metres of water, thus being able to cut the flood flow of 27, 000 to 33, 000 cubic metres per second. Its hydropower station will have a total generating equipment capacity of 18.2 million kw with an annual generating quantity of 84.7 billion kwh to supply energy for the economic development of east China, central China and
文摘Yichang City is the place where both the Three Gorges and the Gezhouba Dam projects are being constructed. Practice shows that any large State planned project will bring prosperity to the local economy. The Gezhouba Dam Project in Yichang has provided the first opportunity for the city’s development During the first stage of the Gezhouba project from 1971 to 1980, the annual average progressive growth rate of fixed assets investment and
文摘Xiangfan Coal-fired Power Plant, a key energy construction project matched with Three Gorges Project, approved by the State Council. formally started to build in the suburb of Xiangfan City, Hubei Province on November 29, 1996.
