Physiological and Transcriptome Analysis Illuminates the Molecular Mechanisms of the Drought Resistance Improved by Alginate Oligosaccharides in Triticum aestivum L.

Alginate oligosaccharides(AOS)enhance drought resistance in wheat(Triticum aestivum L.),but the definite mechanisms remain largely unknown.The physiological and transcriptome responses of wheat seedlings treated with AOS were analyzed under drought stress simulated with polyethylene glycol-6000.The results showed that AOS promoted the growth of wheat seedlings and reduced oxidative damage by improving peroxidase and superoxide dismutase activities under drought stress.A total of 10,064 and 15,208 differentially expressed unigenes(DEGs)obtained from the AOS treatment and control samples at 24 and 72 h after dehydration,respectively,were mainly enriched in the biosynthesis of secondary metabolites(phenylpropanoid biosynthesis,flavonoid biosynthesis),carbohydrate metabolism(starch and sucrose metabolism,carbon fixation in photosynthetic organisms),lipid metabolism(fatty acid elongation,biosynthesis of unsaturated fatty acids,alpha-linolenic acid metabolism,cutin,suberine and wax biosynthesis),and signaling transduction pathways.The up-regulated genes were related to,for example,chlorophyll a-b binding protein,amylosynthease,phosphotransferase,peroxidase,phenylalanine ammonia lyase,flavone synthase,glutathione synthetase.Signaling molecules(including MAPK,plant hormones,H_(2)O_(2) and calcium)and transcription factors(mainly including NAC,MYB,MYB-related,WRKY,bZIP family members)were involved in the AOS-induced wheat drought resistance.The results obtained in this study help underpin the mechanisms of wheat drought resistance improved by AOS,and provides a theoretical basis for the application of AOS as an environmentally sustainable biological method to improve drought resistance in agriculture.

“云南小麦”(Triticum aestivum ssp.yun-nanense King)的考察与研究

1979年和1980年我们对金善宝教授命名的“云南小麦”亚种进行了考察和研究。查明“云南小麦”分布在云南省澜沧江和怒江下游十二个县,约在北纬22°54′—25°03′和东经95°36°—100°85′左右。“云南小麦”生长在海拔1500米至2500米之间的高山区,而以1900米至2300米地带种植较多。原产地年均温15℃、年雨量1480mm 左右。小麦苗期和成熟期正置雨季,而孕穗至灌浆期处于旱季。晚熟,生育前期尤长。在原产地九、十月播种,二月拔节,三、四月抽穗,五、六月成熟。能避抗一月重霜,耐瘠,抗穗发芽,抗鸟兽害。穗长芒、短芒或无芒。颖有毛或无毛,有白、红、黑壳白底、白壳黑边、白壳黑斑等色。粒红色(过去曾发现白色的)。已定名十六个变种,其中此次新定名十个变种。经种间杂交和根尖细胞学观察,确定它具有 AABBDD 染色体组,并认为它在小麦属中的地位是一个原始栽培六倍体种。如按新分类法,即染色体组相同的都属一个种,则“云南小麦”是普通小麦的云南小麦亚种。

Agronomic Trait and Protein Component of F_2 Hybrid Originated from Intergeneric Somatic Hybridization Between Triticum aestivum and Agropyron elongatum

Protoplasts derived from common wheat (Triticum aestivum L,. cv. Jinan 177) were fused with UV-treated protoplasts of Agropyron elongatum. (Host) Nevski by PEG method, and fertile asymmetric somatic hybrid plants resembling wheat morphology were obtained. The F-2 hybrid plants could be divided into 3 types according to their morphology. Type I hybrids had high and loosely standing stalks with big spikes and grains. Type ii hybrids were dwarf and compact in shape with high tillering ability and smaller spikes. Type III hybrids were similar to type I as a whole but had more compact and erect spikes. All the F-2 hybrid lines were superior to wheat in seed protein content, although some difference existed between themselves. Protein analysis of immature embryos and flag leaves from hybrids by two-dimensional electrophoresis showed that they possessed characteristic proteins of both parents and some new proteins. There existed also some different kinds of proteins in different lines.

Hybrid Effects on the Release of Phytosiderophores in Winter Wheat (Triticum aestivum)

Fe (iron) deficiency is an important nutritional problem particularly in crop plants grown on calcareous soils. Phytosiderophore (PS) release has been suggested to be linked to the ability of graminaceous species and genotypes to overcome Fe_deficiency chlorosis. Thus, enhancing PS release is a critical step to improve Fe nutrition of plants grown on Fe stressed soils. The heterosis of PS release rate in common wheat was studied by analyzing PS release from roots of three hybrids and their four parents grown in Fe_deficiency nutrient solution under controlled environmental conditions. PS release rates were determined at two or three day intervals after onset of Fe_deficiency symptoms by the measurement of Fe mobilizing capacity of root exudates from freshly precipitated FeⅢ hydroxide. High amounts of phytosiderophores were released from the roots of all wheat genotypes under Fe_deficiency, and the amount progressively increased with the development of Fe_deficiency chlorosis. The results revealed that the hybrids had more sensitive feedback systems which secreted more phytosiderophores under Fe_deficiency than their parents. By analyzing the relationship between each hybrid and its parents, it was also found that the parents should be selected on the basis of the rate of PS release and the combining ability by using the heterosis to improve Fe utilizability of crop plants.

Occurrences of Yttrium in Soil and Its Potential Impacts on Paddy Rice Triticum aestivum

[Objective] The effects of yttrium nitrate （YNO3） on biomass and antioxi- dant systems of paddy rice （Yttrium （Y）; Oxidative stress; Dismutases （SOD）; Per- oxidases （POD）, Catalases （CAT）, Paddy rice （Triticum aestivum）） together with the occurrences of Y in soils were investigated to assess its ecotoxicological effects on plant. [Method]Y solutions with various concentrations were sprinkled on soil sam- ples, which were well mixed and then put into culture dishes to culture paddy rice seeds for further evaluation. [Result] The results indicated that 25-100 mg/kg Y treatments significantly increased the biomass （total weight, root weight, shoot weight and leaf weight）, chlorophyll （CHL） content and protein content of paddy rice, whereas 200-800 mg/kg Y treatments had a converse effect. Similarly, biomarker for the antioxidant systems including superoxide dismutases （SOD）, peroxidases （POD） and catalases （CAT） all exhibited similar trends in both shoots and roots of paddy rice. At the same time, the malonaldehyde （MDA） content increased at from 25 to 100 mg/kg and decreased with concentrations of Y from 100 to 800 mg/kg in both shoots and roots of paddy rice. This indicated that Y could stimulate the growth of plant at low concentration, but inhibit the growth at relatively high concen- tration. [Conclusion] The levels of Y were 641＋49, 328_＋16 and 473_＋40 mg/kg in soils collected from mining area, farmland and navel orange orchard respectively. The levels of Y in the investigated area were higher than the benefit level （100 mg/kg）, which could cause low biomass as well as low activity of SOD, POD and CAT in paddy rice. Therefore, a more careful use of Y is necessary in crop management.

Mutation Classification and Genetic Diversity Analysis of Triticum aestivum ssp. yunnanense King Based on Agronomic Traits

[Objective] The present study was conducted to provide basis for researches on breeding new wheat varieties and conserving rare species in Yunnan Province.[Method] 29 materials of Triticum aestivum ssp.yunnanense King（Yunnan Hulled Wheat）were taken for the research on classification and genetic diversity analysis based on 14 agronomic traits.[Result] Yunnan hulled wheat A14 could be an unnamed white seed variety,and other 28 materials were divided into 10 named mutation types;Yunnan hulled wheat was rich in variability of agronomic traits,in which the coefficient of variance（CV）of sterile spikelet number was the largest（22.59%）,while the CV of earing period was the lowest（3.71%）;the diversity indexes of seven qualitative characters ranged from 1.55-2.04.Moreover,the 29 Yunnan hulled wheat could be divided into 3 clusters by the UPGMA analysis.However,Yunnan hulled wheat varieties originating from similar mutation types did not completely cluster together.The genetic relationship was relatively close among A13（YT-35）,A14（YT-36）and A21（YT-37）,but the faster genetic relationship was observed between them and other Yunnan hulled wheat varieties.[Conclusion] Yunnan hulled wheat had an extensive genetic diversity in agronomic traits.

小冰麦(Triticum aestivum-Agropyron intermedium)对盐胁迫和碱胁迫的生理响应

将两种中性盐(NaCl和Na2SO4)和两种碱性盐(NaHCO3和Na2CO3)按摩尔质量比1∶1混合,在60～300mmolL-1盐浓度内模拟出5种强度的盐胁迫条件,在30～180mmolL-1盐浓度内模拟出6种强度的碱胁迫条件,并以此对小冰麦苗胁迫处理12d。测定相对生长率(RGR)、含水量、丙二醛(MDA)、电解质外渗率、叶绿素、类胡萝卜素6项胁变指标和Na+、K+、脯氨酸、甜菜碱、有机酸5种溶质含量。结果表明,碱胁迫下小冰麦的各项胁变反应均明显大于盐胁迫下。在本试验条件下,小冰麦可耐受的最高盐胁迫浓度为300mmolL-1,而碱胁迫仅为150mmolL-1。碱胁迫造成小冰麦光合色素含量急剧下降,可能是其危害甚于盐胁迫的原因之一。碱胁迫下有机酸大量积累可能是小冰麦响应碱胁迫的特殊生理机制。试验结果证明盐、碱胁迫是两种性质不同的胁迫,不仅对植物的作用机制不同,而且植物的适应机制也不同。

干旱胁迫下冬小麦(Triticum aestivum)高光谱特征和生理生态响应

2006年于冬小麦（Triticum aestivum）孕穗期、开花期和灌浆期，采用ASD Fieldspec HH光谱仪测定了不同水分胁迫下冬小麦高光谱反射率、红边参数和对应的冬小麦生理生态参数叶绿素a（Chla）、叶绿素b（Chlb）、叶绿素a＋b（Chla＋b），叶片水分含量（LWC），叶面积指数（LAI）。结果表明，冬小麦生理生态参数随生长发育呈现先上升后下降趋势，Chla、Chlb和Chla＋b开花期达最大值；LWC和M，孕穗期达最大值。随干旱胁迫程度增加，Chla、Chlb和Chla＋b、LWC和M，减少。不同水分处理下冬小麦高光谱反射率具有绿色植物特征。用红边一阶微分光谱特征参数分析，冬小麦孕穗期和开花期红边（λred）位于728-730nm，灌浆期红边（λred）移到734nm。Chla、Chlb和Chla＋b与Dλ730、Dλ702、Dλ730、Dλ718，LWC与Dλred、Dλ718以及LAI与Dλ718、Dλred、Sred均呈正相关，相关系数大于0．5（P〈0．05）。经回归分析，Chl与Dλ730 Dλ702、LWC与Dλred呈线性关系（R^2=0．87），LAI与Sred呈二次关系（R^2=0.68）。因此，用冬小麦高光谱特征及红边参数能判断冬小麦生育后期长势和农田水分胁迫程度。

条锈病对小麦(Triticum aestivum L.)叶片光合功能及光合功能蛋白D1表达的影响

测定了小麦(Triticum aestivum L.)感染小麦条锈病后的光合常数,以及叶绿素含量、类囊体膜光合电子传递速率和光合反应中心D1蛋白的变化。实验显示,条锈病侵染导致感病小麦叶片净光合速率与叶绿素含量降低;抗病小麦经侵染后净光合速率却有恢复过程,叶绿素含量先降后升。此外,感病小麦叶片被侵染后全链电子传递速率受到抑制,PSII电子传递速率的变化与全链电子传递速率的变化趋势相似,但PSI电子传递速率受到的影响较小;抗病小麦小麦叶片被侵染后电子传递速率所受影响较小。同时发现,病程中,感病和抗病小麦PSII的光合反应中心D1蛋白含量变化总是与PSII电子传递速率的变化类似,推测D1蛋白的表达量变化是引起PSII电子传递活性与全链电子传递速率变化的主要因素之一。

碱胁迫对小麦(Triticum aestivum Linn)叶片代谢过程的影响

【目的】阐明碱胁迫对小麦叶片离子平衡、初生及次生代谢产物的影响及其涉及的代谢途径,讨论其生长代谢变化规律及应答机制。【方法】以普通小麦(Triticum aestivum Linn)为材料,采用盆栽试验利用Na HCO_3﹕Na2CO_3=1﹕1混合模拟不同盐度碱胁迫条件,在苗期连续胁迫12 d后测定叶片生长、光合、离子和代谢产物。【结果】当碱胁迫强度超过小麦自身调节能力时,叶片中Na^+含量剧增,加上高p H危害,造成叶绿体遭到破坏、叶绿素含量降低、光系统Ⅱ活性受抑制、气孔导度及碳同化能力急剧下降,最终导致生长率降低。碱胁迫下Na^+大量增加的同时阴离子明显减少,造成叶片内负电荷亏缺和p H不稳定,导致离子平衡遭到破坏,进而引起一系列代谢途径的协变反应。通过GC-MS检测出73个代谢物,主要包括碳水化合物、氨基酸、有机酸等,其中,分别有25和48个代谢物在中度和重度碱胁迫下发生明显改变。主成分分析(PCA)结果显示全部样本均分布在95%的置信区间内,2个主成分得分达到89%。单因素方差分析表明,与对照组比较,在高浓度碱胁迫下发生的显著性变化明显高于低浓度碱胁迫。碱胁迫导致5种参与三羧酸(TCA)循环和6种参与糖酵解途径的代谢物含量明显降低,且引起大部分氨基酸(谷氨酸、丙氨酸、γ-氨基丁酸、天冬氨酸等)和糖类及多元醇(果糖、蔗糖、塔罗糖、肌醇等)大量降低。与此同时,碱胁迫诱导小麦有机酸大量积累,随胁迫强度的增加而上升,这种现象可能是小麦被动的适应调节过程,主要用于维持离子平衡并调节p H浓度。【结论】碱胁迫引起了TCA循环、糖酵解途径、卡尔文循环、莽草酸途径、细胞膜脂代谢、转氨基反应和γ-氨基丁酸(GABA)途径等代谢网络系统广泛变化,暗示了碱胁迫不仅对糖类、氨基酸类、脂肪和蛋白质合成代谢过程造成负面影响,而且限制C-N转变过程影响植物对N素的利用,造成营养匮乏抑制植物生长发育。

冬小麦(Triticum aestivum)分蘖冗余生态学意义以及减少冗余对水分利用效率的影响

通过盆栽试验,以旱作冬小麦(Triticum aestivum)为材料,分别在拔节和抽穗期对分蘖进行人工干扰,来模拟不可预测的自然干扰,对冬小麦分蘖冗余的生态学意义以及减少这些冗余对水分利用效率影响进行研究。设置3个处理:从拔节期开始剪去所有小的分蘖,仅保留主茎和一个大的分蘖(A);在拔节期剪去主茎和两个大的分蘖,保留所有小的分蘖(B);在孕穗期剪去主茎和有效分蘖,保留无效分蘖(C)。没有被干扰的植物作为对照(CK)。通过花期测定叶片的叶绿素含量、叶绿素荧光参数、气孔导度和蒸腾速率等生理指标来评价植物的生理与生化活性。结果显示,在拔节期和抽穗期去除主茎和大蘖后,无效分蘖的生理活性被激活,开始执行有效分蘖的功能。到花期时,这些无效分蘖已经在生理活性上满足了补充和替代有效茎的要求。虽然株高和穗的整齐度、穗数和产量显著下降,但并没有防碍小麦的繁衍子代,因此,正是这些由早期"无效分蘖"补充而来的有效茎,避免了小麦绝种的风险。而在拔节期去除无效分蘖后,对小麦产量没有显著影响,但提高了水分利用效率,和对照相比水分利用效率提高了10%。因此,可以认为小麦在分蘖上存在着对水分利用不利的生长冗余,减少这些冗余有望节约用水、提高作物的水分利用效率。

重金属Cd、Cu对小麦(Triticum aestivum)幼苗生理生化过程的影响及其毒性机理研究

对Cd、Cu单因子处理下小麦幼苗叶片和根系的SOD、POD酶活、可溶性蛋白含量以及叶片中叶绿素含量的变化进行了研究.结果表明,Cd、Cu胁迫下,小麦幼苗受到损伤的明显症状之一是叶片叶绿素含量下降;小麦植株叶片POD、SOD酶活能够被诱导而升高;重金属Cd、Cu对小麦幼苗根系的损伤较叶片大;重金属对小麦幼苗的毒害机理之一是抑制了蛋白质的生物合成;重金属引起的各个生化指标随着处理浓度和处理时间的变化远比有机污染物(如豆磺隆)简单.

土壤外源Cd和Pb复合污染对小麦(Triticum aestivum L.)根系植物络合素和谷胱甘肽合成的影响

采用盆栽实验研究了土壤外源Cd和Pb复合污染对小麦(Triticum aestivum L.)根系植物络合素(PCs)和谷胱甘肽(GSH)合成的影响。结果表明,土壤外源较高浓度Cd处理(≥3mg·kg-1)和高浓度Pb处理(630mg·kg-1)均抑制了小麦的生长,Cd和Pb复合处理加重了Cd的毒性;Pb处理小麦根内未检出PCs,仅检出GSH,但GSH并没有随Pb处理浓度的增加而增加。随Cd处理浓度(≥1mg·kg-1)的增加,小麦根内PCs和GSH含量显著增加;Cd和Pb复合处理增加了小麦根内PCs的合成水平,而降低了GSH的合成水平。回归分析显示,Cd及Cd和Pb复合污染小麦根内PCs的含量与小麦地上部生物量的抑制率保持相当好的线性关系。结果显示,PCs可用于评价土壤环境中Cd及Cd和Pb复合污染的毒性。

普通小麦(Triticum aestivum)和毛穗赖草(Leymus paboanus)的杂交,杂种细胞无性系的建立及植株再生

以3个普通小麦品种富可(Fuhuko)、中国春(Chinese Spring)及小偃759和毛穗赖草杂交,发现三个品种都可与毛穗赖草杂交,其中Fuhuko×L.paboanus平均结实率高达17.6％,杂种只有发育不全的幼胚而无胚乳。对杂种幼胚在N_6+1—2mg/11BA+0.5mgGA_3或MS(其中NH_4NO_3含量降低一半)附加1mg/1IBA的培养基上进行保姆培养,部分幼胚发育成完整的小植株,大部分幼胚死亡,并且在MS(1/2NH_4NO_3)培养基上,两个胚(Fuhuko×L.psboanus)形成质量很差的小愈伤组织,对其进行改良培养,建立了两个杂种胚性无性细胞系(一个生长很快,另一个相对较慢)。杂种愈伤组织在附加1mg/1IBA的MS或N_6培养基以及附加(0.5mg NAA+0.5mgKT)/1的MS(1/2NH_4NO_3)分化培养基上均可高频率产生再生植株。同时发现:1.将MS培养基中硝酸铵的含量降低一半,可显著提高植株再生频率;2.降低分化培养基中生长素(如IBA,NAA)的含量,加入少量的细胞激动素(如0.5 mg/1KT)可促使大量胚状体萌发,产生正常植株,使绿苗中90.0％以上的植株来自胚状体发生途径。细胞学观察表明:幼胚直接成苗的杂种植株体细胞染色体数很稳定,2n=63+1B,和预期结果相符;而杂种愈伤组组再生植株染色体数极不稳定,不同株间染色体数不同,即使同一根尖中不同的细胞染色体数也有很大差异。

Molecular Characterization and Expression Analysis of TaZFP15, a C_2H_2-Type Zinc Finger Transcription Factor Gene in Wheat (Triticum aestivum L.)

Based on sequencing of part clones in a root subtractive cDNA library, an expressed sequence tag （EST） sharing high similarity to a rice C2H2 zinc finger transcription factor （ZFP15） was obtained in wheat. Through bioinformatics approach, the wheat C2H2-type ZFP gene referred to TaZFP15 has been identified and characterized. As a full-length cDNA of 670 bp, TaZFP15 has an open reading frame of 408 bp and encodes a 135-aa polypeptide. TaZFP15 contains two C2H2 zinc finger domains and each one has a conserved motif QALGGH. The typical L-box, generally identified in the C2H2 type transcription factors, has also been found in TaZFP15. Phylogenetic analysis suggested that TaZFP15 shares high similarities with rice ZFP15 （GenBank accession no. AY286473）, maize ZFP （GenBank accession no. NM_001159094） and a subset of other zinc-finger transcription factor genes in plant species. The expression of TaZFP15 was up-regulated by starved-Pi stress, showing a pattern to be gradually elevated along with the progression of the Pi-stress in a 23-h treatment regime. Similarly, the transcripts of TaZFP15 in roots were also induced by nitrogen deficiency, and abiotic stresses of drought and salinity. No responses of TaZFP15 were detected in roots to nutrition deficiencies of P, Zn, and Ca, and the external treatment of abscisic acid （ABA）. TaZFP15 could be specifically amplified in genome A, B, and D, and without variability in the sequences, suggesting that TaZFP15 has multi-copies in the homologous hexaploid species. Transgenic analysis in tobacco revealed that up-regulation of TaZFP15 could significantly improve plant dry mass accumulation via increasing the plant phosphorus acquisition capacity under Pi-deficiency condition. The results suggested that TaZFP15 is involved in mediation of signal transductions of diverse external stresses.

水肥不同层次组合对冬小麦(Triticum aestivum L．)氮磷养分有效性和产量效应的影响

以肥熟土垫旱耕人为土为供试土样，用分层土柱试验法研究了不同层次水分、氮、磷组合对冬小麦（Triticum aestivum L．）氮磷养分有效性和产量效应的影响。结果表明，不同土层水肥处理的氮磷养分有效性和产量效应差异显著。氮素养分有效性在4．73％-41．19％之间，磷素养分有效性在4．11％-13．58％之间。对氮素养分有效性，单施氮整体湿润时（0-90cm土层湿润）较上干下湿（0-30cm土层干旱胁迫，30-90cm土层湿润）低4．87％，而氮磷配施在整体湿润时较上干下湿高6．38％，差异均达显著水平；对磷素养分有效性，氮磷配施时，在整体湿润时较上干下湿增加5．01T（P〈0．05）。从不同施肥土层看，氮素养分有效性均以0-90cm土层施肥处理最高；对氮磷配施处理，在上干下湿时分别比0-30cm、30-60cm和60-90cm土层施肥处理高9．5％、10．1％和20．2个％；对磷素养分有效性，整体湿润处理，以0-30cm土层施肥显著高于其它土层施肥处理。单施氮或磷，上干下湿时氮磷养分的产量效应均高于整体湿润处理，但氮磷配施时均以整体湿润处理较高；从不同土层施肥看，氮素养分的产量效应以0-90cm土层施肥最高；磷素养分的产量效应则表现为0-90cm与0-30cm土层施肥处理显著高于30-60cm和60-90cm土层施肥处理。分析0-90cm土层残留硝态氮和有效磷累积量可以看出，不同处理土壤残留硝态氮含量存在显著差异，上干下湿时CK、单施氮、单施磷和氮磷配施土壤残留硝态氮分别比整体湿润相应施肥处理增加125．8％、20．1％、21．9％和2．1％；不同处理有效磷差异性不及硝态氮明显。整体看，在两种水分状况下，均以0-90cm和0-30cm土层施肥有利于提高氮磷养分对冬小麦的有效性和产量效应，减少硝态氮和有效磷在土壤中的残留累积。考虑到生产上的可操作性，仍以施人0-30cm土层最适，说明即使在上千下湿情况下，保证上层有效养分供应仍具重要作用。

Identification of Triticum aestivum-Haynaldia villosa Translocation Line T6BS·6BL-2VS

[Objective] The aim of experiment was to provide a new germplasm for wheat breeding by further using desirable genes in 2V chromosome of Haynaldia villosa.[Method] Through hybridization between common wheat(Triticum aestivum)-Haynaldia villosa disomic substitution line and common wheat Nonglin26-3C chromosome of Aegilops triuncialis disomic addition line,the analysis methods such as chromosome C-banding,genomic in situ hybridization and molecular marker technique were comprehensively applied and combined characters investigation.[Result] The wheat-Haynaldia villosa translocation line(T6BS·6BL-2VS)was selected from hybrid progenies to conduct characters investigation,which found some bristles on glume ridge of T6BS·6BL-2VS.[Conclusion] The translocation line induced by gametocidal chromosome was a small segment translocation line and the gene of bristle on glume ridge of Haynaldia villosa was located between the middle and the terminal of 2VS.

普通小麦(Triticum aestivum L.)T型细胞质雄性不育系及其保持系的线粒体DNA比较研究(英文)

mtDNAs of T type wheat cytoplasmic male sterile lines Ning Drawf 14(ND14) and their maintainers Ning Drawf 13 (ND13) were isolated and digested completely with restriction endonucleases EcoRI, PstI, EcoRV, BamHI. The results revealed that the molecular structure of mtDNAs from ND14 and ND13 cytoplasms were significantly deviated. The mitochondrial genomic difference between CMS line and maintainers were uncovered by southern hybridization with probes of 18S+5S rRNA、atpA genes from wheat and pea mitochondria, respectively. Due to the complexity of mtDNA and no proof of protein difference, it has not yet been demonstrated whether mtDNA difference of Normal and Male Sterile Cytoplasm of wheat is associated with CMS.

QTL Mapping for Drought Tolerance at Stages of Germination and Seedling in Wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) Using a DH Population

Drought is a major constraint in many wheat( Triticum aestivum L.) production regions. Quantitative trait loci (QTLs) conditioning drought tolerance at stages of germination and seedling in wheat were identified in a double haploid (DH) population derived from the cross, Hanxuan10×Lumai14, using amplified fragment length polymorphism (AFLP) and simple sequence repeat (SSR) markers. Interval mapping analysis revealed that QTLs for drought tolerance at germination stage were located on chromosomes 1B, 2B, 5A, 6B, 7A and 7B, respectively, and the most effective QTL was mapped on chromosome 2B, explaining 27.2% of phenotypic variance. The QTLs for drought tolerance at seedling stage were located on 1B, 3B and 7B, respectively, and the most effective QTL was mapped on chromosome 3B, explaining 21.6% of phenotypic variance. Their positions were different from those of QTLs conferring drought tolerance at germination stage, indicating that drought tolerance at germination stage and seedling stage was controlled by different loci. Most of the identified QTLs explained 18% or more of phenotypic variance for drought tolerance at germination and seedling stage, and would be useful in future for marker assisted selection programs and cultivar improvement.

Effect of dissolved organic matter on the toxicity of chlorotoluron to Triticum aestivum

Response of two wheat cultivars （Triticum aestivum cv. YM 158 and NM 9） to the herbicide chlorotoluron and the effect of two forms of dissolved organic matter on the chlorotoluron toxicity to the plants were characterized. Treatment with chlorotoluron at 10-50 μg/ml inhibited the seed germination and a dose-response was observed. The inhibition of seed germination was correlated to the depression of a-amylase activities. To identify whether chlorotoluron induced oxidative damage to wheat plants, the malondlaldehyde （MDA） content and electrolyte leakage were measured. Results showed that both MDA content and electrolyte leakage in the chlorotoluron-treated roots significantly increased. Activities of several key enzymes were measured that operate in citric acid cycle and carbohydrate metabolic pathway. Inhibited activities of citrate synthase and NADP-isocitrate dehydrogenase were observed in the chlorotoluron-treated roots as compared to control plants. We also examined malate dehydrogenase and phosphoenolpyruvate carboxylase in wheat roots exposed to 30 μg/ml chlorotoluron, liowever, none of the enzymes showed significant changes in activities. Application of 160 μg/ml dissolved organic matter （DOM） extracted from non-treated sludge（NTS） and heat-expanded sludge （lIES） in the medium with 30 μg/ml chlorotoluron induced an additive inhibition of seed germination and plant growth. The inhibition of growth due to the DOM treatment was associated with the depression of activities of a-amylase, citrate synthase and NADP-isocitrate dehydrogenase, as well as the increase in malondlaldehyde content and electrolyte leakage. These results suggested that the presence of DOM might enhance the uptake and accumulation of chlorotoluron, and thus resulted in greater toxicity in wheat plants. The two forms of DOM exhibited differences in regulation of chlorotoluron toxicity to the wheat plants. Treatments with DOM-NTS induced greater toxicity to plants as compared to those with DOM-HES. In addition to DOM affecting chlorotoluron-induced toxicity to wheat plants, the cultivars could have also contributed to differences. Generally, NM-9 showed a higher sensitivity to chlorotoluron than YM 158 either in the absence or in the presence of DOM.