Comparison of Sexual Function in Primiparous Women Pre-Pregnancy and Postpartum: Difference of the Sexual Function after the Normal Vaginal Delivery and the Cesarean Section

Introduction: Sexual function is undoubtedly an important dimension of adult life. Due to all the conflicting results with regard to sexual function after the normal vaginal delivery (NVD) or the Cesarean Section (CS), in the present study, we aimed to compare the sexual function in women pre-pregnancy and postpartum and also after the NVD and CS. Materials and Methods: In this cohort study, two groups of healthy women, with antenatal normal pregnancies, who underwent NVD (n = 90) and CS (n = 113), were prospectively studied. The sexual function of the participants was assessed through a Female Sexual Function Index (FSFI) questionnaire in two stages: once before pregnancy and then within 3 to 6 months after delivery, which lasted from June 2011 to September 2012. The data were analyzed by descriptive and inferential statistics. Data were analyzed using chi-square test, Mann-Whitney test, and T Test. Results: Based on the data gathered from 206 women who completed the FSFI questionnaire in two stages, the mean (±SD) self-reported timing of the resumption of sexual activity was 8.9 ± 1.3. There was no significant statistical difference found between the two groups by timing of the resumption of sexual activity in NVD and CS groups. There was also no statistically significant difference found in the overall sexual function scores between the two groups (NVD vs. CS). The average score for female sexual function in desire, arousal, orgasm, and satisfaction within 3 to 6 months after delivery was significantly lower than that of their pre-pregnancy period (p < 0.004). The mean coitus in postpartum period was 1.84 ± 1.20 per week. Conclusion: Based on the findings of this study, there was no significant relationship between the mode of delivery and changes in sexual function. Therefore, it can be claimed that CS is not preferred to NVD with regard to preserving normal sexual functioning.

Violence Against Women Under ISIS Occupation： A Critical Feminist Analysis of Religious and Political Factors that Commodify Women＇s Sexuality in the War Zone

Since the end of the 20th century the Middle East （ME） has witnessed increasing war and violence and proportionally more US intervention in the region. The growth of Islamic fundamentalism, A1-Qaeda and Intermediate System to Intermediate System （ISIS） would not happen without political and economic support, posing the crucial question of who benefits, both locally and globally, from the deconstruction and reconstruction of countries involved in war. US opposition toward the founding of an Islamic state obscures the economic and political benefits it gains from ongoing conflict in the region; the profitable conflict between the US and ISIS reinforces the hegemony of both powers and perpetuates Islamic fundamentalism and Salaflsm in the ME rather than promote non-patriarchal ideology. I argue that ISIS claims the purpose of war is creating an Islamic state in the region and question how this claim can be ontologically coherent with Qur＇an, the main resource of Islam. When ISIS occupies a region, destruction and sexual violence against women are the immediate results, and both are incoherent with a non-patriarchal reading of Qur＇an. In this article, I use a critical feminist perspective to explore how establishing an Islamic state goes against Qur＇an and is, therefore, un-Islamic in the way ISIS enforces its hegemony in ME. As a result, women＇s sexuality in particular has become a site of political economy, they are abused and/or sold in other markets for the use of ISIS soldiers. This specific religio-economic commodification of women is unique in the history of war, and the world is largely silent about it. There are brave Iraqi women, however, who use their potential and assets to support underprivileged women of the region. Their voices need amplification to gain support for their grassroots resistance to fundamentalist hegemony and political and economic disenfranchisement.

Knowledge of Female Prisoners in a City of Ceará, Brazil, about Sexually Transmitted Diseases

Exploratory study was conducted in the Crato Public Prison, State of Ceará, Brazil, aiming to understand the knowledge and experiences related to the preventive aspects of Sexually Transmitted Diseases (STDs) in the prison context. The target population of the study consisted of 14 female inmates, 10 of whom agreed to participate. Data collection occurred in June 2012 through recorded semi-structured individual interviews. We investigated quantitative, socio-demographic and sexual variables. In qualitative data analysis, we applied the Meaning Interpretation Method. The female vulnerability was aggravated by the early onset of sexual activity, lack of knowledge about STDs, non-adoption of preventive measures and history of prostitution. The following categories emerged from the qualitative assessment: Knowledge about STD/AIDS versus Personal Experience;Use of contraception as STD/AIDS prevention within the Public Jail;Habits of inmates: alcohol and tobacco;and Characterization of the conjugal visit area.

Intensity of the Reverse Sexual Double Standards in Females and Males and Possible Factors

Despite past researches on the sexual double standards(SDS),recent research has found that another type of sexual double standard exists,which is the reverse sexual double standard(i.e.reverse SDS,which means that men are judged more harshly than women in comparative sexual behaviors).According to previous researchers,the reverse SDS may stem from women’s worry about being infected by transmitted sexual diseases,women’s preference for men’s virginity in sexual behaviors,and the shift in attitude towards men’s sexual behaviors.Also,women tend to judge men’s sexual behaviors based on men’s attractiveness(body appearance and financial status).The present study investigated people’s implicit endorsement of the reverse SDS among 200 adults in Shanghai(20 to 50 years old,110 women,90 men)using the Implicit Association Test(IAT)with a priming procedure to limit participants’awareness including different levels of men’s body appearance and financial status.Additionally,SDSS(sexual double standard scale)was used to measure the explicit endorsement for the reverse SDS.According to my results,adults in Shanghai endorsed both an implicit and explicit reverse SDS,but women tend to endorse it more strongly than men.Also,when men are more attractive,women will judge them less harshly.These results indicate that the reverse SDS also exists in men.Implications and limitations are indicated for future researchers to call for attention to the reverse SDS and gender equality.

Constructing Women＇s Humanity from Feminist Standpoints

This article analyzes the philosophic significance of women＇s academic works in three major schools of feminist political theories. The author first argues that the universal masculine political subjects are faced with unavoidable dilemmas in social life, which can only be solved by restoring the philosophic ontology of women＇s humanity. This paper uncovers intellectual values of love, care, and harmonious relationships from liberal feminist theories, prioritizes radical feminists＇ postulation that female sexuality plays complicated roles in struggles against patriarchal rule and explores socialist feminists＇ propositions about women＇s productive and reproductive labor as a part of the economic foundations of society. The author concludes that women＇s work is essential for constructing the concrete epistemology and humanity in any philosophic work, because classical philosophers＇ denial of women＇s life experiences has violated their own epistemological standpoints for isolating knowledge from social practices.

Problems and Countermeasures of Town Women's Employment

THE employment of women living in towns is a substantial problem in China. Introduction to Town Women’s Employment Issues Today, the Chinese workforce is undergoing tremendous changes. When rural residents poured into the cities or shifted to the local manufacturing and service industries, the number of unemployed people and town-dwellers without a state-run unit increased. The employment of women also has become a serious issue. According

我国高校师生恋的法律规制路径选择

高校师生之间权力、地位的差异使得学生难以对师生恋作出有效承诺。师生恋的存在容易使教师滥用权力、偏袒与其有恋情的学生,对其他学生形成潜在不公,同时给学习环境、学校荣誉等带来负面影响,且师生恋与性骚扰的界限模糊使得师生恋极易转化为性骚扰。美国高校对师生恋规制的不同模式对我国高校规制路径的探索具有启发意义。我国对师生恋的法律规制路径选择应将重点放在高校自治范围内的规制,高校应当在校规中明确禁止存在教学管理、学业指导或考核评价等利益关系的教师与学生之间有师生恋,对不存在此类关系的师生恋高校则应持强烈不鼓励的立场。同时也应对规制师生恋的具体范围、责任主体、事前预防、事后处理和程序设计等具体方面作出完善规定。

妇女产后性问题与分娩方式

产后性问题发生率国外报道为 4 9%～ 83% ,其中最常见的是性交疼痛。一般认为病因是多因素的 ,其中心理因素占相当大比例。性交疼痛与哺乳、会阴损伤及阴道助娩正相关。本文就产后性问题与分娩方式的关系进行了探讨。虽对产后性问题的咨询与治疗的潜在需求极大 ,但产后保健服务中的性健康问题未得到应有的重视 ,更缺乏专业人员提供咨询与治疗。

产后性问题与产后保健服务

目的 :了解产后各种不同类型性问题的发生率以及在产后保健服务中对性健康重视的状况。方法 :采用横断面研究方法 ,将分娩活婴的 4 6 0例初产妇产科住院记录和产后 6月门诊随访问卷调查所得资料进行分析。结果 :94 74 %初产妇于产后 6月内恢复性生活 ,但妇女性问题的发生率较产前明显增加。其中 ,产后 3月内 70 5 9%存在性问题 ,产后 3～ 6月内下降为 6 4 0 8% ,产后 6月时 ,降至 34 17% ,但未恢复到妊娠前 (7 17% )的水平。产后常见的女性性问题有 :性交疼痛、阴道干涩、性高潮障碍、阴道松弛等 ;其中 ,性交疼痛发生率占第 1位 ,产后 3月内为 6 1 76 % ,产后 6月为 13 2 1%。产后 4 2天接受产科随访时 ,仅 2 0 82 %的妇女从卫生保健人员得到有关的性健康知识。在有产后性问题的妇女中 ,与卫生保健人员讨论过该问题者仅为 8 0 2 %。结论 :产后性健康问题非常普遍 ,但产后保健服务中性健康未得到应有重视 ,缺乏专业人员提供咨询与治疗。提示对产后性问题的咨询与治疗的潜在需求极大 ,值得重视。

从比赛质量看中国女子足球存在的主要问题——第4届世界女子足球锦标赛思考之一

采用文献资料、现场观察、数理统计等研究方法,通过多层次、多角度对世界高水平女足比赛和近年来中国女足参加的国内外比赛进行对比分析。研究表明,中国女子足球的比赛质量已与世界高水平女子比赛拉开差距,与国内高水平时期相比呈现下降趋势。具体表现在攻守转换较慢,进攻线路单一,射门质量不高,缺乏多点得分能力和攻击手。另外,中国女足队员体能较差。

西方大学男女同校制的开端与意义

1837年,美国中西部俄亥俄州的奥柏林学院首次招收了四名女生,标志着西方传统大学之门向妇女开放。但是从严格意义上而言,高等教育即便是在男女同校的体制下,却仍然长期实行男女隔离的教育。西方社会男尊女卑的宗教传统以及当时生物学上的某些谬论的误导是阻碍西方大学实施男女同校制教育的主导原因,但是随着西方社会风气的不断开化以及其它的经济、政治等因素的作用,女性进入传统大学和男性接受同等的高等教育的现实条件不断成熟,历史的潮流必将还女性包括受教育权利在内的一切平等的社会权利。

一种反人权的话语——试论汉语语境中的“强奸”

尽管长期以来,“强奸”一直是中国社会中的流行话语,但是,“强奸”的说法与当今的人权时代是格格不入的。在人权的视角下,汉语语境中的“强奸”首先属于一种有悖人权的“性的污名”,其重点在“奸”而不在“强”;其次,“强奸”也是将女性当作性客体的男权意识的反映,本质上与妇女人权是对立的;再次,逻辑上自相矛盾的“强奸”,严重地践踏了女性的人格尊严,给女性造成了极大的伤害。因此,应该废除“强奸”,代之以“性强暴”话语。

妇女权益保障与和谐家庭构建的问题及对策

和谐家庭是社会主义和谐社会的基础。保障妇女权益是构建和谐家庭的必要条件。由于历史和现实的种种原因,妇女权益仍存在影响家庭和谐的若干问题。从法律、道德、制度等方面探讨健全妇女权益的保障机制,探讨构建和谐家庭的相关对策,既是理论任务又是实践要求。

我国女性政治参与的现状、问题与对策

建国以后尤其是改革开放以来,我国女性参与政治的积极性提高,女性干部队伍不断壮大,女性政治参与的法律环境日益改善。但是,我国女性政治参与仍存在任职岗位边缘化、执政层次成"橄榄形"、政策环境缺乏活力、民主参与意识弱等问题。要进一步夯实女性政治参与的经济基础,完善保障女性政治参与的法规和政策,增强女性政治参与的主体性意识,提升我国女性政治参与的水平。

合校与分校:美国中学女子教育的公平诉求

美国中学女子教育向来追求教育中的性别公平，女子教育的分校与合校之说自美国教育形成与发展的早期就存在论争，美国教育界对此也进行了广泛研究。本文探析了美国女子分校与合校教育的历史发展、社会背景以及其中的性别公平问题。

作为交叉学科的妇女/性别学

面对国内妇女/性别学学科发展的现实困惑,结合妇女/性别学学科的本质特征和国内外交叉学科的发展,指出在交叉学科下发展妇女/性别学是妇女/性别学学科建设和发展的新尝试和新趋向。以厦门大学妇女/性别研究与培训基地成功申报交叉学科妇女/性别研究博士点为例,提出目前妇女/性别学作为交叉学科建设时存在的问题和建议。

五四时期《妇女杂志》关于“新性道德”的讨论

五四新文化时期是传统道德向现代道德转型的重要时期,先进的知识分子借助《妇女杂志》这个大众传媒平台,破旧立新,建构新性道德观。他们认为,唯有建立在恋爱基础上的性关系才是道德的,并主张通过普及性教育和恋爱教育,来养成新道德。追求两性的平等对女性从传统社会束缚中解放出来具有重要的历史意义,同时也因为理论过于激进而存有一定的局限性。

女性学专业“性别与法律”课程教学探索

"性别与法律"是女性学专业开设的法学类特色课程,它属于主题性课程或领域性课程、视角或方法性课程,具有批判与建构并重的特征,且研讨性教学应占较大比重;它在内容编排上应分为导论、总论以及分论等3个部分,后者宜按中国特色社会主义法律体系组成划分为若干讲。目前该课程存在难度大、无合适教材和对教师要求高等问题,据此可运用电影教学、文献阅读、性别平衡和研讨方法,以此激发学生积极性、培养其能力并最终提升教学效果。

近代中国妇女问题小说中的女杰形象及其审美意义

近代中国文坛产生了一批反映妇女问题的小说,其中塑造了不少中国女杰形象,她们大都具有崭新的思想品格和崇高的理想追求,敢于冲决封建礼教的牢笼,走出家门或国门,发挥才智能力于社会,以女性身份做成轰轰烈烈的事业,从而突破了传统女性形象的固有模式。这些形象虽然也存在着一些缺陷,但在她们身上,却反映了近代女性观的新变和先进女性的精神风貌,印证了女性价值及社会角色从传统向现代的转变,寄托着小说家等先进之士的理想人格。