Current state and influencing factors in airbag management among emergency department nurses:A multicenter study

BACKGROUND The emergency department(ED)plays a critical role in establishing artificial airways and implementing mechanical ventilation.Managing airbags in the ED presents a prime opportunity to mitigate the risk of ventilator-associated pneumonia.Nonetheless,existing research has largely overlooked the understanding,beliefs,and practical dimensions of airway airbag management among ED nurses,with a predominant focus on intensive care unit nurses.AIM To investigate the current status of ED nurses'knowledge,beliefs,and practical behaviors in airway airbag management and their influencing factors.METHODS A survey was conducted from July 10th to August 10th,2023,using convenience sampling on 520 ED nurses from 15 tertiary hospitals and 5 sary hospitals in Shanghai.Pathway analysis was utilized to analyze the influencing factors.RESULTS The scores for ED nurses'airway airbag management knowledge were 60.26±23.00,belief was 88.65±13.36,and behavior was 75.10±19.84.The main influencing factors of airbag management knowledge included participation in specialized nurse or mechanical ventilation training,department,and work experience in the department.Influencing factors of airbag management belief comprised knowledge,department,and participation in specialized nurse or mechanical ventilation training.Primary influencing factors of airbag management behavior included knowledge,belief,department,participation in specialized nurse or mechanical ventilation training,and professional title.The belief in airbag management among ED nurses acted as a partial mediator between knowledge and behavior,with a total effect value of 0.513,and an indirect effect of 0.085,constituting 16.6%of the total effect.CONCLUSION ED nurses exhibit a positive attitude toward airbag management with relatively standardized practices,yet there remains room for improvement in their knowledge levels.Nursing managers should implement interventions tailored to the characteristics of ED nurses'airbag management knowledge,beliefs,and practices to enhance their airbag management proficiency.

Optimization of Vehicle Side Curtain Airbag Module Based on Computer Aided Engineering

Compared with other kinds of airbags, curtain airbag（CAB） has more complex structures and larger coverage area. The product development process depends on many module tests, sled tests and full size vehicle tests. Computer aided engineering（CAE） technology can replace tests to a great extent, also save test costs and product development time. This paper introduces the way of setting up simulation models and application of static deployment tests and free motion headform（FMH） tests to verify simulation models. In the CAB simulation, uniform pressure airbag models and computational fluid dynamics（CFD） models are all used. The uniform pressure airbag models are not able to simulate the pressure difference among different parts inside the cushion during inflating process. CFD-based CAB models are used to help the curtain airbag optimization design. Based on effective CAE simulation, the optimization analyses related to diffuser tube parameters, inflator mass flow rate and cushion folding patterns are discussed and performed in different cases. The optimization result shows that the proposed techniques are helpful to the parametric optimization design of side curtain airbag module in curtain airbag development process.

Multi-objective Optimization Design of Vented Cylindrical Airbag Cushioning System for Unmanned Aerial Vehicle

Multi-objective optimization design of the gas-filled bag cushion landing system is investigated.Firstly,the landing process of airbag is decomposed into a adiabatic compression and a release of landing shock energy,and the differential equation of cylindrical gas-filled bag is presented from a theoretical perspective based on the ideal gas state equation and dynamic equation.Then,the effects of exhaust areas and blasting pressure on buffer characteristics are studied,taking those parameters as design variable for the multiobjective optimization problem,and the solution can be determined by comparing Pareto set,which is gained by NSGA-Ⅱ.Finally,the feasibility of the design scheme is verified by experimental results of the ground test.

Characteristic Verification and Parameter Optimization of Airbags Cushion System for Airborne Vehicle

Abstract： The major methods to investigate the airbags cushion system are experimental method, thermodynamic method and finite element method （FEM）. Airbags cushion systems are very complicated and very difficult to be investigated thoroughly by such methods For experimental method, it is nearly impossible to completely analyze and optimize the cushion characteristics of airbags of airborne vehicle because of charge issue, safety concern and time constraint. Thermodynamic method fails to take the non-linear effects of large airbag deformation and varied contact conditions into consideration. For finite element method, the FE model is usually complicated and the calculation takes tens of hours of CPU time. As a result, the optimization of the design based on a nonlinear model is very difficult by traditional iterative approach method. In this paper, a model based on FEM and control volume method is proposed to simulate landing cushion process of airborne vehicle with airbags cushion system in order to analyze and optimize the parameters in airbags cushion system. At first, the performance of airbags cushion system model is verified experimentally. In airdrop test, accelerometers are fixed in 4 test points distributed over engine mount, top, bottom and side armor plate of hull to obtain acceleration curves with time. The simulation results are obtained under the same conditions of the airdrop test and the simulation results agree very well with the experimental results, which indicate the established model is valid for further optimization. To optimize the parameters of airbags, equivalent response model based on Latin Hypercube DOE and radial basis function is employed instead of the complex finite element model. Then the optimal results based on equivalent response model are obtained using simulated annealing algorithm. After optimization, the maximal acceleration of airborne vehicle landing reduces 19.83%, while the energy absorption by airbags increases 7.85%. The performance of the airbags cushion system thus is largely improved through optimization, which indicates the proposed method has the capability of solving the parameter optimization problem of airbags cushion system for airborne vehicle.

Establishment and Validation for the Theoretical Model of the Vehicle Airbag

The current design and optimization of the occupant restraint system（ORS） are based on numerous actual tests and mathematic simulations. These two methods are overly time-consuming and complex for the concept design phase of the ORS, though they＇re quite effective and accurate. Therefore, a fast and directive method of the design and optimization is needed in the concept design phase of the ORS. Since the airbag system is a crucial part of the ORS, in this paper, a theoretical model for the vehicle airbag is established in order to clarify the interaction between occupants and airbags, and further a fast design and optimization method of airbags in the concept design phase is made based on the proposed theoretical model. First, the theoretical expression of the simplified mechanical relationship between the airbag＇s design parameters and the occupant response is developed based on classical mechanics, then the momentum theorem and the ideal gas state equation are adopted to illustrate the relationship between airbag＇s design parameters and occupant response. By using MATLAB software, the iterative algorithm method and discrete variables are applied to the solution of the proposed theoretical model with a random input in a certain scope. And validations by MADYMO software prove the validity and accuracy of this theoretical model in two principal design parameters, the inflated gas mass and vent diameter, within a regular range. This research contributes to a deeper comprehension of the relation between occupants and airbags, further a fast design and optimization method for airbags＇ principal parameters in the concept design phase, and provides the range of the airbag＇s initial design parameters for the subsequent CAE simulations and actual tests.

Experimental Research on Permeability of Airbag Fabrics at High Pressure Differential

The air permeability of airbag fabrics was measured at high pressure differential up to 200 kPa. It was found that permeability varied with pressure differential nonlinearly. The relationship between air permeability and the pressure differential was fitted well with power law curve. The study revealed that the coefficient c and exponent b in the power law equation had a strong correlation with porosity, which was chosen to characterize the airbag fabrics.

Designing for Ripped-up Edge in Full Airbag

An investigation is reported in which the factors such as air discharge resistance capability, weaving ability, and anti- breakage performance are discussed. These parameters are concerned during weave designing for ripped-up edge of full airbag. Furthermore, two kinds of weave of edge in airbag, rib weave and basket weave,were chosen to analyze the performances of airbag. And the datum relative to the weave which affected the performances of airbag, such as weave form, initial point, were analyzed. In addition, accordingly technical handles are taken on the special loom.

Design and Occupant-Protection Performance Analysis of a New Tubular Driver Airbag

An airbag is an effective protective device for vehicle occupant safety, but may cause unexpected injury from the excessive energy of ignition when it is deployed, This paper focuses on the design of a new tubular driver airhag from the perspective of reducing the dosage of gas generant, Three different dummies were selected for computer simulation to investigate the stiffness and protection performance of the new airhag, Next, a multi-objective optimization of the 50th percentile dummy was conducted, The results show that the static volume of the new airhag is only about 113 of the volume of an ordinary one, and the injury value of each type of dummy can meet legal requirements while reducing the gas dosage by at least 30%, The combined injury index （Pcomb） decreases by 22% and the gas dosage is reduced by 32% after optimization, This study demonstrates that the new tubular driver airbag has great potential for protection in terms of reducing the gas dosage,

Environment Adaptability Evaluation for Buffering Airbag of Heavy Equipment During Airdrop Landing

Aimed at the difficulties in analyzing the buffer characteristics of airbag system by using thermodynamic or experimental method only,the finite element method was used to establish nonlinear models for heavy equipment and its airbag system.The models' efficiency and correctness were validated by using on-site experiment data in vehicle airdrop landing.The simulation results agree very well with the experiment results.Then,the environment adaptability of airbag system of heavy equipment under high-altitude condition was studied by using the models.Finally,some solutions were given to solve the overturn problem in the landing.

Study on Multi-objective Optimization of Airbag Landing Attenuation System for Heavy Airdrop

A finite element model of vehicle and its airbag landing attenuation system is established and verified experimentally.Two design cases are selected to constrain the airbag design for extreme landing conditions,while the height and width of airbag and the area of vent hole are chosen as design variables.The optimization is forced to compromise the design variables between the conflicting requirements of the two extremes.In order to optimize the parameters of airbag,the multi-dimensional response surfaces based on extended Latin hypercube design and radial basis function are employed instead of the complex finite element model.Pareto optimal solution sets based on response surfaces are then obtained by multi-objective genetic algorithm.The results show the optimization method presented in this paper is a practical tool for the optimization of airbag landing attenuation system for heavy airdrop.

Touch DNA of Shed Skin Cells from the Deployed Airbag to Address Drunken Driving Crimes

In the criminal cases of driving under the influence(DUI), DNA evidence can be collected from the deployed airbag of the motor vehicle and submitted to the crime lab for touch DNA analysis.The evidence can be acquired when the skin cells are observed on the surface of the airbag in a traffic accident. However, the low quantity or quality of the evidence collected from a crime scene prevents further identification analysis in many cases. In the current study, we reported a case of identifying touch DNA extraction from the shed skin cells from the deployed airbag of a motor vehicle. We managed to collect DNA evidence from the shed skin cells in an airbag using a proper approach of collection and extraction. The 5.87 ng of extracted DNA was sufficient for genotyping and forensic identification, which helped to identify the driver of the car in collision with a pier in the street. In DUI cases and other traffic accidents, therefore, the amount of touch DNA extracted from the deployed airbag can be sufficient for DNA marker genotyping and further analysis.

A numerical study of passenger side airbag deployment based on arbitrary Lagrangian-eulerian method

The passenger side airbags(PAB)are usually larger than the driver airbags.Therefore,the inflator of PAB is more powerful with high mass rate.In this paper,an Arbitrary Lagrangian-Eulerian(ALE)method based computational method is developed to simulate the deployment of a PAB.The tank test is used to test the property of the inflator.Through comparison of numerical and experimental results,the ALE method is validated.Based on a failed airbag test,a smaller sub-airbag is placed inside PAB to disperse the gas flow to directions which are less damaging.By applying dynamic relaxation,the initial mesh corresponding to the experimental terms is obtained.The results indicate that the interior pressure and impact force coincide with the test data,and the method in this paper is capable of capturing airbag deploying process of the PAB module accurately.

Airbag Mapped Mesh Auto-Flattening Method

Current software cannot easily model an airbag to be flattened without wrinkles. This paper im- proves the modeling efficiency using the initial metric method to design a mapped mesh auto-flattening algo- rithm. The element geometric transformation matrix was obtained using the theory of computer graphics. The algorithm proved to be practical for modeling a passenger-side airbag model. The efficiency and preci- sion of modeling airbags are greatly improved by this method.

A hierarchical updating method for finite element model of airbag buffer system under landing impact

In this paper, we propose an impact finite element （FE） model for an airbag landing buf- fer system. First, an impact FE model has been formulated for a typical airbag landing buffer system. We use the independence of the structure FE model from the full impact FE model to develop a hierarchical updating scheme for the recovery module FE model and the airbag system FE model. Second, we define impact responses at key points to compare the computational and experimental results to resolve the inconsistency between the experimental data sampling frequency and experi- mental triggering. To determine the typical characteristics of the impact dynamics response of the airbag landing buffer system, we present the impact response confidence factors （IRCFs） to evalu- ate how consistent the computational and experiment results are. An error function is defined between the experimental and computational results at key points of the impact response （KPIR） to serve as a modified objective function. A radial basis function （RBF） is introduced to construct updating variables for a surrogate model for updating the objective function, thereby converting the FE model updating problem to a soluble optimization problem. Finally, the developed method has been validated using an experimental and computational study on the impact dynamics of a classic airbag landing buffer system.

Dynamic PIV Measurement of a Compressible Flow Issuing from an Airbag Inflator Nozzle

Among many equipment for passenger safety, the air bag system is the most fundamental and effective device for an automobile. The inflator housing is a main part of the curtain-type air bag system, which supplies high-pressure gases in pumping up the air bag-curtain which is increasingly being adapted in deluxe cars for protecting passengers from the danger of side clash. However, flow information on the inflator housing is very limited. In this study, we measure the instantaneous velocity fields of a high-speed compressible flow issuing from the exit nozzle of an inflator housing using a dynamic PIV system. From the velocity field data measured at a high frame-rate, we evaluate the variation of the mass flow rate with time. The dynamic PIV system consists of a high-repetition Nd：YLF laser, a high-speed CMOS camera, and a delay generator. The flow images are taken at 4000 fps with synchronization of the trigger signal for inflator ignition. From the instantaneous velocity field data of flow ejecting from the airbag inflator housing at the initial stage, we can see a flow pattern of broken shock wave front and its downward propagation. The flow ejecting from the inflator housing is found to have very high velocity fluctuations, with the maximum velocity at about 700 m/s. The time duration of the high-speed flow is very short, and there is no perceptible flow after 100 ms.

Design of the Airbag Inflation System Applicable to Conventional and Autonomous Vehicles

The emergency transformation of various aspects of life and business these days requires prompt evaluation of autonomous vehicles.One of the primary reassessments deals with the applicability of the vehicle passive safety system to the protec-tion of arbitrarily positioned passengers.To mitigate possible risks caused by the simultaneous deployment of several big airbags,a new principle of their operation is required.Herein,the aspirated inflator for a driver airbag is developed that can provide 50L-airbag inflation within 30-40 ms.As a result,about 3/4 of the air is to be entrained into an airbag from the vehicle compartment.The process is initiated by a supersonic pulse jet(1/3 air volume)generated pyrotechnically.Then the Prandtl-Meyer problem formulation enables guiding linear and angular dimensions of the essential parts of the device.Accordingly,a family of experimental models of varied geometry is fabricated and tested to determine their operational effectiveness in a range of motive pressure within~3-7 MPa.Experiments are performed on a specially designed facility equipped with compressed-air tanks and a high-speed valve to mimic the inflator operation with the pyrotechnic gas generator.The aspirated inflator operability is characterized using multivariate measurements of pressure fields,high-speed video-recording of the airbag inflation process,and evaluation of aspiration(entrainment)ratio.The average volume aspiration ratio measured at 300 K is found to reach 2.8 and it’s expected to almost double at 1200 K.

带消声功能的潜艇换热器声学性能仿真

针对潜艇消声问题,提出一种带消声功能的换热器,开展环状橡胶气囊结构消声性能研究。建立仿真模型和进行传递损失计算,证明有囊式消声器的消声效果。利用控制变量法定量改变设计参数,分别研究气腔长度、穿孔直径和穿孔率对气囊消声效果的影响规律,为潜艇换热器的流动噪声控制提供有力支撑。

新型气囊结构对高速列车横风气动性能的影响

为保障高速列车在大风环境下的行车安全,提出一种安装于列车背风侧、改善列车横风气动性能的新型气囊结构外形,以三车编组高速列车为基准,建立4种不同气囊−列车模型即气囊列车(模型Ⅰ)、增加气囊横向宽度(模型Ⅱ、Ⅲ)、增加气囊垂向宽度(模型Ⅳ)。基于三维稳态SST k-ω双方程湍流模型,研究不同气囊模型作用下高速列车横风气动性能。研究结果表明:列车背风侧气囊改变了背风侧车体表面压力分布,列车横向力系数降低、升力系数增大,使得列车倾覆力矩系数减小,高速列车横风气动性能显著提升;随气囊横向宽度增加,列车横向力系数逐渐降低,而升力系数逐渐增大,模型Ⅲ的横风气动性能较优。相较于原始列车模型,模型Ⅲ的横向力系数减小7.09%,升力系数增加12.78%,模型Ⅰ、Ⅱ、Ⅲ的倾覆力矩系数分别降低8.43%、11.05%、13.15%;改变气囊垂向宽度对高速列车横风气动特性影响较小,模型Ⅳ倾覆力矩系数降低8.78%,与模型Ⅰ的优化效果相近。

动态气囊内压力监测联合专项呼吸道强化干预在婴幼儿法洛四联症术后中的应用

目的研究动态气囊内压力监测联合专项呼吸道强化干预在婴幼儿法洛四联症术后护理中的应用效果。方法前瞻性选取2021年1月至2022年12月河南省人民医院儿童心脏中心重症监护室收治的86例婴幼儿法洛四联症术后机械通气患儿为研究对象,根据随机数字表法分为观察组(43例)与对照组(43例),对照组接受常规护理干预,观察组在此基础上接受动态气囊内压力监测联合专项呼吸道强化干预。比较两组患儿术后恢复情况(机械通气时间、术后监护时间、住院时间)、呼吸系统相关并发症发生情况;比较两组干预前后血气指标[血氧饱和度(SpO_(2))、动脉血氧分压(PaO_(2))、动脉血二氧化碳分压(PaCO_(2))];比较两组术后48 h儿童疼痛行为量表(FLACC);比较两组出院当天生存质量[儿童生存质量测定量表系列心脏病模块(PedsQLTM 3.0)家长问卷]。结果观察组机械通气时间、术后监护时间、住院时间均短于对照组(P<0.05);观察组呼吸系统相关并发症总发生率低于对照组(P<0.05)。干预后,两组患儿SpO_(2)、PaO_(2)水平升高(P<0.05),且观察组高于对照组(P<0.05);两组患儿PaCO_(2)水平降低(P<0.05),且观察组低于对照组(P<0.05)。术后48 h,观察组表情、肢体动作、行为维度评分比较差异无统计学意义(P>0.05),观察组哭闹、可安慰性、FLACC总分低于对照组(P<0.05);出院当天,观察组PedsQLTM 3.0家长问卷各维度评分高于对照组(P<0.05)。结论动态气囊内压力监测联合专项呼吸道强化干预有助于改善婴幼儿法洛四联症术后动脉血气水平,降低呼吸系统相关并发症发生率,提高患儿短期生存质量。

矿井灾变时期气囊密闭技术的研究与优化

为探究气囊密闭工艺在矿井发生灾变过程中的密闭工艺效果,以唐山开滦实验巷道为工程条件,运用Fluent数值软件,结合快速气囊密技术,研究了不同火灾发展阶段下灾区爆炸危险气体的变动特性以及运移规律,分析了快速气囊密闭的工艺效果,并针对现有工艺进行了进一步的优化和设计。结果表明:灾区内上隅角CH_(4)浓度最高,气囊密闭具有封堵速度快、气密性好的特性,能在5 min内完成巷道的完全封堵,漏风率控制在5%以内,同时快速气囊密闭使得通风量急剧减少,CH_(4)积聚速度变快,氧气扩散较慢,未形成爆炸危险区域。利用PLC控制方式和远程遥控手段优化现有气囊密闭工艺,实现了远程控制。