Electrochemical behavior of tantalum in ethylene carbonate and aluminum chloride solvate ionic liquid

To investigate the electrochemical reduction mechanism of Ta(Ⅴ)in ethylene carbonate and aluminum chloride(EC-AlCl3)solvate ionic liquid,cyclic voltammetry experiments were conducted on a tungsten working electrode.Four reduction peaks were observed in the cyclic voltammogram of the EC-AlCl3-TaCl5 ionic liquid.The reduction peaks at-0.55,-0.72,and-1.12 V(vs Al)were related to the reduction of Ta(Ⅴ)to tantalum metal by three stages including the formation of Ta(Ⅳ)and Ta(Ⅲ)complex ions.The reduction of Ta(Ⅲ)to tantalum metal was an irreversible diffusion-controlled reaction with a diffusion coefficient of 3.7×10^-7 cm^2/s at 323 K,and the diffusion activation energy was 77 k J/mol.Moreover,the cathode products at 323 K were characterized by scanning electron microscopy,energy-dispersive spectroscopy,and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy.The results showed that tantalum metal and tantalum oxides were obtained by potentiostatic electrodeposition at-0.8 V for 2 h.

Chemical Modification of Cassava Starch by Transesterification Using Vegetable Oil/Aluminum Chloride

Chemical modification of cassava starch by transesterification of a vegetable oil(palm kernel oil)using aluminum chloride as a Lewis acid catalyst was achieved under relatively mild conditions(temperature 60–110°C;atmospheric pressure).The reaction was carried out without any additional solvent.The modified starch was characterized by degree of substitution(DS),FTIR,X-ray diffraction and thermal analysis.DS of 0.09 to 0.53 were obtained.The cassava starch presented an X-ray diffraction pattern of a type A starch.X-ray analyses showed that the reaction did not significantly affect the crystallinity of starch.The modified starch films(MStF)adsorbed less water than the reference native starch film(NStF)at all the relative humidities investigated.The MStF were also less soluble in water.The tensile tests showed an increase of the strength and a decrease of the flexibility of MStF compared to the reference NStF.The results showed that this chemical route could be used to increase the water resistance of starch-based materials.

Direct spray pyrolysis of aluminum chloride solution for alumina preparation

The effects of pyrolysis mode and pyrolysis parameters on Cl content in alumina were investigated, and the alumina products were characterized by XRD, SEM and ASAP. The experimental results indicate that the spray pyrolysis efficiency is higher than that of static pyrolysis process, and the reaction and evaporation process lead to a multi-plot state of the alumina products by spray pyrolysis. Aluminum phase starts to transform into γ-Al2O3 at spray pyrolysis temperature of 600 °C, which is about 200 °C lower than that of static pyrolysis process. The primary particle size of γ-Al2O3 product is 27.62 nm, and Cl content in alumina products is 0.38% at 800 °C for 20 min.

Electrochemical Deposition and Nucleation of Aluminum on Tungsten in Aluminum Chloride-Sodium Chloride Melts

Electrochemical deposition and nucleation of aluminum on tungsten electrode from AlCl3-NaCl melts were studied by cyclic voltammetry, chronopotentiometry and chronoamperometry. Cyclic voltammetry and chronopotentiometry analyses showed that Al （Ⅲ） was reduced at 200℃ in two consecutive steps in an electrolyte of molten AlCl3-NaCl system with a composition 52：48 molar ratio. The current-time characteristics of nucleation aluminum on tungsten showed a strong dependence on overpotentials. Chronoamperometry showed that the deposition process of aluminum on tungsten was controlled by an instantaneous nucleation with a hemispherical diffusion-controlled growth mechanism. The results could lead to a better understanding of the AlCl3-NaCl melt system that has technological importance in electrodeposition of metals as well as in rechargeable batteries.

Improve Effluent Water Quality at Abu-Rawash WWTP Using Aluminum Chloride and Carbon Dioxide

This research involved attempting to improve water quality at the Abu-Rawash WWTP by using aluminum chloride (AlCl3) as a coagulant combined with injection of carbon dioxide (CO2). The Abu-Rawash WWTP is the main source of water quality degradation at the Rosetta branch, Egypt. Sewage samples were collected from the effluent of the grit removal chamber. Jar tests were performed to estimate the optimum pH value and the coagulant dosage required to obtain acceptable treatment. Eleven samples were prepared with equal dosages of aluminum chloride (10.0 mg/L) and different pH values. The optimal pH values for the elimination of the biological oxygen demand (BOD), chemical oxygen demand (COD), total suspended solids (TSS), and turbidity ranged from 6.10 to 6.20 for the aluminum chloride. Results indicated that the appropriate AlCl3 dosage was 2.0 mg/L, especially at pH between 6.1 and 6.2. The results also showed that the AlCl3 was cost effective, especially after reducing pH value. It is also more cost effective than the other proposed solutions such as changing the effluent path of the Abu-Rawash WWTP to the desert.

Efficient Synthesis of β-Acetamido Ketones and Esters Using Aluminum Chloride as an Inexpensive and Green Catalyst

Aluminum chloride （AlCl3） efficiently catalyzes one-pot multicomponent condensation of enolizable ketones or alkyl acetoacetates with aldehydes, acetonitrile and acetyl chloride to afford β-acetamido ketone or ester derivatives in high to excellent yields and in relatively short reaction times. Moreover, by this synthetic method, some novel β-acetamido ketones and esters （i.e. one complex structure） are prepared.

Aluminum chloride:A highly efficient catalyst for addition of amines to carbodiimides to synthesize substituted guanidines

A catalytic addition of amine N H bonds to carbodiimides using aluminum chloride as a Lewis acid catalyst is developed.The reaction proceeds under mild conditions without solvent to afford a series of substituted guanidines in good to excellent yields using a wide range of amines as substrates.Evidence of the proposed mechanism is provided by in situ infrared spectroscopy.

Role of Chloride Ion and Dissolved Oxygen in Electrochemical Corrosion of AA5083-H321 Aluminum-Magnesium Alloy in NaCl Solutions under Flow Conditions

Flow-induced corrosion consists electrochemical and mechanical components. The present paper has to assessed the role of chloride ion and dissolved oxygen in the electrochemical component of flow induced corrosion for AA5083-H321 aluminum-magnesium alloy which is extensively used in the construction of high-speed boats, submarines, hovercrafts, and desalination systems, in NaCI solutions. Electrochemical tests were carried out at flow velocities of 0, ：2, 5, 7 and 10 m/s, in aerated and deaerated NaCI solutions with different sodium chloride concentrations. The results showed that the high rate of oxygen reduction under hydrodynamic conditions causes an increase in the density of pits on the surface. The increase of chloride ions concentration under flow conditions accelerates the rate of anodic reactions, but have no influence on the cathodic reactions. Thus, in the current work, it was found that under flow conditions, due to the elimination of corrosion products inside the pits, corrosion resistance of the alloy is increased.

Preparation of Rod-like Aluminum Doped Zinc Oxide Powders by Sol-gel Technique Using Metal Chlorides and Acetylacetone Precursors

Al-doped ZnO(AZO) powders were prepared by using metal chloride precursors and the sol-gel technique. IR peaks observed at 1590 cm-1 and 1620 cm-1indicated the formation of metal chelate as a consequence of the addition of acetylacetone to the metal chloride solution. TG-DSC analysis of the AZO gels confirmed the formation of metal chelate as evidenced by the development of several weight loss peaks accompanied by the introduction of new endothermic peaks. The resulting AZO gels were annealed at 500, 600, and 800 ℃ to study the effect of annealing temperature. XRD and SEM results showed that crystallization of AZO gels takes place around 600 ℃. Hexagonal wurtzite structure was identified as the main phase for all the samples. In addition, small shift of the XRD(002) peak coupled with XPS results from the AZO powders confirmed the successful doping of the ZnO powders. Micron sized rod-like AZO powders were uniform in dimension and morphology and remained stable even at 800 ℃.

Experimental Investigation of Inhibition Efficiency of Crocin for Chloride-Induced Corrosion of Aluminum Alloys

The use of Crocin, derived from the flowers of Crocus sativus, is investigated as corrosion inhibitor for the AA1050, AA5083, AA5754 and AA6082 aluminum alloys in chloride ions environment. Aluminum and aluminum alloys are subjected to corrosion in the aggressive environment of chlorides, so several green corrosion inhibitors, mostly of plant origin, with minimum impact on health and the environment have been examined. In this study, the inhibition efficiency of 1.25 mM Crocin in a 0.01 M NaCl corrosive solution was assessed via electrochemical corrosion techniques and gravimetric mass loss measurements of the aluminum alloys. The surface of the specimens was examined using Scanning Electron Microscopy, Energy Dispersive Spectroscopy, Stereomicroscopy and Glossiness measurements. Experimental results reveal the protective anticorrosive action of Crocin for all aluminum alloys in the sodium chloride medium.

氯化镁-氯化铝-EMImBF_(4)/有机醚可充镁电池电解液

可充镁电池(RMBs)是下一代最具潜力的储能体系之一,电解液对RMBs的性能具有重要影响.本文通过将1-乙基-3-甲基咪唑鎓四氟硼酸盐(EMImBF_(4))添加到MgCl_(2)+AlCl_(3)电解液(MACC)中,构建了一种MACC-EMImBF_(4)/有机醚(MACCE)可充镁电池电解液体系;采用循环伏安(CV)、线性扫描伏安(LSV)、电化学交流阻抗谱(EIS)和恒流充放电曲线(GCD)等方法测试了MACCE电解液的电化学性能及全电池性能;并通过场发射扫描电子显微镜(FESEM)、X射线衍射仪(XRD)和X射线光电子能谱仪(XPS)对循环后的电极表面进行了分析.结果表明,EMImBF_(4)的添加有效改善了电解液的性能,MgCl_(2)-AlCl_(3)与EMImBF_(4)的最佳摩尔比为5∶1.MACCE电解液的离子电导率为3.94 mS/cm,Mg^(2+)沉积-溶出过电位为59 mV,库仑效率达97.5%以上,氧化稳定电位可达2.8 V(vs.Mg/Mg^(2+))且循环时间超过500 h.MACCE电解液在循环过程中可在Mg负极表面形成一层纳米颗粒层,有助于改善循环稳定性.MACCE电解液与正极材料Mo6S8的兼容性好,Mo6S8|MACCE|Mg全电池的放电平均比容量可达64.4mA∙h/g(12.88mA/g,0.1C),100次循环后比容量保持率可达73.2%.

赤泥用于酸性含锰废水中锰的净化研究

采用还原焙烧-磁选预处理赤泥,得到非磁性物;非磁性物经煅烧、盐酸溶出后加入饱和偏铝酸钠聚合剂聚合后过滤、熟化制备聚合氯化铝(PAC)基液;使用该PAC基液,在沉降时间5 h、PAC基液与废水体积比1∶120、搅拌转速140 r/min、pH值8、反应温度30℃、聚丙烯酰胺(PAM)投加量20 mg/L条件下处理含锰酸性废水,处理后液中锰质量浓度由325.3 mg/L降至1.5 mg/L,锰去除率达99.5%,净化后液中锰质量浓度达到国家一级排放标准。

Aluminum neurotoxicity effects on intracellular Ca^(2+) homeostasis in the rat cerebral cortex

Studies have suggested that aluminum, a neurotoxic metal, is involved in the progression of neurodegenerative diseases. Previous studies have confirmed that aluminum influences intracellular Ca^2＋ homeostasis. However, it remains unclear whether aluminum increases or decreases intracellular Ca^2＋ concentrations. The present study demonstrated that Al^3＋ competitively binds to calmodulin （CAM）, together with Ca^2＋, which resulted in loss of capacity of CaM to bind to Ca^2＋, leading to increased [Ca^2＋]i. Al^3＋ stimulated voltage-gated calcium channels on cell membranes, which allowed a small quantity of Ca^2＋ into the cells. Al^3＋ also promoted calcium release from organelles by stimulating L-Ca^2＋αlc to trigger calcium-induced calcium release. Although Al^3＋ upregulated expression of Na＋/Ca^2＋exchanger mRNA, increased levels of Ca^2＋ and Na＋/Ca^2＋ exchanger did not maintain a normal Ca^2＋ balance. Al^3＋ resulted in disordered intracellular calcium homeostasis by affecting calcium channels, calcium buffering, and calcium expulsion.

Protective Effect of Ginkgo Biloba Leaf Extract on Learning and Memory Deficit Induced by Aluminum in Model Rats

Objective： To examine the protective effect of Ginkgo biloba leaf extract （GbE） on learning and memory deficit induced by aluminum chloride （AlCl3）, and explore its mechanisms. Methods： The rat models with learning and memory deficit were induced by administering via gastrogavage and drinking of AlCl3 solution. And the model rats were treated with GbE at the dose of 50, 100, 200 mg/kg every day for 2 months accompanied with drinking of AlCl3 solution, respectively. Their abilities of spatial learning and memory were tested by Morris water maze, and the acetylcholinesterase （ACHE） activity in serum was assayed with chemical method, the AChE expression in hippocampus was observed by immunohistochemistry assay, and then quantitative analysis was done by BI 2000 image analysis system. Results： Learning and memory deficit of rats could be induced by AlCl3 solution （P〈0.01）, and AChE expressions in rats hippocampus were increased （P〈0.01）; GbE ameliorated learning and memory deficit and reduced AChE expression in rats hippocampus in a dose-dependent manner, while GbE significantly increased serum AChE activity at the dose of 200 mg/kg each day （P〈0.05）. Conclusion： GbE can ameliorate learning and memory deficit induced by AlCl3, which may be due to its inhibition of the AChE expression in hippocampus.

表面涂覆提升氧化铝材料的冲压机械强度

为了有效提升氧化铝材料的冲压机械强度,通过表面涂覆的方式对该材料的孔道结构进行改性。利用DL-3型强度测试仪测试发现,表面涂覆氯化铝的氧化铝样品在100~1100℃的温度范围内焙烧后,冲压机械强度从35 MPa提升至51 MPa,表面涂覆铝基络合的氧化铝样品在相同条件下,冲压机械强度从21 MPa提升至46 MPa,相比较而言,无表面涂覆的氧化铝样品在相同条件下,冲压机械强度从17 MPa提升至39 MPa。结合扫描电镜和X射线衍射等表征发现:氯化铝和铝基络合物的表面涂覆对氧化铝材料晶体类型影响较小,但是能够有效填充氧化铝材料的基体孔道,增加载体的密实程度,进而有效提升氧化铝材料的冲压机械强度。另外,相对于表面涂覆铝基络合物的氧化铝样品,表面涂覆氯化铝的氧化铝材料经过高温焙烧后比表面积更大、孔径更小、孔径分布也更为集中。更为重要的是:表面涂覆氯化铝的氧化铝样品,经过高温焙烧后表面会形成利于稳定活性金属的粗糙形貌。

氯盐共沉淀法制备钇铝石榴石(YAG)纳米粉体和透明陶瓷的研究

以商业氯化铝和氯化钇为原料,采用共沉淀法合成了YAG纳米粉体。通过高温真空烧结制备了YAG透明陶瓷。采用热重—差热(TG-DTA)、傅立叶红外(FT-IR)、X射线衍射(XRD)等手段研究了氯盐浓度、分散剂PEG-6000浓度对粉体物相、粒径、晶粒尺寸的影响和变化规律。结果表明:以0.25 mol·L^(-1)的AlCl_(3)·6H_(2)O、0.15 mol·L^(-1)的YCl_(3)·6H_(2)O的混合溶液为反应初始溶液,以1.0 mol·L^(-1)的NH_(4)HCO_(3)为沉淀剂,以20 g·L^(-1)的PEG-6000为分散剂,采用反滴法制备的前驱体经过1100℃保温6 h煅烧得到的YAG粉体的性能最优,粉体平均粒径为66.0 nm,且粉体呈现出较好的分散状态;以该YAG纳米粉体制备的陶瓷(厚1 mm)双面抛光后的直线透过率最高为45.0%@400 nm及52.8%@1100 nm,与理论透过率有一定的差距;显微结构观察发现晶界气孔较多,影响了光线的直线传输导致了透过率不高,在今后的工作中还需要对制备工艺进行优化。

聚合氯化铝-聚丙烯酰胺处理含氟废水研究

使用聚合氯化铝(PAC)-聚丙烯酰胺(PAM)联合处理含氟废水,考察了PAC投加量、PAM浓度、pH值、反应时间以及搅拌速度对除氟效果的影响。结果表明,在PAC投加量4400 mg/L、PAM浓度1 mg/L、溶液pH值7.0、反应时间20 min、搅拌速度300 r/min时,氟去除率达97.98%,除氟后溶液中氟离子残余浓度为0.81 mg/L。溶液中杂质离子的存在会降低PAC的除氟性能。

水溶液隔膜电解除铁

在用高铝粉煤灰盐酸法制备氧化铝的过程中,粉煤灰中的铁会随酸性浸出液进入氯化铝溶液.为了低成本降低氯化铝溶液中铁杂质的质量分数,提出了在水溶液中电解除铁的方法.除铁实验中使用双室隔膜电解槽,对初始条件为pH值2.0,Fe^(2+)质量分数0.25%的FeCl_(2)溶液进行循环电解,研究了几种常见金属阴极板上单质铁的析出效果.结果表明:使用钛、铁、锡、铜、铅5种金属电极均可在5 h电解后达到90%的除铁率,溶液中亚铁离子的质量分数降低至小于0.03%.

用新型钕系催化剂体系催化合成超高顺式-1,4-聚丁二烯橡胶

采用由改性新癸酸钕[(m-Nd(vers)_(3))]为主催化剂、三异丁基铝为助催化剂和氯源组成的催化体系研究了丁二烯的聚合反应行为,考察了三异丁基铝用量、氯源结构、聚合反应温度、催化剂用量等因素对丁二烯聚合活性、顺式-1,4-结构选择性和聚合物分子量及其分布的影响。结果表明,使用m-Nd(vers)3/三异丁基铝/倍半乙基氯化铝体系催化丁二烯聚合可得到具有较高催化活性、超高顺式-1,4-结构(最高摩尔分数可达99.2%)、高分子量(数均相对分子质量为1.19×10^(5)~4.12×10^(5))和窄分子量分布(多分散性指数小于2.5)的聚丁二烯。

不同混凝剂对藻类的去除效果研究

以小球藻为研究对象,研究了硫酸铝、聚合氯化铝(PAC)、聚合硫酸铁(PFS)在不同投加量、pH值以及高锰酸钾预氧化条件下对藻类去除效果的影响。结果显示,PAC对藻类去除效果最佳,当PAC投加量为25 mg/L、pH值为8.0、高锰酸钾的使用量为0.8 mg/L、预氧化时间为30 min时,此条件下对小球藻的去除率可以达到93.73%。