Trace element compositions of pyrite and stibnite:implications for the genesis of antimony mineralization in the Yangla Cu skarn deposit,Northwestern Yunnan,China

The Yangla Cu skarn deposit is located in the central part of the Jinshajiang Suture Zone,southwest China,with a total reserve of 150 Mt Cu@1.03%.The newly discovered antimony orebodies at the depth of Yangla are strictly controlled by the stratum,structure,and lithology,which are lenticular and vein-like within the marble fracture zone,which can provide a window into multistage miner-alization and ore genesis at Yangla.Mineralization can be divided into three types,Cu–Pb–Zn(skarn)pyrite,galena,and sphalerite,Cu(porphyry)chalcopyrite and pyrite,and Sb(hydrothermal)stibnite and pyrite.The mineral assem-blages were stibnite+pyrite+calcite+quartz±minor scheelite in antimony ores.This study presents quantitative measurements of the trace element compositions of pyrite and stibnite from the Yangla antimony ores.Analysis of pyrite with electron probe microanalysis(EPMA)showed enrichment in Co,Ni,Sb,As,and Mo,and deficit in its S and Fe contents when compared to the stoichiometric con-centrations of S and Fe in pyrite.The Sb-related pyrite may belong to sedimentary-reworked genesis and may be modi-fied by hydrothermalfluids,thereby presenting a certain dif-ference(i.e.,crystal morphology,texture,and chemical com-position)compared to the skarn and porphyry Cu-related pyrite in the Yangla Cu skarn deposit.Analysis of stibnite with EPMA and inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrom-etry showed enrichment in As,Pb,Sn,Pb,Cu,and Zn,and presented much higher Sb contents and slightly lower S con-tents when compared to the stoichiometric concentrations of Sb and S in stibnite.Statistical analysis of the stibnite trace elements showed correlations for the elemental pairs Cu–Pb,As–Sb,and Sn–Pb,and the coupled substitution equations Sb^(3+)↔Cu^(+)+Pb^(2+),Sb^(3+)↔As^(3+),and Sn^(2+)↔Pb^(2+)may be the major factors governed the incorporating Cu,Pb,As and Sn within the stibnite.Moreover,this study preliminary shows that the antimony mineralization may belong to a car-bonate replacement hydrothermal genesis at Yangla.

Dating of the Dachang Superlarge Tin-polymetallic Deposit in Guangxi and Its Implication for the Genesis of the No. 100 Orebody

The Dachang superlarge Sn-polymetal deposit in Guangxi, China, is one of the largest tin deposit all over the world. However, this deposit has long been in debate as to its origin. One of the opinions is that the Dachang deposit was formed by replacement of hydrothermal solution originating from Yanshanian granites, and the other is that this deposit was formed by submarine exhalation in the Devonian. This paper presents some new isotopic geochronology data obtained with the 40Ar-39Ar method for quartz and sanidine from massive ore in the No. 91 and No. 100 orebodies. Analytic results show that the No. 91 orebody was formed at 94.52±0.33 Ma (the plateau age obtained with the 40Ar-39Ar method for quartz) or 91.4±2.9 Ma (the plateau age obtained with the 40Ar-39Ar method for feldspar), while the No. 100 orebody was formed at 94.56±0.45 Ma (the plateau age obtained with the 40Ar-39Ar method for quartz), suggesting that both the No. 91 and the No. 100 orebodies were formed at the Late Yanshanian instead of the Devonian. The No. 100 orebody might be formed by filling of ore materials into caves in Devonian reef limestone. Because the ore-bearing solution released its pressure and lowered its temperature suddenly in a cave environment, ore minerals were formed concentratedly while water and other materials such as CO2 evaporated quickly, resulting less alteration of host rocks.

SEDIMENTARY, MAGMATIC AND TECTONIC CONSTRAINTS ON THE FORMATION OF THE YULONG SUPPER0-LARGE PORPHYRY COPPER POLYMETAL DEPOSIT, EAST TIBET

The Yulong supper\|large copper deposit is situated within the well\|known S\|N striking Yulong copper\|molybdenum ore belt. The ore\|bearing biotite\|monogranitic porphyry was emplaced within clastic rocks (mainly shales and siltstones) of the Jiapila Formation (T 3 j ) and carbonate rocks of the Bolila Formation (T 3 b ) of the Upper Triassic. Five mineralization patterns have been recognized in the deposit, i.e., ①veinlet\|disseminated Cu\|Mo ore in the porphyry; ②skarn\|type Cu ore at the contact zone with carbonates (T 3 b ); ③stratiform\|like oxidized Cu ore between T 3 b carbonate rocks and T 3 j hornstones; ④brecciated Cu ore at the local periphery of porphyry; and ⑤vein Pb\|Zn\|Ag ore in the outer contact zone. They constitute a unique integrated polymetal mineralization series of epigenetic intermediate\|acid magmatic hydrothermal system.Studies have shown that the Yulong deposit was the coupling product of sedimentation, magmatism, and tectonism. The Cu\|bearing sandstones in the Japila Formation have provided partial ore\|bearing materials for the porphyry mineralization during the Himalayan period. The mineralized porphyry mass was passively emplaced and controlled by a nose\|like anticlinal trap opening to the north. The interlayered fractured zone formed during folding between the Jiapila and Bolila Formations acted as favorable host space for stratiform\|like skarn and oxidized ores. A large number of cleavages and fissures developed during folding provided both conduits for the circulation of ore\|forming fluids and host spaces for Pb\|Zn\|Ag ore veins. The veinlet\|disseminated Cu\|Mo ore in the porphyry mass owns the characteristics of typical porphyry copper deposits in the world. The veinlet\|disseminated ore body and the stratiform\|like skarn\|type and/or oxidized ore body, the two main ore bodies in Yulong, are connected with each other and shown as “mushroom\|like" shape, in which the former occurs as “mushroom stem" and the latter as “mushroom cover".

A Metallogenic Model of Tecto-Geochemistry on Tin-Polymetal Deposit in Malage Orefield of Gejiu Mining Area

By means of multivariance analysis and finite element on the basis of the analysis of generation andevolution of structural systems and structural system of syn-metallogenesis in the orefield,the authorsmade a research into the interrelation between tecto-geochemistry and structural stress field,revealedthe mechanism of metallogenesis by magma and ore-forming fluids driven under dynamic forces,andproposed a tecto-geochemistry model for the formation of the ore deposits,so as to suggest a basis oftheory for the prognoses of location and magnitude of hidden deposits.

Re–Os Dating of Bitumen from Paleo–Oil Reservoir in the Qinglong Antimony Deposit, Guizhou Province, China and Its Geological Significance

Abundant organic inclusions are present in the Qinglong antimony deposit. However, the source rocks of these organic matters have not been reliably identified. Recently, a paleo--oil reservoir was found in the Qinglong antimony deposit. In view of similar components of gaseous hydrocarbon, we propose that the organic matters observed in inclusions in Qinglong antimony deposit would come from this paleo-oil reservoir. We used the Re-Os dating method to determine the age of the bitumen from this paleo-oil reservoir, and obtained an isochron age of 254.3~2.8 Ma. The age indicates that the oil- generation from source rock occurred in the early Late Permian, earlier than the Sb mineralization age （-148~8.5 Ma） in the Qinglong antimony deposit area. After oil generation from Devonian source rock, first and secondary migration, the crude oil have probably entered into the fractures and pores of volcanic rocks and limestone and formed a paleo-oil reservoir in the western wing of Dachang anticline. As burial process deepened, the crude oil has turned into natural gas, migrates into the core of Dachang anticline and formed a paleo-gas reservoir. The hydrocarbons （including CH4） in the reservoirs can serve as reducing agent to provide the sulfur required for Sb mineralization through thermal chemical reduction of sulfates. Therefore, the formation of oil-gas in the area is a prerequisite for the Sb mineralization in the Qinglong antimony deposit.

REE geochemistry of gangue minerals and their geological significance in the Muli antimony ore deposit in Yunnan, China

The Muli antimony deposit is located in the Au-Sb polymetallic metallogenic belt in south-eastern Yunnan,China.In this paper,we investigated the concentrations of trace elements in gangue minerals,mainly calcite,quartz,and pyrite,which were formed at different metallogenic stages.Meanwhile,the host rocks,predominantly composed of limestone,are also analysed for comparison.The calcite from the Nadan ore section is enriched with medium-heavy rare earth elements(M-HREEs),likely due to the presence of a high concentration of Fe and Mn impurities,which results in the preferential enrichment of M-HREEs in the calcite.Alternatively,the calcite may be precipitated from the M-HREE・rich granitic leaching fluid.In the Muli ore section,both quartz and pyrite in the metallogenic period show enrichment with light rare earth elements(LREEs),and the wall rock is also enriched with LREEs,which indicates that the wall rock material was involved in the metallogenic process.The W-shaped tetrad effect of quartz in the late metallogenic stage was interpreted to determine extensive flu id-rock interactions in highly fractionated Si-rich systems.Fe and Mn impurities cause M-HREE to be preferentially enriched with calcite to some extent.Whether mineralization is related to granite deserves further study.Eu and Ce anomalies of different types of gangue minerals indicate that the temperature and the fO2 were constantly changing during mineralization,and the temperature of the main ore-stage was higher than 200°C in an oxidized state.The various REE patterns,LREE/HREE and(La/Yb)N values,reveal that there may be multi-sources and multi-stage hydrothermal activities in the Muli antimony deposit.The REE distribution patterns of minerals are likely interfered with by many internal and external factors.Studies on REE characteristics of calcite,quartz,pyrite and limestone in the Muli antimony deposit have greatly improved the understanding of ore-forming fluids.When we traced the origin and evolution of ore・forming fluids by means of mineral REE distribution patterns,in addition to the determination of inclusions of ore minerals related to mineralization and the in situ analysis methods performed by LA-ICP-MS,we should also com・bine the REE characteristics of various minerals or trace the ore-forming fluids with multiple methods.

Minerogenetic Mechanism of the Songxi Silver Antimony Deposit of Northeastern Guangdong-Ore-Controlling Role of Organic Matter

Organic geochemistry and comparisons of characteristics of the organic matter in wall rocks of the ore\|controlling strata and ores of the Lower Jurassic Songling black shale formation and the related Songxi silver\|antimony deposit of northeastern Guangdong have been studied in this paper. The results show that the Lower Jurassic Songling shale formation is a suite of biologic\|rich and organic\|rich ore\|bearing marine sedimentary rocks. Micro\|components of the organic matter in the Songling black shale formation consists primarily of algae, amorphous marine kerogen, solid bitumen, and pyrobitumen. The thermal evolution of organic matter is at the over\|maturity stage. There is a general positive correlation between total organic carbon (TOC) and metallogenetic elements such as Ag and Sb in the black shale formation. Organic matter in the host rocks in the Songxi ore deposit played a role in controlling the silver\|antimony depositing environment during the forming process of the black shale ore\|bearing formation. In the absence of vitrinite, the relative level of thermal maturity calculated by solid bitumen reflectance indicates that the ore\|forming temperature of the Songxi silver\|antimony deposit was about 150-170℃, which was considered as an epithermally reworked ore deposit. The roles of organic matter in the formation of the Songxi ore deposit are a primitive accumulation of the metallogenetic elements (Ag, Sb) in the sea\|water cycle system for ore source and a concentration of metals by ion exchange or chelation as well as reduction of the oxidized metals.

桂西隆林-西林锑金矿集区成矿控制因素探讨

华南锑成矿省锑资源储量占全国83%以上,位于成矿省西南部的滇黔桂锑矿带是华南锑成矿省的重要组成部分。文章以滇黔桂锑矿带中部桂西隆林-西林锑金矿集区为例,系统分析了区内82个矿床(点)的赋矿层位、赋矿围岩岩性、容矿构造特征及锑、金矿床共伴生关系,结合3个典型矿床调查及岩浆岩时空分布,探讨锑成矿作用与碎屑岩、岩浆岩的成因联系。研究结果表明:具有高锑背景值的炭质泥页岩和富黄铁矿砂岩是研究区锑成矿的有利岩性,为锑成矿提供了物质来源。岩浆作用对锑成矿既可以起到直接作用(Sb和S来源)也可以起到间接作用(热源),两者均有利于锑矿床的形成。容矿构造分析显示研究区经历了印支期南北向挤压,随后叠加中晚侏罗世北西—南东向挤压。北西西—南东东向和北东—南西向断裂及其交汇处是有利的容矿空间。隆林-西林矿集区锑、金矿床统计显示,区内以独立的锑、金矿床为主,暗示研究区锑、金成矿流体可能多为不同来源流体。在上述研究基础上,文章提出桂西隆林-西林锑金矿集区勘查有利区域:新州背斜核部下泥盆统郁江组炭质泥页岩和富黄铁矿粉砂岩是锑矿勘查的重点层位;隆林县弄桑-石家寨北西西—南东东向断裂带内隐伏岩体周边和西林县北西西—南东东向斗皇-西林断裂与北东—南西向断裂的交汇部位是锑矿勘查的有利区域。以上成果为研究区内锑金矿床成因和成矿规律认识提供新的思考,为区内锑矿床勘查提供方向。

锑电积贫液中锑回收试验研究

针对甘肃某公司锑电积贫液含锑较高,酸化沉锑渣锑品位高导致其与低品位矿配矿后碱浸锑回收率低的问题,开展了酸化沉锑—冷却结晶—碱浸—电积试验研究。通过单因素试验考察了pH、反应温度、搅拌速度和冷却结晶等对酸化沉锑效果的影响,结果表明:在酸化沉锑pH=5,冷却结晶温度10℃,碱浸矿浆浓度20%、Na_(2)S质量浓度85 g/L、NaOH质量浓度40 g/L、碱浸时间1 h、电积NaOH质量浓度70 g/L、电流4.80 A、阴极与阳极面积比为5.8∶1、电积时间50 h的条件下,电积试验锑回收率为82.29%,阴极锑品位为92.72%,提高了资源利用率。

湖北金银山锑矿蚀变矿物红外光谱特征及找矿应用

鄂南锑矿地区是我国重要锑矿产地之一,研究区内发现过大量锑多金属矿床(点)。目前随着浅部锑矿资源被开发殆尽,以往对中深部的找矿勘查仍未有新的进展,因此急需寻找一套快速有效的勘查方法,对该地找矿模型与预测方面进行深入研究,以扩大资源量和找矿成果。本文以金银山锑多金属矿床作为研究对象,利用短波红外光谱技术(SWIR)对于金银山锑矿ZK3101、ZK2701钻孔岩心进行光谱扫描,厘定获得了金银山锑矿蚀变矿物种类、组合、波谱参数等信息,并划分出蚀变矿物分带,分析矿化与蚀变矿物分带之间的关系。金银山锑金矿主要蚀变矿物有云母类、绿泥石类、碳酸盐类等,其中绢云母化带与成矿关系密切。通过计算绢云母族矿物Al—OH光谱特征参数,发现矿化部位绢云母结晶度(IC值)与Al-OH 2200nm特征峰吸收峰位值(Pos 2200)出现低值异常(IC<2, Pos 2 200<2 205 nm),可作为有效的示矿指标。认为应用短波红外光谱技术可以快速圈定锑金矿体,有效指导矿产勘查,降低找矿成本,提高勘查效率,实现找矿突破。

新疆且末县屈库勒克东金(锑)矿床地质特征研究

屈库勒克东金(锑)矿是东昆仑地区重要的金锑矿床,对东昆仑寻找该类型矿床提供了研究对象。文章在系统总结矿床地质特征的基础上,总结得出:上石炭统哈拉米兰河上亚群是主要的矿源层,受区域中酸性岩浆岩和构造的影响,导致地层的Au、Zn、Mo、Ag、Pb等元素活化富集,进而在上石炭统哈拉米兰河群上亚群碳酸盐岩-沉积碎屑岩中封闭形成具有工业价值的矿体。

湘中稻草湾锑矿区矿体空间分布规律及深边部找矿预测

稻草湾锑矿区位于湘中锡矿山锑矿田的北部,是近年来新发现的隐伏锑矿床,通过钻孔和坑探工程控制,锑矿资源规模已达到中型,是近年老矿山边部找矿的重要突破。通过对该矿床矿体空间分布特征以及控矿条件进行分析预测找矿靶区。经研究表明,锡矿山矿田各矿床的矿体自特定的层位产出,具有方向性、成群性、等距性等特征;矿体呈层状、似层状产出于上泥盆统佘田桥组(D_(3)s^(2))硅化灰岩和层间破碎带中;矿体受构造控制明显,稻草湾背斜为矿体富集提供虚脱空间;矿体的成矿有利岩性组合为佘田桥组(D_(3)s^(2))灰岩+佘田桥组(D_(3)s^(3))钙质页岩(总屏蔽层)。

Geology and Geochemistry of the Bianbianshan Au-Ag-Cu-Pb-Zn Deposit, Southern Da Hinggan Mountains, Northeastern China

The Bianbianshan deposit, the unique gold-polymetal （Au-Ag-Cu-Pb-Zn） veined deposit of the polymetal metallogenic belt of the southern segment of Da Hinggan Mountains mineral province, is located at the southern part of the Hercynian fold belt of the south segment of Da Hinggan Mountains mineral province, NE China. Ores at the Bianbianshan deposit occur within Cretaceous andesite and rhyolite in the form of gold-bearing quartz veins and veinlet groups containing native gold, electrum, pyrite, chalcopyrite, galena and sphalerite. The deposit is hosted by structurally controlled faults associated with intense hydrothermal alteration. The typical alteration assemblage is sericite ＋ chlorite ＋ calcite ＋ quartz, with an inner pyrite-sericite-quartz zone and an outer seicite - chlorite - calcite-epidote zone between orebodies and wall rocks. δ34 S values of 17 sulfides from ores changing from -1.67 to ＋0.49‰ with average of -0.49‰, are similar to δ34 S values of magmatic or igneous sulfide sulfur. 206Pb/204Pb, 207Pb/204Pb and 208Pb/ 204Pb data of sulfide from ores range within 17.66-17.75, 15.50-15.60, and 37.64-38.00, respectively. These sulfur and lead isotope compositions imply that ore-forming materials might mainly originate from deep sources. H and O isotope study of quartz from ore-bearing veins indicate a mixed source of deep-seated magmatic water and shallower meteoric water. The ore formations resulted from a combination of hydrothermal fluid mixing and a structural setting favoring gold-polymetal deposition. Fluid mixing was possibly the key factor resulting in Au-Ag-Cu-Pb-Zn deposition in the deposit. The metallogenesis of the Bianbianshan deposit may have a relationship with the Cretaceous volcanic-subvolcanic magmatic activity, and formed during the late stage of the crust thinning of North China.

Comprehensive Optimization of Electrical and Optical Properties for ATO Films Prepared by Pulsed Laser Deposition

Antimony doped tin oxide（ATO） thin films have been prepared by pulsed laser deposition（PLD） method.The intrinsic effect of Sb dopant,including the Sb content,transition degree between Sb（3＋） and Sb（5＋） and crystallinity on the electrical and optical properties of the ATO thin films is mainly investigated.It is suggested that the transition degree of Sb（3＋） towards Sb（5＋）（Sb（5＋）/Sb（3＋） ratio） is determined by Sb content.When the Sb content is increased to 12 at%,the Sb（5＋）/Sb（3＋） ratio reaches the highest value of 2.05,corresponding to the resistivity of 2.70×10（-3） Ω·cm.Meanwhile,the Burstein-Moss effect caused by the increase of carrier concentration is observed and the band gap of the ATO thin films is broadened to 4.0 eV when the Sb content is increased to 12 at%,corresponding to the highest average optical transmittance of 92%.Comprehensively considering the combination of electrical and optical properties,the ATO thin films deposited with Sb content of 12 at%exhibit the best properties with the highest ＂figure of merit＂ of 3.85×10（-3） Ω（-1）.Finally,an antimony selenide（Sb_2Se_3） heterojunction solar cell prototype with the ATO thin film as the anode has been prepared,and a power conversion efficiency of 0.83%has been achieved.

Mode of Occurrence of Gold in Micro-Disseminated Strata-Bound Sb-Au Deposits, Qinling Region, China

Optical studies, backscattered electron images, secondary ion spectrometry and highprecision transmission electron imaging demonstrate that gold is strongly correlated with arsenic on a microscopic scale in the sediment-hosted micro-disseminated gold deposits. The positive correlation between Au and As, despite varying Au/As ratio, is persistent in arsenian pyrite overgrowths and arsenopyrite. It is found that gold occurs in native state as submicro beads in association with arsenic-bearing sulfides. The extremely small grain size of gold may indicate a very rapid process of deposition.

Characteristics of Tungsten,Titanium,Rare-Earths and Antimony Mineral Resources of China

Large areas of old basements of metamorphic volcanic series, and magmatic and sedimentary rocks of different ages existing in China. China is rich in Mesozoic granite rocks which are closely related to nonferrous metals ore deposits, and favourable for the formation of tungsten, titanium, rare earths and antimony ore deposits. The article identifies the major types and locations of these mineral resources from a geological point of view.

Fabrication and Characterization of PLD-Grown Bismuth Telluride (Bi₂Te₃) and Antimony Telluride (Sb₂Te₃) Thermoelectric Devices

We report on the fabrication and characterization of multi-leg bismuth telluride (Bi2Te3) and antimony telluride (Sb2Te3) thermoelectric devices. The two materials were deposited, on top of SiO2/Si substrates, using Pulsed Laser Deposition (PLD). The SiO2 layer was used to provide insulation between the devices and the Si wafer. Copper was used as an electrical connector and a contact for the junctions. Four devices were built, where the Bi2Te3 and Sb2Te3 were deposited at substrate temperatures of 100&deg;C, 200&deg;C, 300&deg;C and 400&deg;C. The results show that the device has a voltage sensitivity of up to 146 &mu;V/K and temperature sensitivity of 6.8 K/mV.

特提斯喜马拉雅成矿带阿布纳布锑矿区地质特征及矿床成因探讨

锑是种高度稀缺的不可再生金属。从静态储采比来看,全球锑金属仅能够满足14年的供应,而中国锑储量仅能够满足6年的供应,目前中国、美国、欧盟、日本等多国已将锑金属列入了关键矿产资源(U.S.G.S,2022)。王登红等(2019a,b)将锑列入关键黑色和有色金属矿产,认为锑、汞、锡等我国具有资源优势的矿种,但近年来已经开始大量进口,需要高度重视。

藏南隆子县普容朗—界米拉一带金、锑矿地质特征及潜力分析

藏南普容朗至界米拉一带金、锑矿位于雅鲁藏布江—大喜马拉雅成矿带之洛扎—隆子铅锌多金属矿找矿远景区东段,成矿地质条件优异。本文在综合分析1︰5万水系沉积物测量、中梯激电测量的成果圈定异常范围区的基础上,进行矿调路线的踏勘和查证,结合槽探、浅井山地工程等地质工作。得出了以下认识:①确认新发现普容朗、汤多、余对、布邛浦、日阿拉、卡拉山口、里普线、公垅卓戈等多个锑矿化点或异常带;②根据单元素的套合情况圈定综合异常35处,并对异常区进行踏勘和查证,先后发现锑金矿(化)点多处。井等工程验证,新发现多个金、锑矿点,展现了普容朗至界米拉一带金、锑矿良好找矿效果。③提出了朗县普容朗锑矿、区民那锑矿、余对锑矿、界米拉金铅多金属矿、登琼金矿5个找矿潜力区,显示了普容朗至界米拉一带金、锑矿巨大的找矿潜力,同时为下一步地质探矿提供了重要方向。

贵州册亨百口锑金矿矿床特征与找矿预测

通过对百口锑金矿矿床地质特征结合区域成矿地质背景进行总结,证实存在与岩浆有关的微细粒浸染型金矿床;研究者认为百口矿区临近扬子西南缘,燕山期板块间碰撞-俯冲与下地壳加厚带动的岩浆活动较强,使黔西南-黔西地区具远源岩浆有关的中大型-超大型Au、Sb、Hg、PbZn、Fe、Mn、稀土及稀有分散元素等为主的“加厚旋涌”远景。百温背斜顶部圈闭与中下部应力集中产生的构造空间和富集成矿规律,对应的锑矿沟矿段西部及其北西部明显的物探异常与较大范围,在该背斜南西部近核轴部的反“S”型旋扭部位的构造空间具大型-超大型锑金矿的找矿远景,并有可能突破贵州目前最大之一的独山半坡锑矿。