Internet of Things Supported Airport Boarding System and Evaluation with Fuzzy

The existing systems sustained with the investments made require more automation and digital transformation with the continuous advancement of tech-nology.The aviation industry is a sector that is open to more automation and digi-tal transformation,mainly because of the intense competition and the analysis of a large variety of data.The long duration of operations in current airline processes and some processflows cause customer dissatisfaction and cost increase.In this study,the boarding process,which is one of the operational processes of airline transportation and is open to improvement,was discussed.The classical boarding process has been redesigned using Internet of Things technology a model called Boarding 4.0 was created.With Boarding 4.0,it is aimed to design a process where passengers can take their time before boarding more efficiently.In the study,the sub-processes of the Boarding 4.0 model,other processes that the sub-processes interact with,their activities,and data exchange passenger move-ments during the activities are explained in detail.Compared to the classical boarding process and Boarding 4.0 with the fuzzy ahp technique,it has been shown that boarding 4.0 is more advantageous and passenger movement times can be reduced during boarding.As a result of the evaluation made with the fuzzy ahp,it was determined that boarding 4.0 is more advantageous than the classical boarding process.In addition,when the total time of the sub-activities in the board-ing process is calculated,boarding activities for a passenger take 50 min with the classic boarding process and 20 min with Boarding 4.0.Thus,when Boarding 4.0 is used,the passenger gains 30 min.Furthermore,when the calculation is made concerning the airport’s current capacity,two passengers are hosted with the clas-sical boarding process,whilefive passengers are hosted with Boarding 4.0.This acquisition is significant for airports in terms of efficient use of resources.

Metro passenger flow control with station-to-station cooperation based on stop-skipping and boarding limiting

Metro passenger flow control problem is studied under given total inbound demand in this work,which considers passenger demand control and train capacity supply.Relevant connotations are analyzed and a mathematical model is developed.The decision variables are boarding limiting and stop-skipping strategies and the objective is the maximal passenger profit.And a passenger original station choice model based on utility theory is built to modify the inbound passenger distribution among stations.Algorithm of metro passenger flow control scheme is designed,where two key technologies of stopping-station choice and headway adjustment are given and boarding limiting and train stopping-station scheme are optimized.Finally,a real case of Beijing metro is taken for example to verify validity.The results show that in the three scenarios with different ratios of normal trains to stop-skipping trains,the total limited passenger volume is the smallest and the systematic profit is the largest in scenario 3.

Modeling Passengers Boarding in Aircraft Using Cellular Automata

Aircraft are profitable to their owners as long as they are in the air transporting passengers to their destinations;therefore it is vital to minimize as much as possible their preparation time on the ground.In this paper we simulate different boarding strategies with the help of a model based on cellular automata parallel computational tool,attempting to find the most efficient way to deliver each passenger to her/his assigned seat.Two seat arrangements are used,a small one based on Airbus A320/ Boeing 737 and a larger one based on Airbus A380/ Boeing777-300.A wide variety of parameters,including time delay for luggage storing,the frequency by which the passengers enter the plane,different walking speeds of passengers depending on sex,age and height,and the possibility of walking past their seat,are simulated in order to achieve realistic results,as well as monitor their effects on boarding time.The simulation results indicate that the boarding time can be significantly reduced by the simple grouping and prioritizing of passengers.In accordance with previous papers and the examined strategies,the outside-in and reverse pyramid boarding methods outperform all the others for both the small and large airplane seat layout.In the latter,the examined strategies are introduced for first time in an analogous way to the initial small seat arrangement of Airbus A320/ Boeing737 aircraft family.Moreover,since in real world scenarios,the compliance of all the passengers to the suggested group division and boarding strategy cannot be guaranteed,further simulations were conducted.It is clear that as the number of passengers disregarding the priority of the boarding groups increases,the time needed for the boarding to complete tends towards that of the random boarding strategy,thus minimizing the possible advantages gained by the proposed boarding strategies.

School health promotion:A cross-sectional study on Clean and Healthy Living Program Behavior(CHLB)among Islamic Boarding Schools in Indonesia

Objective:This study aims to identify the knowledge,attitude,and behavior of students using eight indicators of Clean and Healthy Living Behavior(CHLB)in relation to the health education and grade levels in Islamic Boarding Schools(IBS)in Jember regency,East Java Province,Indonesia.Methods:A cross-sectional school-based survey design was used.About 114 students(mean age of 13.17 years old)selected through a multi-stage random sampling completed a selfadministered questionnaire to measure the eight indicators of CHLB,such as washing hands with running water and soap,eating healthy snacks,using clean and healthy latrines,exercising regularly and measurably,eradicating mosquito larvae,not smoking at school,weighing and height measurement every 6 months,and disposing garbage properly.The data analyses included descriptive and comparative analyses of the difference in knowledge,attitude,and behavior toward CHLB by health education and grade level.Results:About 66.7% students received health education.Significant knowledge in CHLB in relation to health education and grade was observed(P<.05),including in-depth knowledge of exercises,measurable weight and height,smoking,and healthy latrines.Meanwhile,no significant difference was observed between the attitude toward CHLB and health education in different grade levels.Furthermore,CHLB was associated with health education,including habitual exercise and using of clean and healthy latrines.

Extracting bus transit boarding stop information using smart card transaction data

The smart card-based automated fare collection （AFC） system has become the main method for collecting urban bus and rail transit fares in many cities worldwide. Such smart card technologies provide new opportunities for transportation data collection since the transaction data obtained through AFC system contains a significant amount of archived information which can be gathered and leveraged to help estimate public transit origin–destination matrices. Boarding location detection is an important step particularly when there is no automatic vehicle location （AVL） system or GPS information in the database in some cases. With the analysis of raw data without AVL information in this paper, an algorithm for trip direction detection is built and the directions for any bus in operation can be confirmed. The transaction interval between each adjacent record will also be analyzed to detect the boarding clusters for all trips in sequence. Boarding stops will then be distributed with the help of route information and operation schedules. Finally, the feasibility and practicality of the methodology are tested using the bus transit smart card data collected in Guangzhou, China.

Analysis of passenger boarding time difference between adults and seniors based on smart card data

As an essential component of bus dwelling time, passenger boarding time has a significant impact on bus running reliability and service quality. In order to understand the passengers’ boarding process and mitigate passenger boarding time, a regression analysis framework is proposed to capture the difference and influential factors of boarding time for adult and elderly passengers based on smart card data from Changzhou. Boarding gap, the time difference between two consecutive smart card tapping records, is calculated to approximate passenger boarding time. Analysis of variance is applied to identify whether the difference in boarding time between adults and seniors is statistically significant. The multivariate regression modeling approach is implemented to analyze the influences of passenger types, marginal effects of each additional boarding passenger and bus floor types on the total boarding time at each stop. Results show that a constant difference exists in boarding time between adults and seniors even without considering the specific bus characteristics. The average passenger boarding time decreases when the number of passenger increases. The existence of two entrance steps delays the boarding process, especially for elderly passengers.

Premature Boarding and Human Capital Accumulation for Rural Pupils: Evidence from School Consolidations

From 2001 to 2012,many local governments in China closed down village teaching sites for primary school students in the first and second grades,consolidating them into larger township schools more distant from village students’homes.School closure and consolidation are particularly striking in China’s central and western regions,where swathes of rural labor migrated to cities for jobs.As a result,numerous primary school pupils are forced to study at boarding schools in the first and second grades,which is considered as too early for pupils to live without parental care.This paper employs survey data from 137 township schools with boarding qualifications collected by a project team consisting of researchers from the China Institute for Educational Finance Research(CIEFR)of Peking University,the Institute of Population and Labor Economics of the Chinese Academy of Social Sciences(IPLE-CASS)and the Capital University of Economics and Business(CUEB).By matching the home-school distance with village teaching site information as the proxy variable for the school consolidation policy,this paper evaluates the policy's impact on the likelyhood of premature boarding for primary school pupils,as well as the impact on their human capital accumulation.Our study finds that the creation of teaching sites makes it less likely for primary school pupils to board at school.Premature boarding impedes children’s human capital accumulation,and the harmful effect is particularly striking for children lacking pastoral teachers,raised by grandparents and from families above average income levels,as well as girls.

School Boarding and Students'Prosocial Behaviors:Evidence from Rural China

This study investigated the efects of boarding at school on students'prosocial behaviors in rural China using data from the National Children's Study of China.The instrumental variable(IV)approach was used to control for potential endogeneity,and the IVs were the proportion of boarding students in higher grades and the school area per student.The ordinary least squares and IV estimates showed that boarding students exhibited more prosocial behaviors,including compliance with rules,positive traits,and altruistic attitudes.These results were robust.Heterogeneity analyses suggested that students from low-income families,children who were not"left behind,"high-grade students,and female students were more likely to benefit from boarding.We found that these effects were primarily due to boarding students developing stronger feelings of trust and support from their peers and teachers and participating in more school-organized events and team activities.

Evaluation of the risk factors associated with emergency department boarding:A retrospective cross-sectional study

Purpose Boarding is a common problem in the emergency department(ED)and is associated with poor health care and outcome.Imam Khomeini Hospital is the main healthcare center in Urmia,a metropolis in the northwest of Iran.Due to the overcrowding and high patient load,we aim to characterize the rate,cause and consequence of boarding in the ED of this center.Methods All medical records of patients who presented to the ED of Imam Khomeini Hospital from August 1,2017 to August 1,2018 were retrospectively analyzed.Patients with uncompleted records were excluded.Boarding was defined as the inability to transfer the admitted ED patients to a downstream ward in≥2 h after the admission order.Demographic data,boarding rate,mortality and triage levels(1–5)assessed by emergency severity index were collected and analyzed.The first present time of patients was classified into 4 ranges as 0:00–5:59,6:00–11:59,12:00–17:59 and 18:00–23:59.Descriptive,parametric and non-parametric statistical tests were performed and the risk of boarding was determined by Pearson Chi-square test.Results Demographic data analysis showed that 941(58.5%)male and 667(41.5%)female,altogether 1608 patients were included in this study.Five patients(0.3%)died.The distribution of patients with the triage levels 1–5 was respectively 79(4.9%),1150(71.5%),374(23.3%),4(0.2%)and 0(0%).Most patients were of level 2.Only 75(4.7%)patients required intensive care.The majority of patients(84.2%)were presented at weekdays.The maximum patient load was observed between 12:00–17:59.Of the 1608 patients,340(21.1%)experienced boarding within a mean admission time of 13.70 h.Among the 340-boarded patients,20.1%belonged to surgery,12.1%to orthopedics,10.9%to neurosurgery and 10.3%to neurology.The boarding rate was higher in females,patients requiring intensive care and those with low triage levels.Compared with the non-boarded,the boarded patients had a higher mean age.Conclusion The boarding rate is higher in the older and female patients.Moreover,boarding is dependent on the downstream ward sections:patients requiring surgical management experience the maximum boarding rate.

Experimental and numerical study regarding H-steel all-bolted connection steel frame with composite wall boards

H-steel all-bolted connection steel frame structures with heat preservation and decoration composite wall boards were investigated and the seismic performances of three scaled specimens were studied.The failure modes,hysteresis curves,bearing capacity,ductility,energy dissipation capacity,stiffness degradation and strain distribution were discussed.The calculation method of structural theoretical internal force was presented.The results showed that the overall structural seismic performance was better,and the structural ductility met the demands of elastic-plastic inter-story drift angle for seismic design.The H-steel weak-axis connection structure obtained better energy dissipation capacity,and its bearing capacity and stiffness were slightly different from the strong-axis connection.The heat preservation and decoration performance of composite wallboard and the all-bolted connection of the steel frame realized prefabrication during the whole construction period.The plastic hinge of the steel beam can be moved outwards because of the L-angles,which effectively avoids stress concentration in joint areas and expands the plastic hinge range.The errors between the theoretical structural capacity calculated by the plastic analysis method and the test results were within 2.44%.In addition,structural failure mechanisms and bearing capacities were verified by the finite element(FE)analysis,and the effects of the main parameters on the structures were investigated.The FE verification results were the same as in the test.The research results provide theoretical support and technical guidance for the application of thermal insulation and decorative composite wall panels in H-shaped steel all-bolted steel frames.

Effect of Low pH on Forming Process of Desulfurization Gypsum Composite Boards Strengthened by Melamine-formaldehyde Resin

Through exploring the effects of low pH on the composite system of desulfurization gypsum(DG)enhanced by melamine-formaldehyde resin(MF),it is found that the inducing of sulfate-ion,in contrast to chloride and oxalate ions,favors the longitudinal growth of the crystalline form of the hydration product,which was relatively simple and had the highest length to width(L/D)ratio.At the same time,MF can also improve L/D ratio of gypsum hydration products,which favors the formation of hydrated whiskers.Finally,in a composite system composed of hemihydrate gypsum,MF,and glass fibers,when dilute sulfuric acid was used to regulate pH=3-4,the tight binding formed among the components of the composite system compared to pH=5-6.The hydration product of gypsum adheres tightly to glass fiber surface and produces a good cross-linking and binding effect with MF.The flexural strength,compressive strength,elastic modulus,and water absorption of the desulphurized gypsum composite board is 22.7 MPa,39.8 MPa,5608 MPa,and 1.8%,respectively.

Effect of copper content on the pyrolysis process of organic components in waste printed circuit boards:Based on experimental and quantum chemical DFT simulations

In recent years,scientists have become increasingly concerned in recycling electronic trash,particularly waste printed circuit boards(WPCBs).Previous research has indicated that the presence of Cu impacts the pyrolysis of WPCBs.However,there may be errors in the experimental results,as printed circuit boards(PCBs)with copper and those without copper are produced differently.For this experiment,we blended copper powder with PCB nonmetallic resin powder in various ratios to create the samples.The apparent kinetics and pyrolysis properties of four resin powders with varying copper concentrations were compared using nonisothermal thermogravimetric analysis(TG)and thermal pyrolysis-gas chromatography mass spectrometry(Py-GC/MS).From the perspective of kinetics,the apparent activation energy of the resin powder in the pyrolysis reaction shows a rise(0.1<a<0.2)-stable(0.2<a<0.4)-accelerated increase(0.4<a<0.8)-decrease(0.8<a<0.9)process.After adding copper powder,the apparent activation energy changes more obviously when(0.2<a<0.4).In the early stage of the pyrolysis reaction(0.1<a<0.6),the apparent activation energy is reduced,but when a?0.8,it is much higher than that of the resin sample without copper.Additionally,it is discovered using thermogravimetric analysis and Py-GC/MS that copper shortens the temperature range of the primary pyrolysis reaction and prevents the creation of compounds containing bromine.This inhibition will raise the temperature at which compounds containing bromine first form,and it will keep rising as the copper level rises.The majority of the circuit board molecules have lower bond energies when copper is present,according to calculations performed using the Gaussian09 software,which promotes the pyrolysis reaction.

船舶进气畸变模拟板结构设计与参数分析

Significant aerodynamic engine instability can occur during the operation of marine gas turbines as airflow enters the compressor through a 90°turning and causes inlet distortion.This study adopts the method of simulating board equivalence to provide the target distortion flow field for ship compressors.The characteristics of the flow field behind the simulated board are obtained through experiments and numerical simulations,through which the relationship between the height of the simulated board and the total pressure distortion is elucidated.Subsequently,the study summarizes the prediction formula to achieve a distortion prediction of 0.8%–7.8%.In addition,this work analyzes the effects of drilling methods and diameters on flow nonuniformity by drilling holes into the simulation board.The results indicate that drilling holes on the board can weaken the nonuniformity of the flow field within a certain range and change the distribution pattern of total pressure in the cross-section.Furthermore,the total pressure distortion no longer changes significantly when the number of holes is too large.The proposed double simulation board structure is capable of obtaining the following two types of distorted flow fields:symmetrical dual lowpressure zones and low-pressure zones with high distortion intensity at the compressor inlet.The distortion equivalent simulation method proposed in this work can obtain various types of distortion spectra,thereby meeting the distortion parameter requirements for the antidistortion testing of marine engines.

Protective benefits of HDPE board sand fences in an environment with variable wind directions on Gobi surfaces:wind tunnel study

The Golmud-Korla Railway in the Gobi area faces operational challenges due to sand hazards,caused by strong and variable winds.This study addresses these challenges by conducting wind tunnel tests to evaluate the protective benefits of High Density Polyethylene(HDPE)board sand fences,focusing on their orientation relative to various wind directions(referred to as'wind angle').This study found that the size of the low-velocity zone on the leeward side of the sand fences(LSF)expanded with an increase in the wind angle(WA).At 1H(the height of the sand fence)and 2H positions on the LSF,the wind speed profiles(WSP)exhibited a segmented logarithmic growth,constrained by Z=H at varying WAs.The efficacy of the sand fence in obstructing airflow escalated as WA increased.The size of the WA has a significant impact on the protective efficiency of HDPE board sand fences.Furthermore,compared to typical sandy surfaces,the rate of sand transport across the Gobi surface diminishes more slowly with height,attributed to the gravel's rebound effect.This phenomenon allows some sand particles to bypass the fences,rendering them less effective at blocking wind and trapping sand than in sandy environments.This paper offers scientific evidence supporting the practical use and enhancement of HDPE board sand fences in varied wind conditions.

Protective benefit of folded linear HDPE board sand fences along the Golmud-Korla Railway,China:Field observation and wind tunnel study

The Milan Gobi area of the Golmud-Korla Railway in northwest China is located in the lower dispersal area of the mountain pass and has strong winds with evident double wind direction characteristics.This study introduced a novel sand fence deployment technique,termed‘folded linear deployment',designed to position the sand fence orthogonally to the two predominant wind directions for optimal protection.This study used wind tunnel and field tests to evaluate the wind and sand flow characteristics,as well as the windproof and sandresistant performance of folded linear HDPE(Highdensity polyethylene)board sand fences.The results suggest that the airflow around the fence creates clear zoning characteristics.The deceleration area on the BSF(backwind side of the sand fence)is much larger than that on the DSF(downwind side of the sand fence).Thus,sand particles are primarily deposited on the BSF.At different wind speeds,the airflow at 2 and 5 h on the DSF is not disturbed.The WSP(wind speed profile)presents a logarithmic distribution.The airflow is disturbed at 1-20 h on the BSF,and the WSP gradually deviates from the logarithmic law.However,as the airflow moves away from the fence,the WSP gradually approaches a logarithmic distribution.Meanwhile,the WPE(windproof efficiency)and SRE(sand-resistant efficiency)of the sand fence exceed 80%.In addition,the results of wind tunnel tests are compared with those of field tests.The overall dispersion is good,and the best dispersion is found at z/H=2.00,indicating good agreement between the two test results.This study provides a scientific basis for the design of sand hazard control measures,similar to the railway project in the Gobi Gale area.

Industry-Oriented Detection Method of PCBA Defects Using Semantic Segmentation Models

Automated optical inspection(AOI)is a significant process in printed circuit board assembly(PCBA)production lines which aims to detect tiny defects in PCBAs.Existing AOI equipment has several deficiencies including low throughput,large computation cost,high latency,and poor flexibility,which limits the efficiency of online PCBA inspection.In this paper,a novel PCBA defect detection method based on a lightweight deep convolution neural network is proposed.In this method,the semantic segmentation model is combined with a rule-based defect recognition algorithm to build up a defect detection frame-work.To improve the performance of the model,extensive real PCBA images are collected from production lines as datasets.Some optimization methods have been applied in the model according to production demand and enable integration in lightweight computing devices.Experiment results show that the production line using our method realizes a throughput more than three times higher than traditional methods.Our method can be integrated into a lightweight inference system and pro-mote the flexibility of AOI.The proposed method builds up a general paradigm and excellent example for model design and optimization oriented towards industrial requirements.

Acupuncture Legislation in the United States: Minnesota as a Case Study

2023 marks the 50th anniversary of legal regulation of acupuncture in the United States,as the first acupuncture law was enacted in Nevada.Acupuncture,like any other medical modality,is regulated at the state level,with each state formulating and enforcing its own laws and statutes over time.This article narrates the legislative process and major developments of the acupuncture profession in Minnesota,in the context of legislative developments across the country.It tells how this midsize,Midwest state’s acupuncture profession became regulated,and examines the challenges faced by the profession before and after state statutes were enacted.Minnesota stands as a representative example of the legislative process in other states.

Women on Boards of Directors

This research aims to measure the current gender representation in membership of boards of directors,and to study the factors affecting the presence of women on boards.The results of the study will support the decision makers and policy makers at all levels by providing knowledge that contributes to bridging the current gap in participation of women boards.The methodology used in this research is the descriptive analytical approach,which relies on quantitative methods in the process of collecting and analyzing data.This study represents the boards of directors in the three sectors(public,private,and non-profit)in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia,The study sample contained 350 targets,where a random sample of 150 people in the public sector,100 people in the private sector,and 100 people in the non-profit sector were selected.The research result found that the majority of the responses believe that the lack of experience and training,and social factors,are the most impact areas of explaining the reasons for the existence of a gap in women’s membership in boards of directors in the three sectors.And the most important reasons for the existence of a gender gap in board membership are:there is no statutory minimum percentage for women’s representation on boards of directors,and scarcity of female competencies in general,and the lack of women occupying leadership positions.

Alienation of Tibetan Adolescents in Rural Boarding Schools

Adolescent alienation is a symptom of problems in relations among the individual,school,community,and family.Based on a research conducted with a sample of 897 Tibetan adolescent students in Grades 7 to 12,this study reveals that over one third of subjects experience high levels of alienation.Questionnaire data and field work show possible sources of this alienation in contemporary rural Tibetan society in China,factors that may reduce alienation,and explanations for low levels of alienation among some students.The paper concludes with an argument for researchers and policy makers to pay greater attention to the issue of alienation among minority boarding school students.

BOB(Bosa On Board)设计研究

采用bosa on board的方式,将光通信电路直接铺设在PCB板上,替代传统的光模块独立器件,实现GPON/EPON产品的低成本高性能。