This study focuses on the characterization of train brake blocks. The brake blocks are an essential organ of train speed control system to ensure comfort and safety to passengers and crew. However, poor quality soles ...This study focuses on the characterization of train brake blocks. The brake blocks are an essential organ of train speed control system to ensure comfort and safety to passengers and crew. However, poor quality soles can cause a premature wear of the wheels whose consequences are on the one hand, a damaged brake function, and also high repair costs. Samples were carried out on 3 different batches of brake blocks. Their metallurgical characterization consisted of a study of the hardness and microstructural analysis (microstructures and chemical analyzes) of the different samples. The results show that the hardness of some soles is greater than that of the wheel, mainly associated with a cementite microstructure. This can lead to a premature wear of the wheels at the expense of brake blocks.展开更多
Block braked railway wheels are subjected to thermal and rolling contact loading.The thermal loading results in high temperatures and thermal stresses which cause slow time dependent processes such as creep,relaxation...Block braked railway wheels are subjected to thermal and rolling contact loading.The thermal loading results in high temperatures and thermal stresses which cause slow time dependent processes such as creep,relaxation and static recovery of the wheel material.At the same time,the rolling contact loading implies a very fast mechanical load application.This paper is focused on material modeling of pearlitic steel for a wide range of loading rates at elevated temperatures.The starting point is a viscoplasticity model including nonlinear isotropic and kinematic hardening.The Delobelle overstress function is employed to capture strain rate dependent response of the material.The model also includes static recovery of the hardening to capture slower viscous(diffusion dominated)behaviour of the material.Experiments for the pearlitic wheel steel ER7 in terms of cyclic strain-controlled uniaxial tests with hold-time,uniaxial ratchetting tests including rapid cycles and biaxial cyclic tests with tension/compression and torsion are used to calibrate the material model.These experiments were performed under isothermal conditions at different temperatures.In the ratchetting tests,higher loading rates are obtained and these have been used to calibrate the high strain rate response of the viscoplasticity model.The paper is concluded with a numerical example of a block braked wheel where the importance of accounting for the viscoplasticity in modelling is highlighted.展开更多
针对实际特高压换流变压器匝间短路故障时的二次谐波制动判据持续闭锁导致差动保护动作速度较慢的问题,该文详细分析特高压换流变匝间短路故障时的保护动作行为,通过理论分析换流变压器三相的相序差动电流变化量,发现匝间短路故障时具...针对实际特高压换流变压器匝间短路故障时的二次谐波制动判据持续闭锁导致差动保护动作速度较慢的问题,该文详细分析特高压换流变匝间短路故障时的保护动作行为,通过理论分析换流变压器三相的相序差动电流变化量,发现匝间短路故障时具有故障相的相序差动电流变化量幅值为非故障相的两倍且相位差为180°的特定关系,在此基础上,提出相序差动电流开放判据。此外,为防止特殊涌流工况时开放判据误闭锁,增设基于涌流间断偏移特征的识别开放判据,并进一步构造整套基于相序差动电流特征差异的换流变压器匝间保护优化方案。通过现场录波及实时数字仿真(real time digital simulation system,RTDS)仿真验证,提出的保护方法在匝间短路故障且二次谐波制动判据误闭锁时具有高快速性,对于暴露问题的实际故障,保护动作时间由56ms缩短为20ms。同时,保护在各类涌流工况时可靠不误动。该保护算法具有计算量小,对数据采样率要求不高的特点。展开更多
文摘This study focuses on the characterization of train brake blocks. The brake blocks are an essential organ of train speed control system to ensure comfort and safety to passengers and crew. However, poor quality soles can cause a premature wear of the wheels whose consequences are on the one hand, a damaged brake function, and also high repair costs. Samples were carried out on 3 different batches of brake blocks. Their metallurgical characterization consisted of a study of the hardness and microstructural analysis (microstructures and chemical analyzes) of the different samples. The results show that the hardness of some soles is greater than that of the wheel, mainly associated with a cementite microstructure. This can lead to a premature wear of the wheels at the expense of brake blocks.
基金The current study is part of the ongoing activities in CHARMEC-Chalmers Railway Mechanics(www.chalmers.se/charmec).Parts of the study have been funded from the European Union’s Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme in the projects In2Track,In2Track2 and In2Track3 under Grant Agreements Nos.826255 and 101012456The simulations were performed using resources at Chalmers Centre for Computational Science and Engineering(C3SE)provided by the Swedish National Infrastructure for Computing(SNIC).
文摘Block braked railway wheels are subjected to thermal and rolling contact loading.The thermal loading results in high temperatures and thermal stresses which cause slow time dependent processes such as creep,relaxation and static recovery of the wheel material.At the same time,the rolling contact loading implies a very fast mechanical load application.This paper is focused on material modeling of pearlitic steel for a wide range of loading rates at elevated temperatures.The starting point is a viscoplasticity model including nonlinear isotropic and kinematic hardening.The Delobelle overstress function is employed to capture strain rate dependent response of the material.The model also includes static recovery of the hardening to capture slower viscous(diffusion dominated)behaviour of the material.Experiments for the pearlitic wheel steel ER7 in terms of cyclic strain-controlled uniaxial tests with hold-time,uniaxial ratchetting tests including rapid cycles and biaxial cyclic tests with tension/compression and torsion are used to calibrate the material model.These experiments were performed under isothermal conditions at different temperatures.In the ratchetting tests,higher loading rates are obtained and these have been used to calibrate the high strain rate response of the viscoplasticity model.The paper is concluded with a numerical example of a block braked wheel where the importance of accounting for the viscoplasticity in modelling is highlighted.
文摘针对实际特高压换流变压器匝间短路故障时的二次谐波制动判据持续闭锁导致差动保护动作速度较慢的问题,该文详细分析特高压换流变匝间短路故障时的保护动作行为,通过理论分析换流变压器三相的相序差动电流变化量,发现匝间短路故障时具有故障相的相序差动电流变化量幅值为非故障相的两倍且相位差为180°的特定关系,在此基础上,提出相序差动电流开放判据。此外,为防止特殊涌流工况时开放判据误闭锁,增设基于涌流间断偏移特征的识别开放判据,并进一步构造整套基于相序差动电流特征差异的换流变压器匝间保护优化方案。通过现场录波及实时数字仿真(real time digital simulation system,RTDS)仿真验证,提出的保护方法在匝间短路故障且二次谐波制动判据误闭锁时具有高快速性,对于暴露问题的实际故障,保护动作时间由56ms缩短为20ms。同时,保护在各类涌流工况时可靠不误动。该保护算法具有计算量小,对数据采样率要求不高的特点。
