Dynamic decision and its complex dynamics analysis of low-carbon supply chain considering risk-aversion under carbon tax policy

This study establishes a low-carbon supply chain game model under the centralized decision situation and the decentralized decision situation considering the manufacturer risk-aversion behavior, and discusses the influence of the manufacturer risk-aversion behavior on the optimal decision, profit, coordination, and complex dynamics of the supply chain. We find that comparing with the risk-neutral decentralized decision, the increase of manufacturer's risk tolerance attitude can narrow the gap between the supply chain profit and the centralized decision, but it will further reduce the carbon emission reduction level. The increase of risk tolerance of the manufacturer and carbon tax will narrow the stable region of the system. Under this situation, the manufacturer should carefully adjust parameters to prevent the system from losing stability,especially the adjustment parameters for carbon emission reduction level. When the system is in a chaotic state, the increase of carbon tax rate makes the system show more complex dynamic characteristics. Under the chaotic state, it is difficult for the manufacturer to make correct price decision and carbon emission reduction strategy for the next period, which damages its profit, but increases the profit of the retailer and the supply chain. Finally, the carbon emission reduction cost-sharing contract is proposed to improve the carbon emission reduction level and the supply chain efficiency, achieving Pareto improvement. The stability region of the system is larger than that in the centralized decision situation, but the increase of the cost sharing coefficient will reduce the stability of the system in the decentralized decision-making situation.

Fairness in Climate Change Mitigation: The Case of Carbon Taxation

Environmental economists have advocated carbon taxation for its efficiency and effectiveness in reducing Greenhouse Gas (GHG) emissions. Yet, whether the policy would be fair in any given context needs to be better realized. While the distributive effects of carbon taxation have been widely discussed, a more comprehensive understanding of tax fairness is lacking. This paper reviews the academic literature through the lens of three justice concepts -recognition, procedure, and distribution—to understand the implications of previous studies for fair carbon tax policy-making. Upon examining the relevant literature, the findings highlight the limited evidence concerning recognition and procedural justice in carbon taxation, particularly in developing country context. This calls for more assessments through these perspectives. It also emphasizes the importance of recognition for vulnerable groups, such as women, with an intersectionality approach;a fair policy process through information provision, inclusive representation, fair level playing field;and proportionate burden sharing through context-specific design elements such as targeted revenue use.

Impacts of Carbon Tax Policy on CO_2 Mitigation and Economic Growth in China

In this paper we examine the impacts of carbon tax policy on CO2 mitigation effects and economic growth in China by using a dynamic energy-environment-economy computable general equilibrium （CGE） model. The results show that 30, 60, and 90 RMB per ton CO2 of carbon tax rate will lead to a reduction of CO2 emissions by 4.52%, 8.59%, and 12.26%, as well as a decline in the GDP by 0.11%, 0.25%, and 0.39% in 2020, respectively, if carbon tax revenues are collected by the government. Moreover, with energy efficiency improvements the CO2 emission per unit of GDP will equally drop by 34.79%, 37.49%, and 39.92% in 2020, respectively. Negative impacts on sectors and households will be alleviated if carbon tax revenues are returned to these sectors and households.

Research on the Export Trade of Hubei Province from the Perspective of a Carbon Tax

With the global concern about the safety of the environment and the increasing demands for carbon reduction, European countries have proposed to levy a carbon tax to reduce global carbon emissions. In the process of global trade, depending on advanced technology on carbon emissions, European and American countries raise the production cost of their competitors through a carbon tax to gain competitive advantage. The West＇s carbon tax will inevitably have serious implications for the export trade of China as a trading nation. As the central region, Hubei Province＇s export trade will also be affected. This paper first reviewed the background of carbon tariffs on the international market, then analyzed the impact of a carbon tax on exports of Hubei Province, and proposed relevant policies and countermeasures against trade barriers on a carbon tax at last.

Conflict and Coordination Problem of Carbon Tax' Diversity Targets in China-Based on the Tax Optimization Theory

Among all the emission reduction measures,carbon tax is recognized as the most effective way to protect our climate.That is why the Chinese government has recently taken it as a tax reform direction.In the current economic analysis,the design of carbon tax is mostly based on the target to maximize the efficiency.However,based on the theory of tax system optimization,we should also consider other policy objectives,such as equity,revenue and cost,and then balance different objectives to achieve the suboptimum reform of carbon tax system in China.

CGE Simulation for Levying Carbon Tax in China and International Experience of Levying Carbon Tax

Levying carbon tax is conducive to reducing carbon dioxide emissions and protecting the environment.The author firstly reviewed some relevant empirical studies on carbon tax both home and abroad,and then established the CGE model and simulated levying carbon tax in China.The study found that levying carbon tax would have little impact on China's economy:in a short-term,China's GDP might decrease by 0.51%,while in a long-term it might decrease by 0.08%;however,the carbon dioxide emissions would be substantially reduced.Meanwhile,levying carbon tax has some negative impact on the output of each industry in the very economic structure;of this,the mineral extractive industries would be influenced the most.Then the author summarized experience of levying carbon tax in foreign countries.

Modified Ramsey Rule, Optimal Carbon Tax and Economic Growth

In contrast to the overlapping-generations model, it is allowable to discount the future utility in a dynasty model without the ethical difficulty related to intergenerational conflicts. Much precedent research uses Ramsey-type optimal growth theory in order to estimate the social discount rate. However, one must note that almost all the formulations neglect the existence of negative intertemporal externalities. This problem is vital when one analyzes the global warming problem mainly caused by the excess concentration of carbon dioxide (CO2). This is because an adjoining effect of capital accumulation exists besides the improvement of product capacity, which is reflected in the rate of interest (or equivalently, the marginal productivity of capital). That is, one cannot neglect a negative externality to the future productivity that originates from the excess emissions of CO2. Accordingly, following the optimal growth theory, the effective social discount rate should be heightened by a proportional carbon tax to suppress future excess consumption/ emissions than in the case of the existing analyses, which exclude such an intertemporal external diseconomy.

Reliability of Power System Integrated with Wind Generation Considering Carbon Tax

This paper proposes a method to evaluate the reliability of power system with different capacities of wind power while considering carbon tax. The proposed method is a hybrid approach which combines Frequency and Duration (F&D) method and Monte Carlo Simulation (MCS) method. MCS method is used to achieve a model to simulate the random status of power system. Also, the proposed method is applied on the IEEE 14-bus test system to investigate the effects of integrating different capacities of wind energy to the reliability of power system with considering carbon tax.

Brief Talk on China＇s Carbon Tax System-Based on Lowcarbon Thermal Power Project

China has surpassed America and became the biggest greenhouse gases emission country in the world in 2008.1t is an urgent need for China to actively respond to climate change and promote energy conservation.This paper bases on the above facts, studies the carbon tax, which is an effective policy, designs an carbon tax system for China and analyzes the advantages of carbon tax, thus providing some reference for promoting the development of low-carbon thermal power project.

Estimating the Effect of Carbon Tax on CO₂Emissions of Coal in China

Using the co-integration model and the VAR model, this article estimates the effect of carbon taxes on CO2 emissions of coal in 2020. The estimation for the long-run price elasticity of coal in China is –0.34, which shows more elasticity than those of previous studies. The main reason lies in the fact that none of the previous studies considered the structural breaks of Chinese energy consumption in 2006. The levy of 100RMB, 150RMB and 200RMB on per ton of standard coal from 2012 in China will decrease the consumption of coal by 4.88%, 7.31% and 9.75% respectively in 2020, which will further lead to the decrease of CO2 emissions in 2020 by 8.69%, 13.02% and 17.36% respectively. This observation implies that the use of carbon tax scheme is one of the most practical policies that can mitigate the challenge of climate change. However, the implementation measures should be deliberately designed in such a way that making heavy impact on economic development of China is avoided.

Optimal Generator Portfolio in Day-Ahead Market under Uncertain Carbon Tax Policy

The global liberalization of energy market and the evolving carbon policy have profound implication on a producer’s optimal generator portfolio problem. On one hand, the daily operational flexibility from a well- composed generator portfolio enables the producer to implement a more aggressive bidding strategy in the liberalized day-ahead market on a daily basis;on the other hand, the evolving carbon policy demands the long term robustness of a generator portfolio: it should be able to generate stable cash flow under different stages of the evolving carbon tax policy. It is computationally very challenging to incorporate the daily bidding strategy into such a long term generator portfolio study. We overcome the difficulty by a powerful vertical decomposition. The long term uncertainty of carbon tax policy is simulated by scenarios;while the daily electricity price fluctuation with jumps is modeled by a more complicated Markov Regime Switching model. The proposed model provides the senior executives an efficient quantitative tool to select an optimal generator portfolio in the deregulated market under evolving carbon tax policy.

Prospects for the transformation and development of carbon storage in abandoned mines of coal enterprises from the perspective ofcarbon neutrality

Under the carbon neutrality goal,coal enterprises must seek breakthroughs from abandoned mines,develop new resources in the new era,turn problems into countermeasures,and participate in the carbon emissions market,for contributing to the accomplishment of the national strategic goal of carbon neutrality.To this end,we investigated the relevant national policies and regulations to clarify the boundaries disclosed by the carbon information of enterprises,understood the development direction of carbon storage in abandoned mines,and clarified the transformation and development of carbon storage in aban-doned mines.We made a few suggestions:(1)China should learn from its past experience and other countries to develop the energy industry with Chinese characteristics and reform the economic system.(2)Coal enterprises must actively respond to the national carbon information disclosure policy,clarify their own responsibilities and carbon emission boundaries.(3)It is necessary to proactively obtain advanced knowledge and plan carbon storage pathways for abandoned mines.(4)Devel-opment problems of coal enterprises should be deduced using cases.The'dual carbon'goals should be achieved steadily step-by-step.(5)Three measures,i.e.improving the existing resource structure,coordinating the information of abandoned mines,and promoting the cultivation of scientific and technological talents.

An uncertain energy planning model under carbon taxes

In this study, an interval fuzzy mixed-integer energy planning model （IFMI-EPM） is developed under considering the carbon tax policy. The developed IFMI- EPM incorporates techniques of interval-parameter programming, fuzzy planning and mixed-integer programming within a general energy planning model. The IFMIEPM can not only be used for quantitatively analyzing a variety of policy scenarios that are associated with different levels of carbon tax policy, but also tackle uncertainties expressed as discrete intervals and fuzzy sets in energy and environment systems. Considering low, medium and high carbon tax rates, the model is applied to an ideal energy and environment system. The results indicate that reasonable solutions have been generated. They can be used for generating decision alternatives and thus help decision makers identify desired carbon tax policy.

Downside of a carbon tax for environment:Impact of information sharing

Motivated by the observation that firms invest in carbon emissions reduction to decrease the cost of carbon tax as governments in numerous countries increasingly implement carbon tax to improve the environment,and broad researcher and practitioner agreement that carbon tax implementation always benefits the environment.However,we find that a carbon tax may actually hurt the environment based on a stylized game model with a better-informed retailer(one who controls the demand information sharing with the manufacturer)and a manufacturer.In particular,we find that the carbon emissions reduction may harm the environment if the carbon tax is moderate or both the carbon tax and the demand fluctuation are high.We further reveal free-riding behavior by the retailer,who may enjoy more profit sharing from the supply chain in the presence of carbon emissions reduction.Based on these observations,we argue that a carbon tax does not always benefit the environment when a manufacturer who receives demand information from the retailer responds better to market uncertainty.

Potential Impact of Carbon Emission Tax on Coal Chemical Industry

In the case of carbon emission tax,implementation target and effect of carbon emission tax are analyzed. For development status of Chinese coal chemical industry,carbon emission data of traditional and new coal chemical industries are contrasted and analyzed,and the impact of levying carbon emission tax on coal chemical industry is studied. Promotion implementation opinions of carbon emission tax in coal chemical industry are proposed,and coordinated development between China environmental taxation system and relevant industries is further explored.

碳税机制下政府补贴对生产减排决策的影响

在政府实施碳税政策的大背景下,对不同形式的政府补贴如何影响制造商的生产减排决策进行研究。在无补贴、技术减排投资成本补贴和回收再制造补贴三种情形下,分别建立了三种不同的模型,分析比较三种模型对制造商产品产量和减排决策的影响。分析结果表明:(1)随着碳税税率的增加,产品碳减排水平并不总是增加。不仅如此,碳税政策的实施还会对低碳产品的产量和利润起到负面效果。但政府补贴政策的实施确实能够缓解碳税给制造商带来的压力,在碳税税率较高时,采取回收再制造补贴能够更大程度起到提高制造商积极性的作用。(2)不同的政府补贴对产品产量和利润产生了不同的影响,当η<0.38时,选取技术减排补贴能够获得更大的产品产量和总体利润;当η>0.38时,选取回收再制造补贴更经济。

国际碳税政策实践发展与经验借鉴

碳税是应对全球气候危机的有效碳减排政策工具之一。尽管国际上碳税的发展取得了一定的减排成效,但是各国碳税实施路径与政策调整逻辑却有显著差异,仍存在参与碳定价机制不成熟、发展缓慢和国际争议调整机制缺失等问题。借鉴当前国际碳税制度的具体税收制度、政策设计和税收关系的实践经验,我国碳税的开征应循序渐进,与碳交易协同互补,采取“逐步拓宽”的税制设计,利用税收优惠平衡税收负担,充分参与国际碳税协调,致力于推动绿色经济的发展和促进碳达峰、碳中和目标的达成。

第三方再制造供应链生产及减排决策

第三方再制造是再制造的主要形式,主要包括外包和授权两种模式。考虑碳税和消费者异质需求,建立了制造商和再制造商的博弈模型,对比分析了外包与授权模式下供应链的生产及减排决策。研究发现:①根据再制造碳排放水平,制造商和再制造商可选择不同的生产策略。②制造商减排使其自身和供应链利润增加,而再制造商利润不一定增加;综合经济和环境效益,外包再制造优于授权模式。③当再制造减排效果较强,而消费者对再制造产品接受度较高时,集中决策能够实现供应链总利润增加的同时总碳排降低。④制造商提高外包费(降低授权费),同时分享再制造商部分利润,能够实现外包(授权)再制造供应链的协调。

政府碳税与补贴政策对独立再制造模式的影响

政府为促进再制造产业的发展,采取碳税和补贴政策,而两种政策对再制造产业的影响效果不同.为分析政府碳税政策与补贴政策对独立再制造的影响,基于政府两种政策构建原始制造商与再制造商博弈模型,对比分析政府补贴和碳税政策对最优解的影响.结果表明:碳税政策会提高两种产品的单位零售价格,补贴政策会降低两种产品的单位零售价格,但是,两种政策都增加再制造产品的需求量;补贴政策提高废旧产品回收率,当消费者对再制造产品的偏好较大时,碳税政策才提高废旧产品回收率;碳税政策对环境产生的总影响最小,当单位再制造产品对环境产生的影响较小时,补贴政策才减少对环境的影响.管理启示:政府实施碳税政策时,碳税额度不要过高;政府采取补贴政策时,只有补贴额度大于某一额度时,采取补贴政策更有利于再制造产业发展,否则,采取碳税政策更优.

差额碳税视角下应急产品闭环供应链的协调机制研究

为提高应急产品的资源利用效率并强化应急体系协同绿色发展,构造制造商处主导地位、零售商处从属地位的应急产品闭环供应链博弈模型。从差额碳税视角出发对比分析集中决策和分散决策下应急产品闭环供应链的各个均衡决策,推导出利用“讨价还价”模型实现供应链协调的条件,并进行算例分析。研究结果表明:差额碳税政策可以提高再制造应急产品的市场占比份额,促进资源的高效循环发展;讨价还价模型可以实现闭环供应链的有效协调。研究结果可为应对突发事件提供理论参考。