National censuses are conducted at varying intervals across both the developed and developing world and collect detailed data on a wide range of societal,economic and health questions.This immense volume of data has m...National censuses are conducted at varying intervals across both the developed and developing world and collect detailed data on a wide range of societal,economic and health questions.This immense volume of data has many potential uses in the field of healthcare research and can be utilised either in isolation or in conjunction with other information sources such as hospital records.At a governmental level census data can be used for healthcare service planning by providing accurate population density information but also,through the use of more detailed data collection,by helping to identify high-risk populations that may require increased resource allocation.It can also be a key tool in addressing and improving healthcare inequality and deprivation by both identifying those populations with poorer healthcare outcomes and through helping researchers to better understand the causes of this inequality.Similarly,it has utility when studying the complex causes of disease and assessing the success of strategies designed to tackle these aetiologies.However,the maximum benefit from these various uses can only be realised if the data collection and analysis processes utilised are robust and this requires that census bureaus regularly review and modify their methods in a transparent and thorough way.展开更多
Changes in the Chinese family structure since 2000 are evident in a significant decrease in the share of nuclear families; a considerable increase in the share of single- person families; and a rise rather than a fall...Changes in the Chinese family structure since 2000 are evident in a significant decrease in the share of nuclear families; a considerable increase in the share of single- person families; and a rise rather than a fall in the share of linear families. Changes in urban family structure differ from those in rural areas. In the former, the share of nuclear families has fallen, with a marked rise in single-person families and a slight fall in linear families. In the latter, there has been quite a large fall in the share of nuclear families and an increase in the share of single-person and linear families. Changes in the secondary family structure also show some differences. Population mobility, number of children, population aging, and marriage and housing conditions have a marked effect on the evolution of family structure. In an era when small families are dominant, the government and various social organizations should enhance public services for families; review the household registration system to lessen the regional separation of workers from other family members; and create conditions for improving intergenerational relations.展开更多
Background: The majority of Veterans Affair(VA) hospitals are in urban areas. We examined whether veterans residing in rural areas have lower mental health service use and poorer mental health status.Methods: Veterans...Background: The majority of Veterans Affair(VA) hospitals are in urban areas. We examined whether veterans residing in rural areas have lower mental health service use and poorer mental health status.Methods: Veterans with at least 1 warzone deployment in central and northeastern Pennsylvania were randomly selected for an interview. Mental health status, including posttraumatic stress disorder(PTSD), major depression, alcohol abuse and mental health global severity, were assessed using structured interviews. Psychiatric service use was based on self-reported utilization in the past 12 months. Results were compared between veterans residing in rural and non-rural areas. Data were also analyzed using multivariate logistic regression to minimize the influence by confounding factors.Results: A total of 1730 subjects(55% of the eligible veterans) responded to the survey and 1692 of them had complete geocode information. Those that did not have this information(n=38), were excluded from some analyses. Veterans residing in rural areas were older, more often of the white race, married, and experienced fewer stressful events. In comparison to those residing in non-rural areas, veterans residing in rural areas had lower global mental health severity scores;they also had fewer mental health visits. In multivariate logistic regression, rural residence was associated with lower service use, but not with PTSD, major depression, alcohol abuse, and global mental health severity score after adjusting confounding factors(e.g., age, gender, marital status and education).Conclusions: Rural residence is associated with lower mental health service use, but not with poor mental health in veterans with former warzone deployment, suggesting rural residence is possibly protective.展开更多
The urban environmental quality remains currently difficult to be assessed because of overlapping of several natural and anthropogenic factors having socio-economic and environmental outstanding impacts. The fast deve...The urban environmental quality remains currently difficult to be assessed because of overlapping of several natural and anthropogenic factors having socio-economic and environmental outstanding impacts. The fast developing and uncontrolled urbanization is behind the development of some negative side effects on the urban environment. Many studies demonstrate the ability of remote sensing and GIS （geographic information system） to monitor urban environment quality. Casablanca, Morocco＇s economical capital is facing a fast growing demographic development amplified by a massive rural depopulation and all this in an anarchic way. This growth of increased urban activity comes often with the proliferation of informal settlement and shantytown to the detriment of farming areas and green spaces. This study is made possible by using a SPOT-5 image of Casablanca city, taken March 16, 2004 merged with 2.5 m spatial resolution and census data. Indicators were defined and listed in social, economic and environmental categories. An index of environmental quality in Casablanca city for the 17 urban municipalities was calculated after the standardization and weighting of indicators used. The results may be useful to city managers and planners who are concerned with urban environment quality issues and sustainable development.展开更多
There is an increasing availability of geospatial data describing patterns of human settlement and population such as various global remote-sensing based built-up land layers,fine-grained census-based population estim...There is an increasing availability of geospatial data describing patterns of human settlement and population such as various global remote-sensing based built-up land layers,fine-grained census-based population estimates,and publicly available cadastral and building footprint data.This development constitutes new integrative modeling opportunities to characterize the continuum of urban,peri-urban,and rural settlements and populations.However,little research has been done regarding the agreement between such data products in measuring human presence which is measured by different proxy variables(i.e.presence of built-up structures derived from different remote sensors,census-derived population counts,or cadastral land parcels).In this work,we quantitatively evaluate and cross-compare the ability of such data to model the urban continuum,using a unique,integrated validation database of cadastral and building footprint data,U.S.census data,and three different versions of the Global Human Settlement Layer(GHSL)derived from remotely sensed data.We identify advantages and shortcomings of these data types across different geographic settings in the U.S.,which will inform future data users on implications of data accuracy and suitability for a given application,even in data-poor regions of the world.展开更多
文摘National censuses are conducted at varying intervals across both the developed and developing world and collect detailed data on a wide range of societal,economic and health questions.This immense volume of data has many potential uses in the field of healthcare research and can be utilised either in isolation or in conjunction with other information sources such as hospital records.At a governmental level census data can be used for healthcare service planning by providing accurate population density information but also,through the use of more detailed data collection,by helping to identify high-risk populations that may require increased resource allocation.It can also be a key tool in addressing and improving healthcare inequality and deprivation by both identifying those populations with poorer healthcare outcomes and through helping researchers to better understand the causes of this inequality.Similarly,it has utility when studying the complex causes of disease and assessing the success of strategies designed to tackle these aetiologies.However,the maximum benefit from these various uses can only be realised if the data collection and analysis processes utilised are robust and this requires that census bureaus regularly review and modify their methods in a transparent and thorough way.
文摘Changes in the Chinese family structure since 2000 are evident in a significant decrease in the share of nuclear families; a considerable increase in the share of single- person families; and a rise rather than a fall in the share of linear families. Changes in urban family structure differ from those in rural areas. In the former, the share of nuclear families has fallen, with a marked rise in single-person families and a slight fall in linear families. In the latter, there has been quite a large fall in the share of nuclear families and an increase in the share of single-person and linear families. Changes in the secondary family structure also show some differences. Population mobility, number of children, population aging, and marriage and housing conditions have a marked effect on the evolution of family structure. In an era when small families are dominant, the government and various social organizations should enhance public services for families; review the household registration system to lessen the regional separation of workers from other family members; and create conditions for improving intergenerational relations.
基金Geisinger Auxiliary Fundthe Kline&Ditty Health Fund+2 种基金the National Institute of Mental Health (Grant No. R21-MH-086317)the Wounded Warrior OrganizationDepartment of Defense (W81XWH-15-1-0506) to Dr. Joseph A. Boscarino。
文摘Background: The majority of Veterans Affair(VA) hospitals are in urban areas. We examined whether veterans residing in rural areas have lower mental health service use and poorer mental health status.Methods: Veterans with at least 1 warzone deployment in central and northeastern Pennsylvania were randomly selected for an interview. Mental health status, including posttraumatic stress disorder(PTSD), major depression, alcohol abuse and mental health global severity, were assessed using structured interviews. Psychiatric service use was based on self-reported utilization in the past 12 months. Results were compared between veterans residing in rural and non-rural areas. Data were also analyzed using multivariate logistic regression to minimize the influence by confounding factors.Results: A total of 1730 subjects(55% of the eligible veterans) responded to the survey and 1692 of them had complete geocode information. Those that did not have this information(n=38), were excluded from some analyses. Veterans residing in rural areas were older, more often of the white race, married, and experienced fewer stressful events. In comparison to those residing in non-rural areas, veterans residing in rural areas had lower global mental health severity scores;they also had fewer mental health visits. In multivariate logistic regression, rural residence was associated with lower service use, but not with PTSD, major depression, alcohol abuse, and global mental health severity score after adjusting confounding factors(e.g., age, gender, marital status and education).Conclusions: Rural residence is associated with lower mental health service use, but not with poor mental health in veterans with former warzone deployment, suggesting rural residence is possibly protective.
文摘The urban environmental quality remains currently difficult to be assessed because of overlapping of several natural and anthropogenic factors having socio-economic and environmental outstanding impacts. The fast developing and uncontrolled urbanization is behind the development of some negative side effects on the urban environment. Many studies demonstrate the ability of remote sensing and GIS （geographic information system） to monitor urban environment quality. Casablanca, Morocco＇s economical capital is facing a fast growing demographic development amplified by a massive rural depopulation and all this in an anarchic way. This growth of increased urban activity comes often with the proliferation of informal settlement and shantytown to the detriment of farming areas and green spaces. This study is made possible by using a SPOT-5 image of Casablanca city, taken March 16, 2004 merged with 2.5 m spatial resolution and census data. Indicators were defined and listed in social, economic and environmental categories. An index of environmental quality in Casablanca city for the 17 urban municipalities was calculated after the standardization and weighting of indicators used. The results may be useful to city managers and planners who are concerned with urban environment quality issues and sustainable development.
基金This research has been funded,in part,by the U.S.National Science Foundation(Directorate for Social,Behavioral and Economic Sciences)award#1416860 to the City University of New York,the Population Council,the National Center for Atmospheric Research and the University of Colorado at BoulderIt has been supported,in part,by the Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development of the National Institutes of Health under Award Number P2CHD066613+1 种基金Furthermore,this work has been funded,in part,by an Andrew Carnegie Fellowship(#G-F-16-53680)from the Carnegie Corporation of New York to D.BalkInnovative Seed Grant funding from the University of Colorado,support through Earth Lab,a University of Colorado Boulder Grand Challenge Initiative,as well as a development grant received from the University of Colorado Population Center(CUPC)at the Institute of Behavioral Science(University of Colorado Boulder),are acknowledged.
文摘There is an increasing availability of geospatial data describing patterns of human settlement and population such as various global remote-sensing based built-up land layers,fine-grained census-based population estimates,and publicly available cadastral and building footprint data.This development constitutes new integrative modeling opportunities to characterize the continuum of urban,peri-urban,and rural settlements and populations.However,little research has been done regarding the agreement between such data products in measuring human presence which is measured by different proxy variables(i.e.presence of built-up structures derived from different remote sensors,census-derived population counts,or cadastral land parcels).In this work,we quantitatively evaluate and cross-compare the ability of such data to model the urban continuum,using a unique,integrated validation database of cadastral and building footprint data,U.S.census data,and three different versions of the Global Human Settlement Layer(GHSL)derived from remotely sensed data.We identify advantages and shortcomings of these data types across different geographic settings in the U.S.,which will inform future data users on implications of data accuracy and suitability for a given application,even in data-poor regions of the world.
