Assessment of the Level of Knowledge about Chronic Renal Failure in 271 Hypertensive Patients in Brazzaville

Background and Objectives: Chronic kidney disease (CKD) is now a global public health problem. In low- and middle-income countries such as the Congo, access to dialysis is low and inequitable. The prevention of CKD involves raising awareness among patients at risk, such as those suffering from arterial hypertension (AH), by improving their knowledge of CKD. The objectives of our work were to determine the level of knowledge about CKD among hypertensive patients and to identify the factors associated with a low level of knowledge. Methodology: We conducted a 3-month descriptive and analytical cross-sectional study from 1 August to 30 October 2023 in 3 large public hospitals in Brazzaville (capital of the Republic of Congo). We included: hypertensive patients aged 18 and over who had freely consented to participate in our study and were able to answer the questions on the survey form. Patients with known hypertension who had been followed for less than 3 years and those with known chronic renal failure were not included. Results: The mean age was 58.4 ± 14.4 years (29 - 88 years). There were 121 men and 150 women (sex ratio = 0.8). All the patients were educated;37.2% with a higher level of education and 13.6% with primary education. 24 patients (9%) had a good level of knowledge about CKD and 153 (56%) had poor knowledge. A good level of knowledge was associated with the duration of hypertension, intellectual level and the existence of associated heart disease. Conclusion: Our study reveals a significant lack of knowledge about chronic kidney disease among hypertensive patients in Brazzaville.

Comparative efficacy of traditional Chinese herbal injection for chronic renal failure:A systematic review and network meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials

Objective: To conduct a systematic review and network meta-analysis(NMA) for the comparison of the efficacy and safety of Chinese herbal injection(CHI) combined with Western medicine(WM) and WM monotherapy for chronic renal failure(CRF).Methods: Eight databases were searched from inception to August 30, 2022. Randomized controlled trials(RCTs) regarding the comparison of CHI-WM combination therapy and WM monotherapy were included. Literature search, risk-of-bias assessment, and data extraction were conducted by 2 reviewers independently. NMA was performed by Stata 14.0, R 4.0.4 software, and the latest risk of bias assessment tool 2(RoB 2).Results: A total of 53 RCTs were finally included, involving 4445 participants and 16 CHIs. RoB 2 showed that 2 of these studies had a high risk of bias. Tianqi injection(TQ) + WM was the most effective in reducing serum creatinine(Scr) level. Xingding injection(XD) + WM was the most effective in reducing blood urea nitrogen(BUN) and cystatin C(Cys C) levels. Guhong injection(GH) + WM had the highest endogenous creatinine clearance rate(Ccr). Shuxuetong injection(SXT) + WM was the most effective in improving the clinical effective rate. Danhong injection(DH) + WM resulted in the lowest 24-h urinary protein quantity(24 h-UPQ), while Danshen injection(DS) + WM led to the lowest blood uric acid(UA)level. Shenfu injection(SF) + WM was the most effective in increasing hemoglobin(Hb) level.Conclusion: CHIs-WM combination therapy is more effective than WM monotherapy in treating CRF.Considering all of the indicators, SK + WM may be the optimal treatment option for improving renal function in patients with CRF.

Effects of paricalcitol combined with hemodiafiltration on bonemetabolism-related indexes in patients with diabetic nephropathy and chronic renal failure

BACKGROUND Diabetic nephropathy(DN)is frequently seen in the development of diabetes mellitus,and its pathogenic factors are complicated.Its current treatment is controversial,and there is a lack of a relevant efficacy prediction model.AIM To determine the effects of paricalcitol combined with hemodiafiltration on bonemetabolism-related indexes in patients with DN and chronic renal failure(CRF),and to construct an efficacy prediction model.METHODS We retrospectively analyzed 422 patients with DN and CRF treated in Cangzhou Central Hospital between May 2020 and May 2022.We selected 94 patients who met the inclusion and exclusion criteria.Patients were assigned to a dialysis group(n=45)and a joint group(n=49)in relation to therapeutic regimen.The clinical efficacy of the two groups was compared after treatment.The changes in laboratory indexes after treatment were evaluated,and the two groups were compared for the incidence of adverse reactions.The predictive value of laboratory indexes on the clinical efficacy on patients was analyzed.RESULTS The dialysis group showed a notably worse improvement in clinical efficacy than the joint group(P=0.017).After treatment,the joint group showed notably lower serum levels of serum creatinine,uric acid(UA)and blood urea nitrogen(BUN)than the dialysis group(P<0.05).After treatment,the joint group had lower serum levels of phosphorus,procollagen type I amino-terminal propeptide(PINP)and intact parathyroid hormone than the dialysis group,but a higher calcium level(P<0.001).Both groups had a similar incidence of adverse reactions(P>0.05).According to least absolute shrinkage and selection operator regression analysis,UA,BUN,phosphorus and PINP were related to treatment efficacy.According to further comparison,the non-improvement group had higher risk scores than the improvement group(P<0.0001),and the area under the curve of the risk score in efficacy prediction was 0.945.CONCLUSION For treatment of CRF and DN,combined paricalcitol and hemodiafiltration can deliver higher clinical efficacy and improve the bone metabolism of patients,with good safety.

Epidemiological and Clinical Aspects of Chronic Renal Failure in the Medical Department at the Hospital of Sikasso

Introduction: Chronic renal failure is a real public health problem because of its prevalence, the cost of its management and the high morbidity and mortality rate associated with it. The objective of this study was to determine the frequency, causes and main aggravating factors of chronic renal failure in the medical department of the hospital of Sikasso. Materials and Methods: This was a cross-sectional, retrospective, descriptive study conducted in the medical department of the Sikasso hospital from January 1, 2021 to November 30, 2022. It covered all the records of patients with chronic renal failure hospitalized in the department during this period. The MDRD formula was used to estimate the glomerular filtration rate. The KDIGO 2012 classification was used to stage CKD. Results: Of 820 patient records reviewed, we retained 197 records. The mean age of our patients was 42.25 ± 10 years. The male sex represented 114 (57.9%). The socio-economic level was considered low and precarious in 79.8% of cases. The frequency of chronic renal failure was 24%. The reason for hospitalization was mostly hyper creatinine > 185 μmol/l (92.4%). Herbal medicine was reported in 103 cases (52.3%). Medical history was hypertension 101 cases (51.3%), undocumented gastro duodenal ulcer (UGD) 14 cases (7.6%), hypertension and diabetes 11 cases (5.1%), diabetes 8 cases (4%), lower limb edema 9 cases (4.6%). Hypocalcemia was 147 cases (75.6%) with hyper phosphoremia was 153 cases (77.7%). Hemoglobin level was: <6 g/dl, 44 cases (22.3%);between 6 - 8 g/dl, 77 cases (39.1%), from 8 - 10 g/dl, 54 cases (27.4%). The etiologies of CKD were vascular nephropathy 106 cases (53.8%), interstitial nephropathy, 44 cases (22.3%), glomerular nephropathy, 33 cases (16.8%), diabetic nephropathy, 12 cases (6.1%) and polycystic kidney disease 2 (1%). CKD was classified as stage 5, 171 cases (86.8%), stage 4, 11 cases (5.6%), stage 3, 13 cases (6.6%) and stage 2, 2 cases (1%.) Dialysis was performed in 1095 (5.3%) of our patients. All these patients started dialysis with a central line. Conclusion: This study reveals the high prevalence of chronic renal failure in the department and above all the late diagnosis at very advanced stages. This imposes policies of prevention and effective management of the responsible diseases.

Effects of Helicobacter pylori infection on gastric epithelial cell kinetics in patients with chronic renal failure

AIM： To evaluate the effects of Helicobacter pylori infection on gastric epithelial cell kinetics in patients with chronic renal failure （CRF）. METHODS： Forty-four patients were enrolled in this study and divided into four groups with respect to their Helicobacter pylori （H pylori） and CRF status. Groups were labeled as follows： la： normal renal function, H pylori negative （n = 12）, lb： normal renal function, H pylori positive （n = 11）, 2a： CRF, H pylori negative （n = 10）, 2b： CRF, H pylori positive （n = 11）. Upper gastrointestinal endoscopy was done in all the patients involved in the study. During endoscopical investigation, antral biopsy specimens were taken from each patient. In order to evaluate the cell apoptosis and proliferation in gastric epithelial cells, Bax and proliferating cell nuclear antigen （PCNA） labeling indexes （LI） were assessed with immunohistochemical staining method. RESULTS： For groups la, lb, 2a, and 2b, mean Bax LI was identified as 34.4±13.7, 44.1±16.5, 46.3±20.5, 60.7±13.8, respectively and mean PCNA LI was identified as 36.2±17.2, 53.6±25.6, 59.5±25.6, 67.2±22, respectively. When the one-way ANOVA test was applied, statistically significant differences were detected between the groups for both Bax LI （P = 0.004 〈0.01） and PCNA LI （P = 0.009 〈0.01）. When groups were compared further in terms of Bax LI and PCNA LI with Tukey＇s HSD test for multiple pairwise comparisons, statistically significant difference was observed only between groups la and 2b （P = 0.006 〈0.01）.CONCLUSION： In gastric epithelial cells, expression of both the pre-apoptotic protein Bax and the proliferation marker PCNA increase with H pylori infection. This increase is more evident in patients with uremia. These findings suggest that uremia accelerates apoptosis and proliferation in gastric epithelial cells.

Wireless capsule endoscopy in the investigation of patients with chronic renal failure and obscure gastrointestinal bleeding (preliminary data)

AIM： To investigate the role of wireless capsule endoscopy （WCE） in detection of small bowel （SB） pathology in patients with chronic renal failure （CRF） and obscure bleeding. METHODS： Consecutive CRF patients with obscure bleeding were prospectively studied. Patients with normal renal function and obscure bleeding, investigated during the same period with WCE, were used for the interpretation of results. RESULTS： Seventeen CRF patients （11 overt, 6 occult bleeding） and 51 patients （33 overt, 18 occult bleeding） with normal renal function were enrolled in this study. Positive SB findings were detected in 70.6% of CRF patients and in 41.2% of non-CRF patients （P〈0.05）. SB angiodysplasia was identified in 47% of CRF patients and in 17.6% of non-CRF patients. Univariate logistic regression revealed CRF as a significant predictive factor for angiodysplasia （P〈0.05）. Therapeutic measures were undertaken in 66% of the patients with the positive findings. CONCLUSION： According to our preliminary results, SB angiodysplasia was found in an increased prevalence among CRF patients with obscure bleeding. WCE is useful in diagnosis of gastrointestinal pathologies and in planning appropriate therapeutic intervention and, therefore, should be included in the work-up of this group of patients.

Doctor-led intensive diet education on health-related quality of life in patients with chronic renal failure and hyperphosphatemia

BACKGROUND Secondary hyperparathyroidism,renal osteodystrophy,and cardiovascular adverse events can occur if long-term hyperphosphatemia is not corrected,leading to the adverse prognosis of patients with chronic renal failure.Besides the use of phosphorus binders,clinical control measures for hyperphosphatemia in these patients should also incorporate diet control.AIM To observe doctor-led intensive diet education effects on health-related quality of life in patients with chronic renal failure and hyperphosphatemia.METHODS We assessed 120 patients with hyperphosphatemia and chronic renal failure on hemodialysis admitted to our hospital(July 2018 to March 2020).The control group(n=60)was given routine nursing guidance,and the observation group(n=60)was given doctor-led intensive diet education.The changes in EQ-5D-3L scores,disease-related knowledge,and compliance scores before intervention and 3 and 6 mo after intervention in the two groups were recorded.The levels of serum parathyroid hormone(iPTH),calcium(Ca),phosphorus(P),calciumphosphorus product(Ca×P),serum creatinine(Scr),and blood urea nitrogen(BUN)before intervention and 3 and 6 mo after intervention in the two groups were assessed along with patient satisfaction.RESULTS There was no significant difference in blood iPTH,Ca,P,Ca×P,Scr,or BUN levels between the groups before intervention.After 3 and 6 mo of intervention,the blood iPTH,Ca,P,and Ca×P levels in the two groups decreased gradually(P<0.05),but there were no significant differences in Scr or BUN.The blood iPTH,Ca,P,and Ca×P levels in the observation group were lower than those in the control group(P<0.05).The satisfaction rate in the observation group after 3 mo was 93.33%and after 6,90.00%,which was high compared with the 80.00%and 71.67%,respectively,in the control group(P<0.05).There was no significant difference in EQ-5D-3L score between the two groups before intervention.After 3 and 6 mo of intervention,the visual analogue scale score of the two groups increased gradually(P<0.05);and the scores of action ability,self-care,daily activities,pain and discomfort,and anxiety and depression decreased gradually(P<0.05).The overall EQ-5D-3L score in the observation group was better than that in the control group(P<0.05).There was no significant difference in diseaserelated knowledge or compliance scores between the groups before intervention.After 3 and 6 mo of intervention,the scores of disease,diet,and medication knowledge and compliance in the two groups increased gradually(P<0.05).The scores of disease-related knowledge and compliance were higher in the observation group than in the control group(P<0.05).CONCLUSION Doctor-led intensive diet education can improve patient satisfaction and the quality of life in patients with chronic renal failure and hyperphosphatemia and promote low-phosphorus diet behavior.

Inflammatory status in chronic renal failure: The role of homocysteinemia and pro-inflammatory cytokines

AIM： To evaluate determinants of infammatory mark-ers in chronic renal failure patients according to the level of glomerular fltration rate. METHODS： One hundred ffty four patients （Age： 44 ± 06 years; male/female： 66/88） with chronic renal fail-ure （CRF） were divided into 6 groups according to the National Kidney Foundation （NKF） classification. They included 28 primary stage renal failure patients （CRF 1）, 28 moderate stage renal failure patients （CRF 2）,28 severe stage renal failure patients （CRF 3）, 18 end-stage renal failure patients （CRF 4）, 40 hemodialysis （HD） patients, and 12 peritoneal dialysis （PD） patients. Tumor necrosis factor-α （TNF-α）, interleukin-1β （IL-1β）, interleukin-6 （IL-6） and C-reactive protein （CRP） were analyzed by immunosorbent assay kit （ELISA） （Cayman Chemical’s ACETM EIA kit）. Immunoassay methods were used for total homocysteine （tHcy） （fuorescence polarization immunoanalysis HPLC, PerkinEmer 200 series）, transferrin （MININEPHTM human transferin kit： ZK070.R）, ferritin （ADVIA Centaur ） and fbrinogen analysis （ACL 200）. Differences between groups were performed using SPSS 20.0 and data are expressed as the mean ± SD.RESULTS： Results showed that in comparison with CRF 1 group and other groups, TNF-α and IL-6 levels were respectively more elevated in HD （16.38 ± 5.52 pg/mL vs 0.39 ± 0.03 pg/mL, 11.05 ± 3.59 pg/mL vs 8.20 ± 0.22 pg/mL, P 〈 0.001） and PD （14.04 ± 3.40 pg/mL vs 0.39 ± 0.03 pg/mL, 10.15 ± 1.66 pg/mL vs 8.20 ± 0.22 pg/mL, P 〈 0.001）. IL-1β levels were increased in HD （9.63 ± 3.50 pg/mL vs 3.24 ± 0.10 pg/mL, P 〈 0.001） and CRF 4 （7.76 ± 0.66 pg/mL vs 3.24 ± 0.10 pg/mL, P 〈 0.001） patients than in CRF 1 and in the other groups. Plasma tHcy levels were higher in HD （32.27 ± 12.08 μmol/L） and PD （28.37 ± 4.98 μmol/L） patients compared to the other groups of CRF （P 〈 0.001）. The serum CRP level was signifcantly increased in HD （18.17 ± 6.38 mg/L） and PD （17.97 ± 4.85 mg/L） patients compared to the other groups of CRF patients （P 〈 0.001）. The plasma fbrinogen level was more elevated in HD （6.86 ± 1.06 g/L） and CRF 4 （6.05 ± 0.57 g/L） than in the other groups （ P 〈 0.001）. Furthermore; the ferritin level was higher in HD （169.90 ± 62.16 ng/mL） and PD （90.08 ± 22.09 ng/mL） pa-tients compared to the other groups of CRF （P 〈 0.001）. The serum transferrin value was signifcantly decreased especially in PD （1.78 ± 0.21 g/L） compared to the oth-er groups （P 〈 0.001）. We found a negative correlation between glomerular fltration rate （GFR）, TNF-α levels （ r = -0.75, P 〈 0.001）, and tHcy levels （ r = -0.68, P 〈 0.001）. We observed a positive correlation between GFR and transferrin levels （ r = 0.60, P 〈 0.001）. CONCLUSION： CRF was associated with elevated in-flammatory markers. The inflammation was observed at the severe stage of CRF and increases with progres-sion of renal failure.

Effects of chronic renal failure on the expression of connexin 43 in the rat＇s corpus cavernosum

Aim： To explore the mechanism of chronic renal failure （CRF）-related erectile dysfunction （ED）. Methods： CRF experimental models were established by 5/6 nephrectomy from male Sprague-Dawley rats. Both the rats from the control group （NCRF group, n = 6） and the experimental group （CRF group, n = 30） were injected with a low dose （80 μg/g） of apomorphine in the 12th week after resection surgery to measure corresponding penile erections. Western blot method was thereafter conducted to measure the expression of connexin 43 （CX43） in the rat corpus cavernosum in the 12th week after the resection surgery. Results： There was one death in the NCRF group and five in the CRF group. The penile erection ratio of the CRF group was 28% （7/25）, whereas that of the NCRF group was 100% （5/5）, which presents a significant difference between the two groups （P 〈 0.05）. In terms of penile erection frequency, the average of the CRF group was 1.0 ± 0.0, which was significantly different from that of the NCRF group （2.2 ± 0.8） （P 〈 0.05）. As for the expression of CX43 in the rat corpus cavernosum, a notable difference existed between the CRF group （0.21 ± 0.07） and the NCRF group （0.53 ± 0.27） （P 〈 0.01）. Conclusion： CRF significantly reduces the erectile function of rats. A close correlation exists between the expression of CX43 in rats＇ corpus cavernosum and CRF-related ED. （Asian J Andro12008 Mar; 10： 286-289）

Effect of Heme Oxygenase-1 Inducer Hemin on Chronic Renal Failure Rats

Summary: The role of HO-1 inducer, hemin, in chronic renal failure (CRF) rats and its possible mechanism of action was studied. 5/6 subtotal nephrectomy was performed to establish chronic renal failure model. Rats were randomly assigned to 4 groups: sham-operated group, CRF group, ferrous gluconate group and hemin group. At the 10th week after operation, serum creatinine, BUN, RBC, HGB and HCT were measured. Renal pathologic changes were observed. RT-PCR and immunohistochemistry were used to detect the expression and distribution of HO-1. RT-PCR and radioimmunoassay was used to determine the expression of ET-1 in the kidney and plasma. The results showed that as compared with CRF group, serum creatinine and BUN in hemin group were reduced significantly and nephrogenic anemia was improved markedly. Glomerular mesangial proliferation and interstitial lesion were also ameliorated significantly. Hemin not only increased the expression of HO-1 but also reduced the expression of ET-1 in the kidney. The level of ET-1 protein in the plasma was also reduced after hemin treatment. Most of these indexes were not obviously changed in ferrous gluconate group. It was suggested that through inducing the expression of HO-1 and reducing the level of ET-1 in the kidney and plasma, hemin plays an important protective role in 5/6 subtotal nephrectomized rats.

Individualized treatment of breast cancer with chronic renal failure: A case report and review of literature

BACKGROUND Studies have shown that patients with chronic renal failure(CRF)are more likely to suffer from breast cancer and other malignant tumors.To our knowledge,CRF can reduce drug excretion,thereby increase drug exposure and lead to increased toxicity,which will limit drug treatment and lead to tumor progression.Currently,there are few successful reports on the combination of docetaxel,trastuzumab,and pertuzumab(THP)as a neoadjuvant treatment regimen for breast cancer patients with CRF.CASE SUMMARY We report a breast cancer(cT2N2M0,Her-2+/HR-)patient with CRF.It was a clinical stage IIIA tumor on the left breast.The patient had suffered from uremia for 2 years,and her heart function was normal.Based on the pathological type,molecular type,and clinical stage of breast cancer,and the patient’s renal function,the clinician analyzed the pharmacological and pharmacokinetic characteristics of the antitumor drugs after consulting the relevant literature,and prescribed the neoadjuvant regimen of THP(docetaxel 80 mg/m²,trastuzumab 8 mg/kg for the first dose,and 6 mg/kg for the maintenance dose with pertuzumab 840 mg for the first dose and 420 mg for the maintenance dose),once every 3 wk,for a total of 6 courses.The neoadjuvant treatment had a good effect,and the patient then underwent surgery which was uneventful.CONCLUSION CRF is not a contraindication for systemic treatment and surgery of breast cancer.The THP regimen without dose adjustment may be a safe and effective neoadjuvant treatment for HER-2 positive breast cancer patients with CRF.

Prevalence of Severe Anemia (Hb ≤ 5 g/dl) in Non-Dialyzed Chronic Renal Failure Patients in the Nephrology and Hemodialysis Department of Point G University Hospital

Introduction: Chronic renal failure (CRF) is defined as glomerular filtration rate (GFR) less than 60 ml/min/1.73m2 for at least three (3) months. Anemia is one of its most common complications. Anemia increases the risk factor for cardiovascular mortality by 18% per gram of hemoglobin loss. Objectives: To determine the prevalence and characteristics of this severe anemia, to determine the indications for transfusion, the complications related to this anemia, the evolution and the prognosis of these patients. Materials and Methods: This was a descriptive study with retrospective data collection over 18 months (January 1, 2017 to June 30, 2018) that included hospitalized CRF patients. Were included, non-dialyzed chronic renal failure patients with Hb ≤ 5 g/dl hospitalized during the said period. Not included were chronic renal failure patients with an Hb level ≥ 5 g/dl, those followed up and/or hospitalized outside the study period. Results: Among 1176 patients, 26 had severe anemia (Hb level ≤ 5 g/dl) on CRF, a prevalence of 2.21%. The mean age was 40 years ± 32.62 with extremes of 15 and 67 years. Seventeen women and 9 men. The etiology of chronic renal failure (CRF) was hypertensive vascular nephropathy in 50% of cases. CRF was end-stage in 18 patients (69.2%). The mean hemoglobin level was 4.10 g/dl ± 0.64 with extremes of 2 and 5 g/dl. The anemia was microcytic hypochromic in 50% and aregenerative (96.2%). The main symptoms were asthenia in 20 cases (76.9%), dizziness in 20 cases (76.9%), exertional dyspnea in 19 cases (73.1%). Signs of cardiac decompensation (n = 12) were jugular turgor 10 cases (38.5%), hepato-jugular reflux 06 cases (23.1%), mitral insufficiency murmur 06 cases (23.1%). The main complication was left ventricular hypertrophy 17 cases (77.3%). There was no correlation between anemia and sex (p = 0.291), age (p = 0.778), malaria (p = 0.158), etiology of CRF (p = 0.26). The evolution after treatment of anemia was favorable in 19 patients (73.1%), unfavorable in 02 patients (7.7%) and 05 deaths (19.2%). The deaths were of cardiovascular cause: left ventricular insufficiency 04 cases, stroke 01 case. Conclusion: Anemia is frequent in patients with chronic renal failure and remains an important risk factor for cardiovascular disease and poor general condition.

Late Nephrology Case Management and Morbidity Due to Chronic Renal Failure, Case of Guinea

Context and Object: Late nephrology case management for patients with chronic renal failure is consistently associated with high morbidity rate. The objectives of this study were to determine the factors associated with late nephrology case management and to describe the evolution of patients depending on the time of care nephrology. Material and Methods: It was a 5-year prospective study, observational type, going from January 1st, 2010 to December 31th, 2014. We studied all the patients hospitalized with chronic renal failure with dialysis or not and we excluded the patients hospitalized for acute renal failure. Results: The study population includes 307 men (53.4%) and 268 women (46.6%) with a sex ratio of 1.14. Age population ranged between 15 and 85 years old with a mean of 44.4 ± 16.20 years old. Their profession was distributed as follows: 220 housewives (38.3%), 181 workers (31.5%), 104 civil servants (18.1%), 56 students (9.7%) and 14 unemployed (2.4%). Patients came from all regions of the country: Conakry: 389 patients (67.6%);Lower Guinea: 82 (14.3%);Middle-Guinea: 57 (9.9%);Upper Guinea: 31 (5.4%);Guinea Forest Region: 16 (2.8%). In this study population, 48 patients were admitted in emergency (8.3%);105 were scheduled (18.3%) and 422 were referred to the nephrology department (73.4%). Reasons for the emergency admission were acute pulmonary edema in 21 patients (43.7%), decompensated anemia in 13 patients (27.1%), loss of consciousness in 9 patients (18.7%) and malignant hypertension in 5 patients (10.4%). The reference patterns was uremic syndrome in 312 patients (54.3%), followed by high blood pressure in 247 patients (42.9%), an edematous syndrome in 234 patients (40.7%), oligoanuria in 222 patients (38.6%), morphological abnormalities on the renal ultrasound in 4 patients (0.7%). The functional symptoms were vomiting in 379 patients (65.9%), followed by dyspnea in 290 patients (50.4%), headaches in 287 patients (49.9%). Among them, 121 patients could handle alone, 431 were borne by their families and 23 were indigent;181 patients had consulted before 1 month of the beginning of the signs, 238 between 1 and 2 months and 156 after 2 months;48 were admitted in emergency, 105 were programmed by the Nephrology Department and 422 were referred to the other health structures of the country. Conclusion: Several factors contributed to the delay in treatment, among which: the low socioeconomic level, the delay of the reference of the patients, the long distance of the regions, the lack of Nephrology units in the country.

Evaluation of Thyroid Hormones Levels in Libyan Patients with Chronic Renal Failure before and after Maintenance Hemodialy

Data from recent studies revealed that kidney diseases might affect the thyroid function in various ways. A variety of alterations in thyroid hormone levels and metabolism have also been reported in patients with chronic renal failure (CRF) in some studied population. In addition, it was reported that serum levels of both T3 and T4 might alter immediately after a hemodialysis (HD) treatment than before. Therefore, this study was aimed to investigate the level of triiodothyronine (T3) and thyroxine (T4) in CRF Libyan patients before and after HD. This study was carried out on 46 CRF patients (30 males and 16 females) with a mean age of 47.46 ± 15.75 years. These patients were treated at the hemodialysis unit of Educational Central Zelitin Hospital, Zelitin, Libya. None of these patients apparently have any thyroid problems and no history of drug intake that may affect thyroid function. Blood samples were taken from each patient to measure serum levels of T3 and T4, before and after HD. In addition, the effects of several variables including age, gender, body mass index (BMI), presence of both hypertension and, diabetes mellitus and duration of kidney dialysis on serum levels of T3 and T4 before and after HD were also studied. After HD, there was a statistically significant increase in the serum levels of T3, T4. The age, gender, BMI, duration of kidney dialysis and the presence of hypertension and diabetes mellitus did not have any significant effect on the serum level of T3 and T4 before and after HD. However, the serum levels of T3 and T4 were still in the normal range in these examined patients either before or after HD. From these findings, it can be concluded that these CRF patients may be in a euthyroid state, because the serum levels of T3 and T4 were in the normal range. In addition, HD was seemed to improve the T3 and T4 thyroid hormone concentrations, suggesting that HD might activate the secretion of thyroid gland and catabolism. The other variables did not play any role in thyroid hormone levels in these patients either before or after HD. It is highly recommended that large scale evaluation of thyroid hormone levels in Libyan CRF patients is performed by more patients, especially elderly patients.

Transplantation Therapy of Cats with Chronic Renal Failure

Abstract Dialysis therapy is not a radical cure of chronie renal failure in eats. while renal transplantation is the cure method, Renal transplantalion requires rigorous examinatinn of donor and receptor, and the procedure is strictly sterile. The main points of renal Iransplantalion are： renal artery and vein sutured to abdominal aorta and psterior vena tara, respectively; ureter sutured to bladder; minimizing the time of thermal isehemia. Cats should be given immunosuppressant betore lhe operation, and the drug should be administered throughout the life. Various indicators shouhl be mnnitored regularly to prevent the occurrence of immunologieal rejcetion.

The Possibilities of Chronic Renal Failure Patients Contracting Occult Hepatitis B Virus Infection, Sudan

Introduction: Chronic kidney disease (CKD) is a major cause of death in sub-Saharan Africa. The effects of the CKD on the host and the continuous therapeutic measures increase the hypothesis of blood-borne diseases transmission. Objective: This study aimed to find the frequency of occult hepatitis B virus (OBI) in patients of chronic renal failure (CRF) and to study the possibilities of infection acquisition. Methods: During 2017 and 2019, two hundred CRF patients under regular haemodialysis and attending Gezira Hospital for Renal Diseases and Surgery were recruited. Plasma specimens were collected and used for detection of hepatitis B surface antigens (HbsAg), total hepatitis B core antibodies (anti-HBc) and hepatitis B virus DNA isolation. Nested PCR reaction was followed to identify HBV. Socio-clinical data for each participant was obtained. Results: Male patients represented 64% (128/200), most frequent age group was from 41 to 60 years with percentage of 56.5% (113/200), 86% (172/200) of CRF patients were received blood while 42% (84/200) get HBV vaccination. Hepatitis B core antibodies were found in 54% (108/200) of studied cases, and 22% (42/188) of tested DNA were positively amplified for target gene. Detection of Hepatitis B core antibodies was significantly associated with marital status while absence of vaccination significantly associated with the detection of both hepatitis B core antibodies and HBV DNA. Conclusion: This study found high frequency of OBI in CRF patients, to reduce the transmission of the disease, possible hypotheses should be studied, including blood transfusion, haemodialysis process and HBV vaccination status.

β-hydroxy-β-methylbutyrate Improves Chronic Renal Failure-Induced Sarcopenia in SD Rats by Regulating Autophagy

Background Chronic renal failure-induced sarcopenia(CRF-S)seriously affects public health by increasing morbidity and mortality.This study evaluated the therapeutic effects ofβ-hydroxy-β-methylbutyrate acid(HMB)and the underlying mechanism in an adenine-induced CRF-S rat model.Methods Sprague Dawley rats were divided into control,model(CRF-S),and HMB treatment(CRF-S+HMB)groups.The rats in the CRF-S group received 250 mg/kg/d adenine by oral gavage every day for 14 days,followed by administration every other day until the 28th day.In the CRF-S+HMB group,each rat was given 320 mg/kg/d HMB by oral gavage starting from 7 days prior to adenine treatment,and this treatment was maintained for a total of 35 days.The body weight,right anterior tibial muscle weight,blood serum parameters,gastrocnemius muscle and renal tissue histology,and expression of autophagy-related transcripts and proteins were evaluated.Results A rat model of CRF-S was successfully established via adenine gavage,as indicated by reduced body weight and muscle weights,and markers of sarcopenia.There were increased mRNA levels of LC3B,Beclin1,Ulk1,Atg5,Atg7,Atg13 and vps-34,and increased protein expression levels of LC3B and P62.In the rats with HMB intervention,the body weight,right anterior tibial weight and gastrocnemius muscle histology were not significantly different from those in the control group,and the expression levels of autophagy-related proteins(LC3B and P62)were consistent with those in the control group.Conclusion We successfully established a rat model of CRF-S using adenine administered via oral gavage,and observed that HMB treatment prevented CRF-S.

Effects of Different Hemodialysis Treatments on Abnormal Mineral and Bone Metabolism in Patients with Chronic Renal Failure

Objective:To investigate the effects of different hemodialysis treatments on abnormal mineral and bone metabolism in patients with chronic renal failure.Methods:A random number table was used to divide 80 patients with chronic renal failure admitted to our hospital from January 2018 to January 2019 into 2 groups,with 40 cases in each group.Group A was treated with low-flux hemodialysis,and group B was treated with high-flux hemodialysis.The related indicators of mineral and bone metabolism of the two groups were compared.Results:Before treatment,the blood calcium,blood phosphorus,intact parathyroid hormone(iPTH),type I procollagen amino terminal peptide(PINP),fibroblast growth factor 23(FGF23),serum creatinine(Scr)indicators of the two groups were compared.The difference was not statistically significant(P>0.05);After treatment,the blood calcium levels of the two groups were higher than before treatment,the blood phosphorus,iPTH,PINP,FGF23,and Scr levels were lower than before treatment,and the blood calcium level of group B was higher than that of group A,while blood phosphorus,iPTH,PINP,FGF23,and Scr levels were lower than group A,the difference was statistically significant(P<0.05).Conclusion:Compared with low-flux hemodialysis,patients with chronic renal failure treated with highflux hemodialysis have better results,which can correct abnormal bone metabolism and improve Scr levels.

Anti-lipid Peroxidization Effect of Huangdan on Chronic Renal Failure in Rats

The activity of superoxide dismutase(SOD) in renal cortex and erythrocytes, the level of lipid peroxidant(LPO)in plasma,renal function and morphology of leftover kidney were examined in rats.The results showed that Huangdan capsule could slow down the increase of BUN and Scr,promote the SOD activity in renal cortex and erythrocytes, reduce the level of LPO in plasma and delay the renal pathological changes in 5/6 nephrectomized rats.The mechanism of Huangdan capsule's antiperoxidant effect, its effect on the renal pathological changes and relationship between the two effects were also discussed.

Pseudohyperkalemia caused by essential thrombocythemia in a patient with chronic renal failure: A case report

BACKGROUND Hyperkalemia is one of the most common complications of chronic renal failure.Pseudohyperkalemia is caused by elevated levels of serum potassium in vitro and is usually accompanied by thrombocythemia.Although an elevated level of potassium is typically correlated with impaired renal function,pseudohyperkalemia has been rarely reported in patients with chronic renal failure.Here,we conducted a review of the literature to study the case of pseudohyperkalemia caused by the essential thrombocythemia in a patient with chronic renal failure.CASE SUMMARY A 73-year-old woman was admitted to our hospital with complaints of palpitation,dyspnea,and acratia for 2 d and a history of essential thrombocythemia for 1 year.The routine blood test showed platelet count of 1460×10^9/L,and biochemistry tests showed that the patient suffered from hyperkalemia(potassium:7.50 mmol/L)and renal failure(estimated glomerular filtration rate:8.88 mL/min).Initial treatment included medicines to lower her potassium-levels and hemodialysis.However,the therapy did not affect her serum potassium levels.Plasma potassium concentration measurements and a history of essential thrombocythemia established the diagnosis of pseudohyperkalemia.The treatments of the platelet disorder gradually normalized serum potassium levels;however,the treatments had to be discontinued later due to the severe leukopenia,and enhanced levels of serum potassium concentrations were observable in the patient.Since plasma sampling was not permitted,doctors had to use a diuretic just in case.Finally,the patient collapsed into unconsciousness and died due to multiple organ dysfunction and electrolyte disturbance.CONCLUSION We reviewed the literature and suggest that serum and plasma potassium values should both be measured for patients whose platelet counts exceed 500×10^9/L to eliminate chances of pseudohyperkalemia,especially for those with chronic renal failure.An inappropriate treatment for pseudohyperkalemia can aggravate a patient's condition.