Disasters of gas-coal spontaneous combustion in goaf of steeply inclined extra-thick coal seams

In light of the escalating global energy imperatives,mining of challenging-to-access resources,such as steeply inclined extra-thick coal seams(SIEC),has emerged as one of the future trends within the domain of energy advancement.However,there is a risk of gas and coal spontaneous combustion coupling disasters(GCC)within the goaf of SIEC due to the complex goaf structure engendered by the unique mining methodologies of SIEC.To ensure that SIEC is mined safely and efficiently,this study conducts research on the GCC within the goaf of SIEC using field observation,theoretical analysis,and numerical modeling.The results demonstrate that the dip angle,the structural dimensions in terms of width-to-length ratio,and compressive strength of the overlying rock are the key factors contributing to the goaf instability of SIEC.The gangue was asymmetrically filled,primarily accumulating within the central and lower portions of the goaf,and the filling height increased proportionally with the advancing caving height,the expansion coefficient,and the thickness of the surrounding rock formation.The GCC occurs in the goaf of SIEC,with an air-return side range of 41 m and an air-intake side range of 14 m,at the intersection area of the“<”-shaped oxygen concentration distribution(coal spontaneous combustion)and the“>”-shaped gas concentration distribution(gas explosion).The optimal nitrogen flow rate is 1000 m3/h with an injection port situated 25 m away from the working face for the highest nitrogen diffusion efficacy and lowest risk of gas explosion,coal spontaneous combustion,and GCC.It has significant engineering applications for ensuring the safe mining of SIEC threatened by the GCC.

Comparative study on the flame retardancy of CO_(2) and N_(2) during coal adiabatic oxidation process

To test the effectiveness of N_(2) and CO_(2) in preventing coal from spontaneously combusting,researchers used an adiabatic oxidation apparatus to conduct an experiment with different temperature starting points.Non-adsorbed helium(He)was used as a reference gas,and coal and oxygen concentration temperature variations were analyzed after inerting.The results showed that He had the best cooling effect,N_(2) was second,and CO_(2) was the worst.At 70℃and 110℃,the impact of different gases on reducing oxygen concentration and the cooling effect was the same.However,at the starting temperature of 150℃,CO_(2) was less effective in lowering oxygen concentration at the later stage than He and N_(2).N_(2) and CO_(2) can prolong the flame retardation time of inert gas and reduce oxygen displacement with an initial temperature increase.When the starting temperature is the same,N_(2) injection cools coal samples and replaces oxygen more effectively than CO_(2) injection.The flame retardancy of inert gas is the combined result of the cooling effect of inert gas and the replacement of oxygen.These findings are essential for using inert flame retardant technology in the goaf.

Numerical comparison of coal spontaneous combustion danger influenced by different methane drainage patterns in gob area

The influence of gas drainage on float coal spontaneous combustion in the work face with ＂U＂ style ventilation was studied. Numerical simulation was used to compare the mutative law of steady flow and density field in the gob area under different drainage conditions by solving the equation set, including mass, momentum, and component transition. Consequently, the sequence of drainage effect and safety was obtained. The result manifests that the more effective the drainage pattern is, the easier float coal spontaneous combustion is caused due to air being guided into the depth of the gob area when the drainage position is arranged in the gas accumulation area. If the widened scope of oxidation zone exceeds the upper limit of the work face advancing speed, nitrogen injection should be applied to decrease the probability of spontaneous combustion. Then, the pipe laying drainage in the upper angle is most economical and safe compared with other drainage patterns when only the situation of gas accumulation is controlled in the upper angle. Finally, drainage pressure must not be too great. Otherwise the drainage density will decrease even if hazard is caused by back flow possibly happening in the return outlet when the drainage position is arranged near the work face.

Critical Value of CO of Forecasting Coal Spontaneous Combustion

CO has been used widely in the production process of colliery as an index gas to predict spontaneous combustion of coal. But in some collieries there are CO gas in the upper corner of the face all the times, sometime CO gas even exceeds the regulated critical index. This phenomenon is much more obvious in the fully-mechanized longwall face and fully-mechanized longwall and top-coal caving face. Although many measures of fire-proof and fire-extinguishing have been adopted, the flowing amount of CO gas can be only decreasd, but can not be eliminated completely. Using the different kinds of coal, the experiment of coal oxidation was made at the low temperature. The experiment indicates that some kinds of coal can produce CO under the condition of normal temperature oxidation, sometime the CO consistency is very high, and the intension of CO can be decreased with oxidation time prolonging. Selecting rational critical value of CO is the kev to predicting spontaneous combustion of coal correctly and reliably. The problem of selecting retional critical value of CO was studied. Finally, the amount of CO gas released by different kinds of coal was obtained under normal temperature condition.

Application of a novel detection approach based on non-dispersive infrared theory to the in-situ analysis on indicator gases from underground coal fire

Coal mine fires,which can cause heavy casualties,environmental damages and a waste of coal resources,have become a worldwide problem.Aiming at overcoming the drawbacks,such as a low analysis efficiency,poor stability and large monitoring error,of the existing underground coal fire monitoring technology,a novel monitoring system based on non-dispersive infrared(NDIR)spectroscopy is developed.In this study,first,the measurement principle of NDIR sensor,the gas concentration calculation and its temperature compensation algorithms were expounded.Next,taking CO and CH_(4) as examples,the liner correlation coefficients of absorbance and the temperature correction factors of the two indicator gases were calculated,and then the errors of concentration measurement for CO,CO_(2),CH_(4) and C_(2)H_(4) were further analyzed.The results disclose that the designed NDIR sensors can satisfy the requirements of industrial standards for monitoring the indicator gases for coal fire hazards.For the established NDIR-based monitoring system,the NDIRbased spectrum analyzer and its auxiliary equipment boast intrinsically safe and explosion-proof performances and can achieve real-time and in-situ detection of indicator gases when installed close to the coal fire risk area underground.Furthermore,a field application of the NDIR-based monitoring system in a coal mine shows that the NDIR-based spectrum analyzer has a permissible difference from the chromatography in measuring the concentrations of various indicator gases.Besides,the advantages of high accuracy,quick analysis and excellent security of the NDIR-based monitoring system have promoted its application in many coal mines.

Comparative Experimental Analysis on Coal Spontaneous Combustion

The goal of this study was to investigate coal quality features and their relationship to coal spontaneous combustion characteristics in multi-seam coal mines to better predict when coal spontaneous combustion is likely to occur.To that end,coal samples of various particle sizes were obtained from five coal seams(Nos.6,8,9,12 and 20)in the Shuangyashan City Xin’an Coal Mine.The samples were then respectively heated using a temperature programming system to observe and compare similarities and differences in the sponta-neous combustion process of different particle sizes in response to rising temperature.The experimental results show,that in all five coal seams,the concentration of CO,C_(2)H_(4),and C_(2)H_(6) increased with a certain degree of regularity as a function of rising temperature.However,of these three gasses,only CO and C_(2)H_(4) can be used as indicators to predict coal mine spontaneous combustion.The critical temperature for samples from all five coal seams ranged from 50–85℃,while the dry cracking temperature of coal seams 8 and 12(80–100℃)were lower than those of 6,9,and 20(100–120℃).Furthermore,the production rate of CO,C_(2)H_(4),and C_(2)H_(6) is related to both coal particle size and temperature.The smaller the particle size,the faster the production rate;and the higher the temperature,the more gas that gets produced.All five coal seems are mainly com-posed of long flame coal.However,they differ in that the No.12 coal seam contains weak cohesive coal;the No.8 coal seam contains lean and gas coal;and the Nos.6,9,and 20 coal seams contain a certain amount of anthracite.During the programmed coal heating,the CO,C_(2)H_(4),and C_(2)H_(6) release trend for the coal seams was No.12>No.8>Nos.6,9,and 20.These results demonstrate that the presence of weak cohesive coal and anthracite highly influence the concentration of CO,C_(2)H_(4),and C_(2)H_(6) released during coal spontaneous combustion.

Experiment Research of Application of FMCCT in Complex-Condition Coal Seams

The fully-mechanized caving coal technique (FMCCT) is a great technique progress of mining method in thick coal seams in China, and it has succeeded in some suitable condition mines. This paper introduces some technical measures and achieved outcomes in gas and fire precaution and support selection for the use of the fully-mechanized caving coal technique in the complex-condition coal seams based on the practice of Weijiadi Coal Mine, in which the technique is used in the gently inclined extremelythick soft coal seam with the dangers of coal and gas outburst and spontaneous combustion.

瓦斯与煤自燃共存研究(Ⅱ):防治新技术

基于瓦斯与煤自燃共生发生场所的不同定义了煤岩跨尺度裂隙场概念,深入探讨了共生灾害防控机理及技术方法,即通过合理改变跨尺度裂隙场中的场流分布以消除瓦斯与煤自燃共生灾害——共生区域S_e=0,提出固相颗粒输运改变煤岩体裂隙漏风场尺度、低温液态惰气改变采空区温度场和气体浓度场两种防治共生灾害新技术。建立了固相颗粒输运改变网络裂隙场场流模型,讨论了颗粒填充漏风裂隙场后,漏风裂隙尺度、可通路径的变化,致使漏风阻力增大,保证了瓦斯抽采处于安全的煤岩体裂隙场和低氧气浓度场;理论揭示了低温液氮防治共生灾害机理,并自主设计了液氮防灭火模拟平台,结果表明:液氮注入火区能迅速吸热膨胀,产生大量的低温氮气,扩散进入采空区空间,对热(火)源形成惰化隔离带,同时低温氮气携带水凝气与采空区隐蔽热(火)源产生的热风压进行热交换,降低热(火)源温度在可燃点温度以下,主动吞噬热(火)源。

煤油共生矿区含油煤层自燃特性试验研究

为研究煤油共生矿区煤自燃特性,利用煤氧化动力学测定系统,测试原煤样与含油煤样。根据煤自燃倾向性判定标准、耗氧速率及煤氧复合反应理论,分析试验结果。以铜川下石节煤矿煤样和原油样品（煤岩渗出的油,文中称为原油）为例,向原煤样中添加一定量的原油制备含油煤样,通过试验获得原煤样与含油煤样低温阶段（30--240℃）的自燃特性参数。研究结果表明,2种煤样自燃倾向性等级均为自燃,但原煤样更接近于易自燃;相同温度条件下含油煤样的耗氧速率、CO与CO2的生成量均比原煤样小;在低温氧化阶段,造成上述结果的主要原因是,原油充填了煤样的部分空隙和孔隙,阻碍了煤氧复合反应。

瓦斯与煤自燃共存研究(Ⅰ):致灾机理

调研了我国主要矿区229对矿井的瓦斯与煤自燃灾害现状,其中74对具有瓦斯与煤自燃共存的灾害,且随着开采深度增加,此类复合灾害的矿井数具有增多的趋势。为此,研究了瓦斯与煤自燃共存的内在关联性及致灾机理,提出裂隙场、CH4浓度场、O2浓度场和温度场4场交汇是致灾充要条件;建立了典型煤岩体裂隙场中气体运移数学模型,并结合实例定量分析了N2,O2,CH4的体积分数与运移速度关系;剖析了瓦斯与煤自燃共存灾害的案例,验证了多场交汇致灾机理。

煤油共生条件下原油对煤自燃特性影响的试验

煤油共生是我国较为普遍的煤层赋存状态,尤其是黄陵、陇东矿区,煤油共生现象更为明显,而原油的存在会对煤的自燃有一定影响。为了探究原油对煤自燃倾向性的影响作用,从存在煤油共生现象的黄陵矿区某矿410工作面采集煤样和岩层中的原油,将煤样(YM)与原油(SY)按不同质量比(YM∶SY=1∶0、1∶0.05、1∶0.1、1∶0.15)进行混合,进行了程序升温氧化试验,得到低温氧化过程中煤样罐出气口气体组分的变化规律,发现不同含油量煤样的耗氧速率、气体产生速率及放热强度随温度的变化规律,以及该工作面煤自燃预测预报的指标气体。研究结果表明,含油煤样与原煤样均容易自燃,且3种不同含油量煤样低温氧化过程中气体产生规律相似;相同条件下,含油量越高,煤的耗氧速率、氧化气体产生量、放热强度均越小,说明煤越不容易自燃,即原油对煤的自燃有阻化作用。

Risk field assessment of longwall working face by the double-sided roof cutting along the gob

In order to study the mechanism of the dual side roof cutting technology on the composite disaster of gas and coal spontaneous combustion in goaf,a model for the evolution of porosity and permeability in the dual side roof cutting working face was constructed.The location of the occurrence of the compound disaster of gas explosion and coal spontaneous combustion under the double-sided roof cutting mode was studied,and the sensitivity of the evolution pattern of the compound disaster area to the amount of air supply and gas gush was summarized.The results indicate that the top cutting pressure relief technology significantly reduces the permeability of porous media,and the sensitivity of the goaf on the intake side to airflow disturbances is significantly reduced.As the volume of air supply increases,the distance between the gas explosion risk area and the coal spontaneous combustion risk area gradually decreases,and the probability of composite disaster areas is 0.The increase of air supply and gas emission makes the gas concentration in the middle and deep goaf increase in an exponential function,and the width of the gas explosion risk area increases gradually.When the outflow reaches 40 m^(3)/min,there is no composite disaster zone,indicating that the rapid increase in outflow inhibits the occurrence of composite disasters.

煤自然发火促成瓦斯爆炸作用的讨论

在煤自燃与瓦斯共存的矿井,煤自然发火具有隐蔽性、突发性,其全过程一直是促成瓦斯爆炸(以下简称"瓦爆")的重要原因之一。大多数煤自燃气体成分与CH4同一类,比空气轻,易与CH4及O2混合,自身会爆炸。在煤自燃全过程中,阴燃阶段产气量、产烟量最大,隐蔽难察觉,是促成瓦爆的危险阶段。在低瓦斯条件下,煤自燃产气量相对CH4涌出量有"浓度效应",是此条件下瓦爆事故的原因之一,也是瓦检仪读数不到CH4爆炸浓度却发生了瓦爆事故的原因之一。