Evaluation of the Relation between Cognitive Science and Embodied Cognition

This article delves into the intricate relationship between cognitive science and embodied cognition, offering transformative philosophical insights with profound implications for our understanding of the mind-body connection. In response to the journal’s feedback, we have enhanced the abstract to provide a more comprehensive overview of our study. Background: We trace the historical evolution of ideas, from the inception of cognitive science rooted in analytic philosophy to the groundbreaking contributions of Rodney Brooks and others in the field of artificial intelligence. We also explore the work of scholars such as Agre, Chapman, and Dreyfus, shedding light on the role of cognitive metaphor and the concept of the cognitive unconscious in shaping our understanding of embodied cognition. Purpose: Our study aims to shed light on the central theme that unites these various strands of thought—the rejection of the traditional, transcendental view of the subject in favor of the concept of an embodied subject. This embodied subject actively engages with its environment, shaping consciousness and cognition. This shift in perspective challenges classical epistemological theories and opens new avenues for inquiry. Method: We have conducted a comprehensive literature review to explore the historical development and key concepts in the field of embodied cognition, with a particular focus on the philosophical underpinnings and their integration into cognitive science. Results: Our examination of embodied cognition reveals that the mind is intimately connected to the body, with cognition emerging through interactions with the environment and perceptual experiences. This perspective challenges reductionist notions and demonstrates that mental states cannot be reduced to brain states alone. We also explore the relationship between functionalism and computational states of the brain, illustrating that mental states can be understood in the context of mathematical functions. Conclusion: In conclusion, this paper highlights the profound implications of embodied cognition and suggests that the mind is not isolated from the body but intimately tied to it. This perspective provides a fresh approach to the mind-body problem, emphasizing the role of the environment and perceptual experiences in shaping cognition. We invite further research into the practical applications of embodied cognition in fields like artificial intelligence, robotics, and psychology, and encourage investigations into the intersections between cognitive science and various branches of philosophy, offering valuable insights into the nature of consciousness and cognition. In essence, this study provides a comprehensive overview of the evolution and implications of embodied cognition, laying the groundwork for further research and fostering a deeper appreciation of the profound shifts in perspective that this theory brings to our understanding of the human mind.

Artificial Intelligence and Human Intelligence——On Human-Computer Competition from the Five-Level Theory of Cognitive Science

It is generally accepted that the human mind and cognition can be viewed at five levels; nerves, psychology, language, thinking and culture. Artificial intelligence(AI) simulates human intelligence at all five levels of human cognition, however, AI has yet to outperform human intelligence, although it is making progress. Presently artificial intelligence lags far behind human intelligence in higher-order cognition, namely, the cognitive levels of language, thinking and culture. In fact, artificial intelligence and human intelligence fall into very different intelligence categories. Machine learning is no more than a simulation of human cognitive ability and therefore should not be overestimated. There is no need for us to feel scared even panic about it. Put forward by John R. Searle, the"Chinese Room"argument, a famous AI model and standard, is not yet out of date. According to this argument, a digital computer will never acquire human intelligence. Given that, no artificial intelligence will outperform human intelligence in the foreseeable future.

Building the Supernatural:The Cult of Glykon of Abonuteichos From Lucian of Samosata to Cognitive Science

We can argue that the making and the spread of the cult of Glykon of Abonuteichos can be explained through a cognitivist template.Lucian of Samosata’s Pseudomantis booklet and the material evidence,which testifies to the building and the spread of Glykon’s cult by Alexander of Abonuteichos,belong to a historical context characterized by instability,deadly epidemics and military pressure.It is a historical context,therefore,in which people feel reality with anxiety;one of the reactions is the growing up of the belief in prophylactic and prophetic cults,capable to protecting and forecasting.Since Lucian had pointed out that fear and hope were the forces that dominated the lives of men,just as the same had denounced that Alexander of Abonuteichos was ready to exploit those forces to his advantage,the cult of Glykon could be labeled as a trick.However,cognitive science and specifically the hard-wired brain circuit research may offer an alternative explanation:the interaction between potential risk of low probability,but high impact events(unstoppable irruptions of the Germans,or generalized impotence against the spread of disease)can impact on the hard-wired brain circuit activity capable of keeping social and individual anxiety,implicitly conditioning mentality and behavior of a religious“entrepreneur”and consumers,both concerned about protection and forecasting,fear and hope.

Analysis on English Teaching Mode and the Analysis of Students’ Fitness from the Perspective of Cognitive Science

This paper conducts the analysis on English teaching mode and the analysis of the students’ fitness from the perspective of cognitive science. The importance of English has been recognized by the whole society, the community’s ability to use English in the expectation of the students is higher and higher, as both master professional knowledge and proficient in English compound talents more and more popular. Cognitive and other areas of education there is a mutual influence, and the relationship between each other. The most important factor that directly affects the education in the cognitive field is the student’s emotional domain that namely the student’s learning motivation, the learning interest and learning attitude. Within this condition, this paper proposes the novel idea on the English teaching mode which will promote the development of the subject.

Chinese Culture and Cognitive Science

In the civilizations of the axial age,Chinese and Western cultures gave birth to different scientific traditions—the image sciences and the natural sciences—within the knowledge frameworks of the union of man and nature and of the subject–object dichotomy respectively.Therefore,there are inevitably insurmountable barriers to explaining the differences between Chinese and Western cultures in terms of a natural science concerned with“things.”However,human nature is universal,and it is possible to make direct comparisons and interpretations of the differences between Chinese and Western cultures in terms of the cognitive sciences dealing with the mind.One important way to compare and interpret Chinese culture and cognitive science is the mutual interpretation of Chinese and Western cultures.In view of this,we have integrated enactive cognition(the frontier of cognitive science)and the free energy principle to propose the predictive mind model of enactive cognition and have used this mutual interpretation to study the two cultures using this model of cognitive science as a truly unified cross-cultural paradigm for cognitive science.First,the theory of enaction embedded in Chinese culture is actually closely related to enactive cognition,the frontier of Western cognitive science.Laozi’s theory of universal enaction(cosmology)shows that Chinese culture has an ancient theory of enaction.He firmly planted in the minds of Chinese people a way of thinking dealing with union of man and nature.Western enactive cognition,as a modern theory,advocates continuity of life and mind and emphasizes that life is both autopoietic and cognitive,which is actually a scientific cognitive expression of the Chinese cultural idea of the harmony of man and nature.This is actually a scientific cognitive expression of Chinese culture’s idea of the harmony of man and nature.Second,the qi in Chinese culture is similar to the free energy in Western cognitive science.In terms of concept definition,qi is a mixture of matter,function and principles(information),while free energy is the synthesis of energy and information.From the point of view of the mode of operation,qi is the contradictory harmony between yin and yang,while free energy is the unity of top-down and bottom-up approaches.In terms of kinetic purpose,the kinetic purpose of qi is the doctrine of benevolence,while the kinetic purpose of free energy has gradually changed from representation of nature to construction of meaning.Through comparison and interpretation,we find that enactive cognition is closely related to Chinese culture on the cognitive science route,in what will be a practical path for the rejuvenation of Chinese culture.In addition,through the association of qi in Chinese culture and free energy in Western cognitive science,Chinese and Western cultures can be expected to be truly connected through cognitive science.

On the integration and development of psychology and logic within the framework of cognitive science

Psychology that is experiential forms of cognition （lower-order cognition）, and logic that is rational forms of cognition （higher-order cognition） have long been separated although they are closely related in the original. The establishment and development of cognitive science provides a scientific basis and an academic framework for their integration. Against the background of cognitive science, logic has undergone fundamental changes, resulting in the new research framework of so-called ＂cognitive logic.＂ Within this framework, the integration of psychology and logic has given birth to the new discipline of mental logic, which holds that logical reasoning is affected by psychological factors and is an embodied and participatory empirical science. Cognitive logic has ushered in a new era for the development of modem logic and enabled it to embark on the broad path of development as a common tool for multiple disciplines. The evolution of cognitive science will bring about a new era which will see the synthesis of different disciplines, problem-driven scientific research that will in turn facilitate discipline construction, and the development of comprehensive human talent.

Evaluating ChatGPT’s Consciousness and Its Capability to Pass the Turing Test: A Comprehensive Analysis

This study explores the capabilities of ChatGPT, specifically in relation to consciousness and its performance in the Turing Test. The article begins by examining the diverse perspectives among both the cognitive and AI researchers regarding ChatGPT’s ability to pass the Turing Test. It introduces a hierarchical categorization of the test versions, suggesting that ChatGPT approaches success in the test, albeit primarily with na?ve users. Expert users, conversely, can easily identify its limitations. The paper presents various theories of consciousness, with a particular focus on the Integrated Information Theory proposed by Tononi. This theory serves as the framework for assessing ChatGPT’s level of consciousness. Through an evaluation based on the five axioms and theorems of IIT, the study finds that ChatGPT surpasses previous AI systems in certain aspects;however, ChatGPT significantly falls short of achieving a level of consciousness, particularly when compared to biological sentient beings. The paper concludes by emphasizing the importance of recognizing ChatGPT and similar generative AI models as highly advanced and intelligent tools, yet distinctly lacking the consciousness attributes found in advanced living organisms.

从认知心理学的角度谈知识管理

How to understand knowledge management correctly?This article tries to discuss knowledge management in terms of cognitive psychology.It expounds the concept of cognition,discusses the essence of knowledge in terms of cognitive psychology,and puts forward the concept of knowledge net.The significance of the research on knowledge net to knowledge innovation,and the types of knowledge net and knowledge innovation are also expounded.

Application of Mindsets to Health Education and Behavior Change Programs

Successful health promotion programs are characterized in part, by the willingness of audiences to engage, participate, and adopt healthier behaviors. But presentation of messages that reach and resonate with the intended audience remains challenging. This is due in part to the variety of mindsets—viewpoints, attitudes, and beliefs—within a population. These mindsets play an essential role in understanding and predicting behaviors and lifestyle factors associated with health or chronic diseases. The purpose of this study is to demonstrate how a specific survey-based method of mindset segmentation can distinguish predominant mindsets and then be used to create, adapt, and/or market health programs to appeal to these mindsets. Steps in survey construction, distribution, and analysis are described. Interpretation of the results, yielding three primary mindsets, is the critical outcome of this segmentation method. The applications of this interpretation to community health education programs are suggested. This approach has potential to inform, enhance, or customize programs, tailoring activities, methods, and messages to the preferences of the community.

Fuzzy Methodology for Taxonomy and Knowledge Base Design

This paper summarizes the research results dealing with washer and nut taxonomy and knowledge base design, making the use of fuzzy methodology. In particular, the theory of fuzzy membership functions, similarity matrices, and the operation of fuzzy inference play important roles.A realistic set of 25 washers and nuts are employed to conduct extensive experiments and simulations.The investigation includes a complete demonstration of engineering design. The results obtained from this feasibility study are very encouraging indeed because they represent the lower bound with respect to performance, namely correctrecognition rate, of what fuzzy methodology can do. This lower bound shows high recognition rate even with noisy input patterns, robustness in terms of noise tolerance, and simplicity in hardware implementation. Possible future works are suggested in the conclusion.

Self-concept and Marketing Strategies

This contribution of this paper is devoted to the research results in the field of self-expression and self-image of the individual in the world of information processing and cognition. Marketing strategies help make decisions that will help us to bring the subject to market activities. The current trend is a knowledge-based society, skills, abilities, information, storage, and transmission. Our marketing strategy focuses on four key issues： production, respectively service, price, distribution channels, and advertising. It is important to know how to develop an individual＇s current self-image. Implementation strategies are then engaged in transforming decisions into concrete action, meaning, and the decision has to be taken with regard to flexibility and acceptance. The sample consists of 4,420 respondents, men and women in three age groups： 0-15 years, 16-40 years, and 41-60 years. All responded to one question, ＂Where is your center？＂ Respondents had to show on their body. The question was chosen very sensitive, not to predict the answer. Terms soul, psyche, personality would be very manipulative, and therefore were excluded. In line with expectations, the majority of respondents have shown to their head, chest, and abdomen, but were also unconventional answers, in accordance with the preferred self-image and values of the individual. Lessons from research outputs were analyzed by the following processes： general description, item-total correlation, exploratory factor analysis of individual areas, and correlation analysis of individual items. It was found that medium correlations between area of body abdomen and age to 15 years were significant. Mean item-total correlation for areas of body were： Head was 0.35 and chest 0.43, and abdomen 0.22. In the descriptive statistics it was found that most respondents preferred the chest, followed by the head and abdomen. As for the distribution of respondents into three age groups, we found differences between men and women. Next, it was analyzed the relationship between the areas of the body and gender. Statistically significant differences were found on the chest, where women scored more than men, and it was also found significant differences in the abdominal area, where men scored more than women.

Language Module in the Mind-A Comparison between Steven Pinker and Vyvyan Evans

The concept of modularity first emerged in the field of philosophy since the early 1980s,following the publication of Fodor’s representative work The Modularity of Mind.This report uses the method of comparative research to explore the interpretations from the works of Steven Pinker and Vyvyan Evans,and finally makes a conclusion.

Brain-inspired artificial intelligence research: A review

Artificial intelligence(AI) systems surpass certain human intelligence abilities in a statistical sense as a whole, but are not yet the true realization of these human intelligence abilities and behaviors. There are differences, and even contradictions, between the cognition and behavior of AI systems and humans. With the goal of achieving general AI, this study contains a review of the role of cognitive science in inspiring the development of the three mainstream academic branches of AI based on the three-layer framework proposed by David Marr, and the limitations of the current development of AI are explored and analyzed. The differences and inconsistencies between the cognition mechanisms of the human brain and the computation mechanisms of AI systems are analyzed. They are found to be the cause of the differences and contradictions between the cognition and behavior of AI systems and humans. Additionally, eight important research directions and their scientific issues that need to focus on braininspired AI research are proposed: highly imitated bionic information processing, a large-scale deep learning model that balances structure and function, multi-granularity joint problem solving bidirectionally driven by data and knowledge, AI models that simulate specific brain structures, a collaborative processing mechanism with the physical separation of perceptual processing and interpretive analysis, embodied intelligence that integrates the brain cognitive mechanism and AI computation mechanisms,intelligence simulation from individual intelligence to group intelligence(social intelligence), and AI-assisted brain cognitive intelligence.

亲子友好城市:人口老龄化问题的城市设计解决方案

Caregivers,i.e.,parents,grandparents,and anyone caring for children,make up the majority of users in many urban centers around the world,including in China.Yet urban design and planning rarely consider specific needs of caregivers.This can result in a negative perception among people that cities are unfriendly places to raise children.Such negative perception is among the major contributors to the aging population problem,as parents and parents-to-be feel reluctant to give birth and raise more than one or even any children.Using an interdisciplinary approach,i.e.,cognitive science,psychology,behavioral economics,and urban studies,this paper examines a new city model of"parent-friendly city,"where urban design serves the needs of caregivers,effectively creating a perception that cities are friendly places for raising children.First,we identify that caregivers'needs are characterized by two major factors:provision:parents want to provide for their children,such as providing places for play and learning,and@restoration:parents want to restore things that they lack due to childcare responsibilities,such as lack of rest and interaction with other adults.Second,we offer cognitive-based design principles that can work powerfully and effectively to fll both needs.Third,using real case studies from cities in China and around the world,we illustrate how these design principles work,even reversing caregivers'perception from negative to positive.Ultimately,thoughtful urban design can support parents in raising children,making cities into partners in parenthood.

The Four Most Basic Elements In Machine Cognition

The widespread use of ChatGPT has normalized the dialogue Turing test.To meet this challenge,China's major national development strategy suggests that for a new generation of artificial intelligence,it is first necessary to answer the big questions raised by Turing in 1950 from the perspective of cognitive physics:Can machines think?How do machines think?How do machines cognize?Whether it is carbon-based human cognition or silicon-based machine cognition,it is an interaction between complex constructs composed of the four most basic elements:matter,energy,structure,and time.Both humans and machines depend on negative entropy for living,and time is the cornerstone of cognition.Structure and time are parasitic on matter and energy in physical space,forming hard-structured ware.The soft-structured ware in cognitive space is mind,which is parasitic on the hard-structured ware or other existing soft-structured ware,and constitutes a rich hierarchy of multi-scale feelings,concepts,information,and knowledge.Extending"abstraction"from the symbolic school of artificial intelligence,"association"from the connectionist school,and"interaction"from the behaviorist school,the core of cognition is established on the shoulders of such scientific giants such as Schrodinger,Turing and Wiener.Soft and hard-structured ware interact.Cognitive machine can comprise heterogeneous hard-structured ware,such as field programmable gate arrays(FPGAs),data processing units(DPUs),central processing units(CPUs),graphics processing units(GPUs),tensor processing units(TPUs),and memory.It can also be implanted with the"Baby Cognitive Nucleus"which is hard-structured ware genetically inherited and naturally evolved to form the embodied machine.Then the hard-structured ware is parasitized by rich,multi-scale soft-structured ware.By regulating matter and energy through soft-structured ware,machines produce orderly events,form coordinated and orderly thinking activities.The heterogeneous sensors configured by the machine and the speed of thinking will no longer be trapped by the extreme values of biochemical parameters of carbon-based organisms but will be able to perceive through multi-channel cross-modal means,carry out intense thinking,and maintain cognitive continuity with memory.To generate computational and memory intelligence in cognitive space which can bootstrap,self-reuse and self-replicate,imagination and creativity are improved through memory-constrained computing.The new generation of artificial intelligence will leap beyond mechanized mathematics to automation in thinking and self-driven growth of cognition,and the thinking in the cognitive space and the behavior in the physical space verify each other,from the dialogue Turing test to the embodied Turing test.Humans have entered the intelligent era of human-machine co-creation with cognitive machines iteratively inventing,discovering,and creating alongside scientists,engineers,and skilled craftsmen,each wise in its way,improving thinking ability,and amplifying human energy.

The Difference in Cognition Consistency Between the Sciences and Humanities

It is reasonable that the strict sciences represented by mathematics, physics and chemistry have nearly been a kind of substitutional belief of humans after "the Death of God". To conclude theoretically, the significant attraction or the extremely great power of science is, in a word, the validity of thinking and action. From the viewpoint of human action or prac-

Innovative Analysis Ready Data(ARD)product and process requirements,software system design,algorithms and implementation at the midstream as necessary-but-notsuffcient precondition of the downstream in a new notion of Space Economy 4.0-Part 1:Problem background in Artificial General Intelligence(AGI)

Aiming at the convergence between Earth observation(EO)Big Data and Artificial General Intelligence(AGI),this two-part paper identifies an innovative,but realistic EO optical sensory imagederived semantics-enriched Analysis Ready Data(ARD)productpair and process gold standard as linchpin for success of a new notion of Space Economy 4.0.To be implemented in operational mode at the space segment and/or midstream segment by both public and private EO big data providers,it is regarded as necessarybut-not-sufficient“horizontal”(enabling)precondition for:(I)Transforming existing EO big raster-based data cubes at the midstream segment,typically affected by the so-called data-rich information-poor syndrome,into a new generation of semanticsenabled EO big raster-based numerical data and vector-based categorical(symbolic,semi-symbolic or subsymbolic)information cube management systems,eligible for semantic content-based image retrieval and semantics-enabled information/knowledge discovery.(II)Boosting the downstream segment in the development of an ever-increasing ensemble of“vertical”(deep and narrow,user-specific and domain-dependent)value–adding information products and services,suitable for a potentially huge worldwide market of institutional and private end-users of space technology.For the sake of readability,this paper consists of two parts.In the present Part 1,first,background notions in the remote sensing metascience domain are critically revised for harmonization across the multidisciplinary domain of cognitive science.In short,keyword“information”is disambiguated into the two complementary notions of quantitative/unequivocal information-as-thing and qualitative/equivocal/inherently ill-posed information-as-data-interpretation.Moreover,buzzword“artificial intelligence”is disambiguated into the two better-constrained notions of Artificial Narrow Intelligence as part-without-inheritance-of AGI.Second,based on a betterdefined and better-understood vocabulary of multidisciplinary terms,existing EO optical sensory image-derived Level 2/ARD products and processes are investigated at the Marr five levels of understanding of an information processing system.To overcome their drawbacks,an innovative,but realistic EO optical sensory image-derived semantics-enriched ARD product-pair and process gold standard is proposed in the subsequent Part 2.

Innovative Analysis Ready Data(ARD)product and process requirements,software system design,algorithms and implementation at the midstream as necessary-but-notsufficient precondition of the downstream in a new notion of Space Economy 4.0-Part 2:Software developments

Aiming at the convergence between Earth observation(EO)Big Data and Artificial General Intelligence(AGI),this paper consists of two parts.In the previous Part 1,existing EO optical sensory imagederived Level 2/Analysis Ready Data(ARD)products and processes are critically compared,to overcome their lack of harmonization/standardization/interoperability and suitability in a new notion of Space Economy 4.0.In the present Part 2,original contributions comprise,at the Marr five levels of system understanding:(1)an innovative,but realistic EO optical sensory image-derived semantics-enriched ARD co-product pair requirements specification.First,in the pursuit of third-level semantic/ontological interoperability,a novel ARD symbolic(categorical and semantic)co-product,known as Scene Classification Map(SCM),adopts an augmented Cloud versus Not-Cloud taxonomy,whose Not-Cloud class legend complies with the standard fully-nested Land Cover Classification System’s Dichotomous Phase taxonomy proposed by the United Nations Food and Agriculture Organization.Second,a novel ARD subsymbolic numerical co-product,specifically,a panchromatic or multispectral EO image whose dimensionless digital numbers are radiometrically calibrated into a physical unit of radiometric measure,ranging from top-of-atmosphere reflectance to surface reflectance and surface albedo values,in a five-stage radiometric correction sequence.(2)An original ARD process requirements specification.(3)An innovative ARD processing system design(architecture),where stepwise SCM generation and stepwise SCM-conditional EO optical image radiometric correction are alternated in sequence.(4)An original modular hierarchical hybrid(combined deductive and inductive)computer vision subsystem design,provided with feedback loops,where software solutions at the Marr two shallowest levels of system understanding,specifically,algorithm and implementation,are selected from the scientific literature,to benefit from their technology readiness level as proof of feasibility,required in addition to proven suitability.To be implemented in operational mode at the space segment and/or midstream segment by both public and private EO big data providers,the proposed EO optical sensory image-derived semantics-enriched ARD product-pair and process reference standard is highlighted as linchpin for success of a new notion of Space Economy 4.0.

Ashbery Alpha and Omega:Presentism,Historicism,and Vice Versa

This reading of a single poem from the last collection of verse John Ashbery published before his death in 2017 sees it as an example of a concept of “presentism” that differs from modernist or postmodern accounts of the “present” associated with abstraction or immanence. Rather, Ashbery’s presentism is historical in being based on overlapping and discontinuous linguistic and experiential frames. Ashbery’s poetic use of the content of experience is always mediated through its presentation as information, ranging from high to low values and often employing “low-mimetic,” pop cultural elements. What results is a suspension of certainty in which meaning is structured and informed by its status as information. Thus leaving open questions of knowledge, Ashbery’s poetry does not represent a fully present consciousness but relies on forms of cognition and information processing that are nonconscious, operating in the background and informed by decades of his practice as a poet. A brief comparison with the late paintings of Willem de Kooning, who experienced cognitive disability at the end of his life, points out similar nonconscious forms of cognition such as motor skill and even aesthetic judgment. The reading is thus informed by information theory, cognitive science, and neurophysiology in showing how Ashbery’s late style makes a present that is historical and structured on his entire oeuvre.

Mind, Consciousness, and Free Will

This commentary discusses how philosophy and science can collaborate to understand the human mind, considering dialogues involving three philosophers and three cognitive scientists. Their topics include the relation of philosophy and science, the nature of mind, the problem of consciousness, and the existence of free will. I argue that philosophy is more general and normative than science, but they are interdependent. Philosophy can build on the cognitive sciences to develop a theory of mind I call ＂multilevel materialism,＂ which integrates molecular, neural, mental, and social mechanisms. Consciousness is increasingly being understood as resulting from neural mechanisms. Scientific advances make the traditional concept of free will implausible, but ＂freeish＂ will is consistent with new theories of decision making and action resulting from brain processes. Philosophers should work closely with scientists to address profound problems about knowledge, reality, and values.