Task assignment in ground-to-air confrontation based on multiagent deep reinforcement learning

The scale of ground-to-air confrontation task assignments is large and needs to deal with many concurrent task assignments and random events.Aiming at the problems where existing task assignment methods are applied to ground-to-air confrontation,there is low efficiency in dealing with complex tasks,and there are interactive conflicts in multiagent systems.This study proposes a multiagent architecture based on a one-general agent with multiple narrow agents(OGMN)to reduce task assignment conflicts.Considering the slow speed of traditional dynamic task assignment algorithms,this paper proposes the proximal policy optimization for task assignment of general and narrow agents(PPOTAGNA)algorithm.The algorithm based on the idea of the optimal assignment strategy algorithm and combined with the training framework of deep reinforcement learning(DRL)adds a multihead attention mechanism and a stage reward mechanism to the bilateral band clipping PPO algorithm to solve the problem of low training efficiency.Finally,simulation experiments are carried out in the digital battlefield.The multiagent architecture based on OGMN combined with the PPO-TAGNA algorithm can obtain higher rewards faster and has a higher win ratio.By analyzing agent behavior,the efficiency,superiority and rationality of resource utilization of this method are verified.

Research on virtual entity decision model for LVC tactical confrontation of army units

According to the requirements of the live-virtual-constructive(LVC)tactical confrontation(TC)on the virtual entity(VE)decision model of graded combat capability,diversified actions,real-time decision-making,and generalization for the enemy,the confrontation process is modeled as a zero-sum stochastic game(ZSG).By introducing the theory of dynamic relative power potential field,the problem of reward sparsity in the model can be solved.By reward shaping,the problem of credit assignment between agents can be solved.Based on the idea of meta-learning,an extensible multi-agent deep reinforcement learning(EMADRL)framework and solving method is proposed to improve the effectiveness and efficiency of model solving.Experiments show that the model meets the requirements well and the algorithm learning efficiency is high.

From Innocence to Suffering to Awareness:Nada Confrontation in Francis Macomber

The Short Happy Life of Francis Macomber is a quintessential Hemingway tale of one man's attempt to overcome an in ternal struggle by mastering the external world. Francis Macomber discovers his own bravery and strength when he ignores his self-consciousness and relies on instinct. This essay will examine Hemingway's code and how it confronts nada thus analyze Macomber's change from innocent to suffering to aware.

On the Confrontation Between Masculinism and Feminism in The Great Gatsby

In The Great Gatsby, Fitzgerald depicts the conflicts and contradictions between men and women about society, family, love, and money, literally mirroring the patriarchal society constantly challenged by feminism in the 1920s of America. This paper intends to compare the features of masculinism and feminism in three aspects： gender, society, and morality. Different identifications of gender role between men and women lead to female protests against male superiority and pursuits of individual liberation. Meanwhile, male unshaken egotism and gradually expanded individualism of women enable them both in lack of sound moral standards. But compared with the female, male moral pride drives them with much more proper moral judge, which reflects Fitzgerald＇s support of the masculine society. Probing into the confrontation between masculinism and feminism, it is beneficial for further study on how to achieve equal coexistence and harmony between men and women.

Tensor-Centric Warfare V: Topology of Systems Confrontation

In this paper, as a new contribution to the tensor-centric warfare (TCW) series [1] [2] [3] [4], we extend the kinetic TCW-framework to include non-kinetic effects, by addressing a general systems confrontation [5], which is waged not only in the traditional physical Air-Land-Sea domains, but also simultaneously across multiple non-physical domains, including cyberspace and social networks. Upon this basis, this paper attempts to address a more general analytical scenario using rigorous topological methods to introduce a two-level topological representation of modern armed conflict;in doing so, it extends from the traditional red-blue model of conflict to a red-blue-green model, where green represents various neutral elements as active factions;indeed, green can effectively decide the outcomes from red-blue conflict. System confrontations at various stages of the scenario will be defined by the non-equilibrium phase transitions which are superficially characterized by sudden entropy growth. These will be shown to have the underlying topology changes of the systems-battlespace. The two-level topological analysis of the systems-battlespace is utilized to address the question of topology changes in the combined battlespace. Once an intuitive analysis of the combined battlespace topology is performed, a rigorous topological analysis follows using (co)homological invariants of the combined systems-battlespace manifold.

Research on Cyberspace Attack and Defense Confrontation Technology

This paper analyzes the characteristics of Interact space and confrontation, discussed on the main technology of network space attack and defense confrontation. The paper presents the realization scheme of network space attack defense confrontation system, and analyzes its feasibility. The technology and the system can provide technical support for the system in the network space of our country development, and safeguard security of network space in China, promote the development of the network space security industry of China, it plays an important role and significance to speed up China＇ s independent controllable security products development.

Data augmentation method for insulators based on Cycle-GAN

Data augmentation is an important task of using existing data to expand data sets.Using generative countermeasure network technology to realize data augmentation has the advantages of high-quality generated samples,simple training,and fewer restrictions on the number of generated samples.However,in the field of transmission line insulator images,the freely synthesized samples are prone to produce fuzzy backgrounds and disordered samples of the main insulator features.To solve the above problems,this paper uses the cycle generative adversarial network(Cycle-GAN)used for domain conversion in the generation countermeasure network as the initial framework and uses the self-attention mechanism and channel attention mechanism to assist the conversion to realize the mutual conversion of different insulator samples.The attention module with prior knowledge is used to build the generation countermeasure network,and the generative adversarial network(GAN)model with local controllable generation is built to realize the directional generation of insulator belt defect samples.The experimental results show that the samples obtained by this method are improved in a number of quality indicators,and the quality effect of the samples obtained is excellent,which has a reference value for the data expansion of insulator images.

SYSTEMIC PATHOLOGIES OF CONFRONTATION:DIAGNOSING SECURITY DISRUPTION

The world post-9/11 is characterised by uncertainty, fear and suspicion. Psychological confrontations amplified by the mass media have even come to dominate physical engagements between warring parties. Drama theory provides a powerful framework for understanding these interactions in much the way that game theory was able to support strategy making by autonomous players in a less inter-connected era, A model of the ＇normal＇ process leading to dramatic resolution is an essential feature of the drama theory approach and is described here. However this process can be derailed or fail in many ways. This paper reviews many of these systemic pathologies and illustrates some Of them through consideration of three high-profile cases. The conclusion is that it is important to recognise and possibly to use pathological behavior as an element of a character＇s interaction strategy.

From Security Governance to Geopolitical Rivalry:Iran-GCC Confrontation in the Red Sea and the Indian Ocean

This article aims to address the aspects of conflict between Iran and the GCC starting from the geographical location,focusing on the factors that influence the acquisition of power by different state actors in this maritime sphere.The purpose of the article is to uncover the significant factors that directly and indirectly affect the distribution of influence between Iran and the GCC countries in this strategic marine area through following different sub-goals that deal with the main elements regarding security,political and economic conditions within every country in that region,as well as among the various regional and international powers.The analysis reveals that the interests of the GCC in this strategic maritime outweighs the interests of Iran.In the meantime,Saudi Arabia and UAE consider this area a high security threat region,while Iran sees it as one of the multiple security axes that are associated with its interests.The security risks that threaten the Arab Gulf states because of the new political and economic relationship with Yemen due to the war,in addition to the declared and latent maneuvers of world powers from outside the region either to besiege the Gulf axis or to initiate alliances with the Gulf states,signify without doubt the strong future influence of this geographical spot for the GCC and the possibilities of conflict escalation between Iran and GCC.

A novel adaptive heuristic dynamic programming-based algorithm for aircraft confrontation games

Intelligent confrontation has become a vital technology for future air combats.Confrontation games between a penetrating aircraft and an intercepting aircraft are essential for modern air combats.In addition,the perfor-mance indexes of both the interceptor and penetrator must be considered.Traditional methods only solve one side’s guidance problem without considering the intelligence of the opponent.In this paper,an adaptive heuristic dynamic programming-based algorithm is proposed for aircraft confrontation games.This algorithm constructs a heuristic dynamic programming model for both confrontation aircraft and then updates the critical and ac-tion network parameters using the dynamic confrontation state information.Numerical simulations indicate that the proposed algorithm can optimize the guidance law for both the interceptor and penetrator and is therefore superior to traditional proportional navigation methods.

Confrontation Clause after Crawford and its Impact on the Admissibility of Forensic Evidence:A Comparative Study on the United States and China

Crawford is a watershed case separating hearsay exceptions and confrontation.Overruling Roberts,Crawford established a new bright-line test for Confrontation Clause.Testimonial out-of-court statements,whether reliable or not,are inadmissible unless the prosecution has shown:(a)the declarant is unavailable and(b)the defense has a prior opportunity for cross-examination.Applying Crawford's primary purpose test,testimonial out-of-court forensic reports(usually as affidavits)might not be admissible.However,Crawford underlined that the Confrontation Clause has its independent procedural values and other nonepistemic functions.

Cooperation Brings Benefits,while Confrontations Wound Chinese Ambassador to the US Cui Tiankai on China-US Relations

The following article appeared in China Today ahead of President Xi Jinping’s visit to the United States in April.The original language has been retained.

Witnesses＇ Appearance in Court and Guarantees for the Defendant＇s Right to Confrontation

The main significance of witnesses＇ appearing in court to testify in criminal trials is that this practice guarantees the defendant＇s right to confrontation. The issue can thus be framed in another way, as the issue of the appearance in court of the necessary witnesses. Here, the defendant＇s right to confront is the key point. Since neither China＇s criminal procedural law nor corresponding judicial interpretations have granted the defendant the right to confront, the rate of appearance of the necessary witnesses amounts in practice to only about twenty- five percent. Criminal trials conducted in the absence of the right to confrontation usually conform to the doctrine of positive substantive truth and manifest a lack of care in conviction and sentencing as well as reliance on a single source of legitimacy in reaching judgments. To correct this state of affairs, it is necessary to institute the right to confront and corresponding safeguards.

Screening of Antagonistic Actinomyces against Soft Rot of Amorphophallus konjac and Its Antibacterial Activity

[Objective] Antagonistic actinomyces of Amorphophallus konjac soft rot were isolated from the soil,the antibacterial activity of the fermentation was detected,and its active components were separated.[Method] The antagonistic actinomycetes were screened using plate confrontation culture method.The SJK18 antagonistic strain with strong activity was conducted single-factor tests using different carbon sources,nitrogen sources,temperatures and pH value as the culture condition,and the antibacterial activities of fermentation liquid was determined,respectively.The fermentation liquid of antagonistic strain was extracted with alcohol and acetic ester,and their antibacterial activities were determined.[Result] A total of 112 strains of actinomycetes were obtained,and 11 strains had antibacterial activity.The antibacterial activity of SJK18 strain was the strongest in the single-factor test,when the corn powder was adopted as the carbon sources,KNO3 was the nitrogen source,the temperature was 30 ℃ and the pH was 6.0,the appropriate pH value for the activity was 5.5-10.0.The diameters of inhibition zone of alcohol extract and raffinate of ethyl acetate were 17.0 and 20.0 mm,respectively,while the extraction of ethyl acetate had no antibacterial activity.[Conclusion] A strain of actinomyces with strong antibacterial activity against soft rot of A.konjac was obtained.

Cooperative Decision-Making for Multiple UAVs Autonomous Confrontation

This paper presents a rule-based framework for addressing decision-making problems within the context of the\UI-STRIVE"Competition.First,two distinct autonomous confrontation scenarios are described:autonomous air combat and cooperative interception.Second,a State-Event-Condition-Action(SECA)decision-making framework is developed,which integrates thefinite state machine and event-condition-action frameworks.This framework provides three products to describe rules,i.e.the SECA model,the SECA state chart,and the SECA rule description.Third,the situation assessment and target assignment during autonomous air combat are investigated,and the mathematical models are established.Finally,the decisionmaking model's rationality and feasibility are verified through data simulation and analysis.

An Analysis of Voidance of Policy Under Game Theory

The direct cause for the voidance of economic policy is that the government has ignored the game behavior of the microeconomy.Only if we formulate and implement policy strictly according to the game rules can it be promoted to realize its desired objective.

Development Status and Project Interpretation of the Robotics Wushu Competition

The Robotics Wushu Competition is a robotics competition that integrates intelligent robotics technology with traditional Chinese Wushu culture,maker spirit,and ideas.It is a highly confrontational and ornamental project in robotics competitions.This paper discusses the current situation,development status,and project settings of the Robotics Wushu Competition in the three major national competitions,focusing on the interpretation of several major projects,such as humanoid autonomous fighting,body-feeling humanoid fighting,wheeled autonomous fighting,visual confrontation,and unmanned aerial vehicle(UAV)confrontation.Finally,suggestions are proposed to support the regular holding and development of the Robotics Wushu Competition.

Design and Implementation of Distributed Self-Election Dynamic Array Honeypot System

Traditional honeypot is in fact a "passive proactive" defense mechanism because it may lose the value entirely once the adversary has detected the existence of the static trap and bypassed it.Our work focuses on a Self-Election dynamic honeypot framework which aims to bewilder attackers by coordinating and switching roles periodically to form a huge dynamic puzzle.In this paper,we discuss the UDP Spokesman synchronization scheme and the Self-Election coordination method,perform the framework simulation of the dynamic array honeypot with NS2,carry out the prototype implementation by Java,and then validate the effectiveness and feasibility on the simulation and prototype system.The promising results of applying this framework to mitigate the effects of attacks are shown and analyzed.Our work demonstrates that the Self-Election dynamic array honeypot system is feasible and effective for proactive network confrontation.