The Inheritance of Hardt and Negri to Marx’s Thought: From the Critique of Political Economy to Biopolitical Critique

In the Empire Series,Hardt and Negri attempt to develop biopolitical critique to contemporary capitalist society.Hardt and Negri develop their own biopolitical critique based on their understanding of Foucauldian biopolitics.In the meantime,many arguments of biopolitical critique come precisely from Marx’s critique of political economy.Identifying biopolitical production as the hegemonic paradigm of contemporary capitalist production,Hardt and Negri accomplish the transition from the critique of political economy to biopolitical critique.However,such assertion does not mean a major rupture in the relation between the critique of political economy and biopolitical critique.On the contrary,it only implies an intertwined relationship between them.Moreover,if regarding Foucault’s discussion about political economy and biopolitics as a medium,then the conclusion can be made:There are overlaps between biopolitical critique and the critique of political economy,and the source of biopolitical critique can also be traced directly back to Marx.

Theory Critique of Kristen Swanson’s Theory of Caring

Theory is considered essential for integral assessment, adopting its foundations and concepts is of great utility. The theory provides different templates to help nurses provide care that respects patients and improves outcomes. Through understanding the intersection of nursing, patients, health, and the environment, theories aim to simplify the complicated, ever-evolving relationship that nurses have with their profession. Nursing theory helps distinguish nursing as a separate discipline from medicine and related sciences, and assists nurses in understanding their patients and their needs. The behaviors of healthcare providers affect how patients participate in and experience care situations. In the nursing discipline, the theoretical structures of caring have been established as the core concept of guidance in all nurses’ work. The aim of this paper is to develop a critique of Kristen Swanson’s theory of caring—a theory structured around five caring principles (maintaining belief, knowing, being with, doing for, and enabling) by applying it to nursing practice. When applied to nursing practice, each of these five stages stimulates the caregiver’s attitude, which in turn improves the overall patient’s well-being. Implications to nursing practice are mentioned [1] [2].

Seeking Redemption:Complicitous Critique in Border Trilogy of Cormac McCarthy

Cormac McCarthy,the veteran American writer,is often questioned as being obsessed with darkness and nihility because of the lack of definite redemption in his works.However,if“Border trilogy”,the representative work of his western novels,is put under the framework of postmodern poetics proposed by Linda Hutcheon,it will be found that redemption is hidden in the narrative structure.And the author structures the narration by dual coding strategies,such as parody,paradoxical irony and metafiction to make works conspire with the history and realty while criticize it at the same time.It is the complicitous critique.This symbiotic contradiction makes some accepted ideas problematic and urges the reader to seek justice and redemption in the tension of paradox.Therefore,redemption is coming in seeking.

Brainstorming and Developing English Learners'Writing Techniques: Critiques and Recommendations

Empirical studies suggest that research, by use of a systemic approach, should follow a set of procedures that are clearly described and then can be justified. However, it is worth noting that no approach is perfect, in particular, when it comes to the studies related to ethnographic studies. In view of this, this critique aims to reconsider empirical studies using brainstorming strategy to develop L2 learners'writing techniques. Firstly, this paper looks at the theoretical framework and the aims of these studies. Following this, this paper simultaneously summarizes and critiques these previous findings in terms of genres in writing, new assessment criteria, practicality in English pedagogy, data collection and analysis, findings and pedagogical implications. The final section presents the further inquiry in the language education context. This paper concludes that the brainstorming strategy in the teaching of writing can only be used in some genres, and both the product-oriented and process-oriented approaches should be applied to teaching writing.

A Critique of Study by File,K.A.and Adams,R

Vocabulary instruction has been a hot topic among teachers and researchers in second language or foreign language teaching field.Which one is more efficient,integrated or isolated-focused instruction?File,K.A.and Adams,R(2010)carried a re⁃search to compare their efficiency in vocabulary teaching.This critiqued reviewed and evaluated their research and give some sug⁃gestions to the research.

Research on Chinese Urban Modernity Issues From the Perspective of Technology Rational Critique

With the development of urbanization,metropolises and megapolises are emerging.Urbanization is being completed with the driving force of capital;meanwhile,technology has achieved the quest of capital.In this thesis,in light of Henri Lefebvre’s ideology of technology rational critique,Chinese urban modernity issues under the perspective of technology rational critique were analyzed,including issues like eroded urban texture,urban mechanization,and urban segregation.The technology rational root of Chinese urban modernity issues was discussed from the turn of technical artifacts from design intention to application intention.In the end,possible methods to solve these Chinese urban modernity issues were illustrated based on Henri Lefebvre’s urban development theory.

The Equality Thought in Marx’s Critique of Gotha Program and Its Value in the New Era

The idea of equality is an important part of Marxist theory system and an ideal creed pursued by mankind.Marx’s thought of equality is reflected in the Criticism of Gotha Program.Marx’s criticism of“absolute labor income”elaborates the distribution theory of the two stages of communism.The criticism of“labor determinism”defends the fundamental principle of“production decides distribution”.It criticizes the essence of“free education for all”and puts forward the idea of education equality in an ideal society.In the new era,it is helpful to improve the equality system and protect the basic rights of citizens to review their equality thoughts.What’s more,it is also helpful to develop productive forces Vigorously and consolidate the equal foundation of socialist countries.We will deepen the reform of education and improve the sense of happiness of education equality.

A Critique of Eye-Tracking Approach in Translation Process Research

With the rapid growth of eye-tracking studies in translation process research, concomitant methodologicalproblems have become increasingly prominent. This paper starts with the discussion of the controversial “eye-mindassumption”, and then focuses on various threats to experimental validity in research design and problems witheye-tracking data filtering and analysis. It is hoped that this discussion would be beneficial to those who are now orwill be engaged in eye-tracking based translation studies.

Critique on Hofstede's Five Dimensions in Relation to China——Taking Intel and Ernst & Young(China)as Examples

The author conducts an empirical research on Chinese performance on Hofstede’s five dimensions in this thesis.Hofstede's Values Survey Module 1994(VSM94)survey instrument is adopted by a sample of 200 Chinese employees of two international companies,Intel and EY to measure personal values.The author compares the personal values of global company employees in China today with Chinese national culture dimensions which were first identified by Hofstede and the results are very different from Hofstede’s conclusions whose data was collected from 1984 to 1996.According to Hofstede,China is a strongly collectivist,"above average"masculine,high power distance,low uncertainty avoidance and long-term orientation country while the findings of this study is that China has changed to strongly individualistic,strongly feminine,low power distance,high uncertainty avoidance and short-term oriented.The result can to some extent reflect the changed Chinese culture and can serve as the guidance in human resource management.

Critique of What Children Think of Animals' Need: Aesthetic and Psycho-social Conceptions

This essay aims to present the strengths and weaknesses of the research in detail. The research problem and the research background will be given. The essay will also comment on the methods employed in this research in respect to interview, sampling, data collection and its analysis. Its validity and reliability will be discussed and the appropriateness of results, weaknesses and ethical problems will be pointed out. At the end it will show the findings and implications of this critique and its further development.

Critique on the Bourgeoisie:Laura’s Assimilating and Interference of Aes⁃thetics and Politics in The Garden Party

As Mansfield’s representative masterpiece,The Garden Party contains her critique on the bourgeoisie.This essay argues that Laura Sheridan is assimilating into the bourgeoisie,taking up Mrs.Sheridan’s role as a matriarch,while she is struggling with the waking sympathies on working class.By depicting the process of assimilating,along with the interference of aesthetics and politics,Mansfield reveals her critique on the bourgeoisie which shows indifference towards the lower class.

Lilly Reich:The architecture and critique of an invisibilized woman

The architectural modernity that prevailed in Germany during the first half of the twentieth century cannot be understood without an appreciation of the work of Lilly Reich,a brilliant designer of interiors,furniture,and ephemeral architecture who exerted significant influence from her active position as a member of the Deutscher Werkbund.Despite the critical recognition she acquired in the media of the time during her solo career,her association with the architect Mies van der Rohe,far from positioning her in the field of contributions,relegated her to the role of a mere collaborator.For this reason,this article aims to shed light on the extensive legacy of Lilly Reich,a woman whose figure is being acknowledged as a result of recent research but who was nevertheless omitted from the leading books on the history of architecture.The methodology employed in the research analyses comparatively“what she did”and“what was said about her”,highlighting the convergences and divergences between“work”and“criticism”.The study and its results yield interesting conclusions regarding both the recognition that Lilly Reich received during her lifetime and the criticism she received after her death and up to the present day.

Western Marxism＇s Misreading of Marx＇s Critique of Capitalism

Since its advent in the early 1920s, Western Marxism has undergone a torturous process from anti-liberalism to virtually liberalism. The main theoretical deficiency behind this process is the over-estimation of Marx＇s cultural critique of capitalism. As his economic research gradually deepened, Marx＇s dual critique of capitalism from economic and cultural perspectives matured. When the leading proponents of Soviet Marxism gave prominence to Marx＇s economic critique, as circumstances required, they and some key figures in the Second International misread his theory with emphasis on economic determinism. In contrast, Georg Luk^cs and most Western Marxists proceeded to develop a Marxian cultural critique with the consequence that his economic research being marginalized. Without the counterbalance of a continuous and consistent economic theory to challenge a confident international capitalism, cultural critique is consequently reorganized in confluence with liberalism, which is centered on an individual ontology. Re-excavating Marxian dual critical theory may help Western Marxism escape the dilemma.

From Sustainability to Gravity: The Research Path of an Engineer

My career as a scientist has been a passionate pursuit of knowledge,objective knowledge devoid of ideology,that could prove useful in understanding and transforming the world.As an engineer,I aimed to produce planning solutions which would be economically feasible,technically viable,and socially acceptable.Disappointed by the ineffectiveness of methodology and planning initiatives to attain sustainability,I turned to the history of science to find answers,and finally to physics,searching for an explanation of gravity.I traced a path from social to natural sciences.My attachment to my values and ideals,my commitment to my goals costed me dearly.It led me to quit applied research,to move to a desert island in the Atlantic Ocean,to be consumed for years by a Galileo-like obsession.“I must create a system,or be enslaved by another man’s.I will not reason and compare:my business is to create”(Blake,2002,p.210),has been my life’s motto.Have I succeeded in my self-appointed task or have I just wasted valuable years of creative research building sand castles?I don’t have the answer to this question.What I know for sure is that I do not regret hanging to what I thought to be right.

A Critique of Nigerian Federalism and Need for Restructuring Towards Achieving Vision 2030

This paper underscores a critique of Nigeria's choice of a federal option,the current state of which has led to the incessant clamour,across the nation for restructuring.Federalism in Nigeria since 1960 was adopted to accommodate the nation^heterogeneous culture with the sole aim of maintaining unity in diversity.The dysfunctional system has been observed to be the main bane of Nigeria underdevelopment,instability,and absence of good governance all of which can negatively affect the achievement of a sustainable national development plan like the Vision 2030.This paper argues that Nigeria is yet to evolve a truly federal system capable of taking care of its numerous challenges.Writing from a historical perspective,the paper uncovers that there are logical inconsistencies in Nigeria’s practice of federalism.What gets here is a hidden unitary framework.The call for restructuring is in a general sense borne out of some apparent degrees of foul play and disparity presently perceived by the part units emerging from defective federalism.Understood in the above is that the necessary ingredients of sustainable democracy and governance are completely lacking in Nigeria.Thus,if the proposed Vision 2030 or any other national development plan is to be accomplished,there has to be a restructuring of the dysfunctional political system;a restructuring that devolves power to the federating units leaving the federal government with vital aspects like defence,foreign affairs among others;a return to the regional arrangement of the past.

Critique, Ethics, and the Apparatus of Experience： A Foucauldian Framework

The paper explores examples of contemporary experience in order to demonstrate the moralisation of new areas of behaviour （especially in relation to environmental issues）. It sketches a Foucauldian framework for understanding the historical transformation of experience, in terms of the ＂apparatus of experience.＂ On that basis, it presents a novel account of critique, in which critique is seen as the potentially transformational, experiential practice of re-experiencing the contemporary apparatuses of experience. In other words, critique is ＂experience squared.＂ It is this re-experiencing of our everyday experience that permits us, to a certain extent, to ＂get over ourselves＂ and thus to reflect critically on the processes of moralisation and de-moralisation in which we participate.

A Critique of the Philosophical Presuppositions of Cognitive Psychology

In the historical interaction of science and philosophy,empirical science has used cumulative research to shed new light on how the science of philosophy understands fundamental scientific issues.As an effort of self-renewal,the initial impetus for the birth of cognitive science was dialogue among disciplines,with a view to making it possible to unlock the mysteries of cognition.In other words,cognitive science was to pave the way for fundamentally updating the philosophical premises of the science of mind or even making possible a new scientific worldview.As a branch of cognitive science,psychology was to have contributed to the renovation of the ontological,methodological and scientific worldview of cognitive science through its unique interpretation of human nature.However,in the course of the development of cognitive science and psychology,psychology has failed to employ its disciplinary endeavors to renew the ontology,methodology and values of the philosophical foundations of cognitive science,and has also failed to contribute to the promotion of cognitive science.On the contrary,cognitive science’s mechanistic worldview and positivist methodology are the sole determinants of the background of cognitive science that shapes psychology’s model of development—that is,cognitive psychology(if one sees cognitive psychology as a concrete manifestation of the interaction of cognitive science and psychology).This study examines cognitive psychology’s ontological,methodological and value presuppositions and scientific worldview and reflects on the blind and passive nature of the discipline’s development.Moreover,from a history of science perspective,it considers how the development of this discipline can contribute to the renewal of scientific concepts in the philosophy of science through the interaction of the mature natural sciences and philosophy and thence provide possibilities for handling the relationship between psychology and philosophy in psychology’s future development.

Critique analysis of Haitian development from modernization and neoliberalism perspectives

I.Introduction Haiti is the poorest country in Latin America and the Caribbean,with 78%of the population living below the $2 per day poverty line,and 50% surviving or less than$1 per day(Kamil,2009).This situation became especially worse after the devastating earthquake.From observing the rankings and indicators announced by

A Critical Review of Anne Pomerantz and Nancy D.Bell's Learning to Play,Playing to Learn:FL Learners as Multicompetent Language Users

A smattering of articles on the importance of language play to second language acquisition and language teaching pedagogy have begun to appear in both academic journals and conferences in recent years.Anne Pomerantz and Nancy D.Bell's Learning to Play,Playing to Learning:FL Learners as Multicompetent Language Users reconsiders how instances of spontaneous,creative language play can be of help to language learning.This paper first briefly summarizes the main idea of the article,then it makes a critical point-to point review.