The Inheritance of Hardt and Negri to Marx’s Thought: From the Critique of Political Economy to Biopolitical Critique

In the Empire Series,Hardt and Negri attempt to develop biopolitical critique to contemporary capitalist society.Hardt and Negri develop their own biopolitical critique based on their understanding of Foucauldian biopolitics.In the meantime,many arguments of biopolitical critique come precisely from Marx’s critique of political economy.Identifying biopolitical production as the hegemonic paradigm of contemporary capitalist production,Hardt and Negri accomplish the transition from the critique of political economy to biopolitical critique.However,such assertion does not mean a major rupture in the relation between the critique of political economy and biopolitical critique.On the contrary,it only implies an intertwined relationship between them.Moreover,if regarding Foucault’s discussion about political economy and biopolitics as a medium,then the conclusion can be made:There are overlaps between biopolitical critique and the critique of political economy,and the source of biopolitical critique can also be traced directly back to Marx.

Theory Critique of Kristen Swanson’s Theory of Caring

Theory is considered essential for integral assessment, adopting its foundations and concepts is of great utility. The theory provides different templates to help nurses provide care that respects patients and improves outcomes. Through understanding the intersection of nursing, patients, health, and the environment, theories aim to simplify the complicated, ever-evolving relationship that nurses have with their profession. Nursing theory helps distinguish nursing as a separate discipline from medicine and related sciences, and assists nurses in understanding their patients and their needs. The behaviors of healthcare providers affect how patients participate in and experience care situations. In the nursing discipline, the theoretical structures of caring have been established as the core concept of guidance in all nurses’ work. The aim of this paper is to develop a critique of Kristen Swanson’s theory of caring—a theory structured around five caring principles (maintaining belief, knowing, being with, doing for, and enabling) by applying it to nursing practice. When applied to nursing practice, each of these five stages stimulates the caregiver’s attitude, which in turn improves the overall patient’s well-being. Implications to nursing practice are mentioned [1] [2].

Seeking Redemption:Complicitous Critique in Border Trilogy of Cormac McCarthy

Cormac McCarthy,the veteran American writer,is often questioned as being obsessed with darkness and nihility because of the lack of definite redemption in his works.However,if“Border trilogy”,the representative work of his western novels,is put under the framework of postmodern poetics proposed by Linda Hutcheon,it will be found that redemption is hidden in the narrative structure.And the author structures the narration by dual coding strategies,such as parody,paradoxical irony and metafiction to make works conspire with the history and realty while criticize it at the same time.It is the complicitous critique.This symbiotic contradiction makes some accepted ideas problematic and urges the reader to seek justice and redemption in the tension of paradox.Therefore,redemption is coming in seeking.

Brainstorming and Developing English Learners'Writing Techniques: Critiques and Recommendations

Empirical studies suggest that research, by use of a systemic approach, should follow a set of procedures that are clearly described and then can be justified. However, it is worth noting that no approach is perfect, in particular, when it comes to the studies related to ethnographic studies. In view of this, this critique aims to reconsider empirical studies using brainstorming strategy to develop L2 learners'writing techniques. Firstly, this paper looks at the theoretical framework and the aims of these studies. Following this, this paper simultaneously summarizes and critiques these previous findings in terms of genres in writing, new assessment criteria, practicality in English pedagogy, data collection and analysis, findings and pedagogical implications. The final section presents the further inquiry in the language education context. This paper concludes that the brainstorming strategy in the teaching of writing can only be used in some genres, and both the product-oriented and process-oriented approaches should be applied to teaching writing.

A Critique of Study by File,K.A.and Adams,R

Vocabulary instruction has been a hot topic among teachers and researchers in second language or foreign language teaching field.Which one is more efficient,integrated or isolated-focused instruction?File,K.A.and Adams,R(2010)carried a re⁃search to compare their efficiency in vocabulary teaching.This critiqued reviewed and evaluated their research and give some sug⁃gestions to the research.

Frege＇s and Russell＇s Contributions to Logic： A Comparative Exposition and Critique

Our ability to arrive at knowledge by chains of judgment is constitutive of our rationality, likewise our ability to discern the self-evidence of logical and arithmetical laws. To count an activity as ＂thinking about the physical world＂ is to hold it assessable in the light of the laws of physics; whereas to count an activity as ＂thinking at all＂ is to hold it assessable in the light of the laws of logic. Thus, the kind of generality that distinguishes logic from the special sciences is a generality in the applicability of the norms it provides. Logical laws are more general than laws of the special sciences because they prescribe universally the way in which one ought to think, if one is to think all. Logicism is usually understood to be the thesis that all, or at least large parts of, mathematics can be reduced to logic. This thesis has two sides： （1） all mathematical concepts can be defined in terms of basic logical concepts; （2） all mathematical theorems can be deduced from basic logical truths. According to logicism all terms, including all mathematical terms, are to be given a definite meaning within the basic system. This paper aims at a comparative analysis of the contributions of Frege and Russell to the development of modem logic by reviewing in some detail their essential features and derivations. Without making any pretensions to proffering a definitive resolution of any puzzles, the discussion will, however, raise some fundamental questions, and offer a critical evaluation of the putative success or failure of the logicist programmes of Frege and Russell.

The ＂Pictorial Turn＂ as Crisis and the Necessity of a Critique of Visual Culture

The ＂Pictorial＂ or ＂Iconic Turn＂ is a central issue in the contemporary theory of images and visual cultural studies. Should the theories concerning the ＂Iconic Turn＂ and formulated in the last 20 years by scholars such as Gottfried Boehm, William Mitchell, Hans Belting be taken as critical theories of crisis？ Is the currently experienced ＂turn towards images＂ （and their progressive rehabilitation after a long standing philosophical and theological rejection） a sign and symptom of some crisis of people＇s relation with images, language and, generally speaking, with the representation forms of reality？ The main hypothesis of this essay envisages two sets of problems： first, the analysis of the relation between the possible idea of turning point and the concept of crisis; secondly, the thorough investigation of the relation connecting the iconic turn to the project of ＂critical iconology＂ or ＂critique of visual culture,＂ as outlined by Hans Belting and William Mitchell. From the interpretation of the ＂Iconic Turn＂ as situation of crisis and aesthetic, anthropological, and epistemological transformation follows the need for the sciences of image to provide a ＂critical iconology＂ in order to be able to theoretically reformulate the ideological and political presuppositions of some dominant contemporary forms of visual representation.

Research on Chinese Urban Modernity Issues From the Perspective of Technology Rational Critique

With the development of urbanization,metropolises and megapolises are emerging.Urbanization is being completed with the driving force of capital;meanwhile,technology has achieved the quest of capital.In this thesis,in light of Henri Lefebvre’s ideology of technology rational critique,Chinese urban modernity issues under the perspective of technology rational critique were analyzed,including issues like eroded urban texture,urban mechanization,and urban segregation.The technology rational root of Chinese urban modernity issues was discussed from the turn of technical artifacts from design intention to application intention.In the end,possible methods to solve these Chinese urban modernity issues were illustrated based on Henri Lefebvre’s urban development theory.

The Equality Thought in Marx’s Critique of Gotha Program and Its Value in the New Era

The idea of equality is an important part of Marxist theory system and an ideal creed pursued by mankind.Marx’s thought of equality is reflected in the Criticism of Gotha Program.Marx’s criticism of“absolute labor income”elaborates the distribution theory of the two stages of communism.The criticism of“labor determinism”defends the fundamental principle of“production decides distribution”.It criticizes the essence of“free education for all”and puts forward the idea of education equality in an ideal society.In the new era,it is helpful to improve the equality system and protect the basic rights of citizens to review their equality thoughts.What’s more,it is also helpful to develop productive forces Vigorously and consolidate the equal foundation of socialist countries.We will deepen the reform of education and improve the sense of happiness of education equality.

A Critique of Eye-Tracking Approach in Translation Process Research

With the rapid growth of eye-tracking studies in translation process research, concomitant methodologicalproblems have become increasingly prominent. This paper starts with the discussion of the controversial “eye-mindassumption”, and then focuses on various threats to experimental validity in research design and problems witheye-tracking data filtering and analysis. It is hoped that this discussion would be beneficial to those who are now orwill be engaged in eye-tracking based translation studies.

Review and critique of the literature on Business English as a branch of ESP

Over the last few years, Business English has attracted increasing interest and awareness. At present, the mainstream viewpoint is to see the Business English as a kind of ESP and a comprehensive course which absorbs the methodologies of other courses based on the linguistics. However, there are also some critiques. Some people criticize that to see Business English as ESP can not uncover the characteristics of Business English. After reviewing relevant studies and theories, this paper provides some viewpoints on Business English as a branch of ESP and its critiques. On basis of the analysis, some findings will be offered in the conclusion part. Hopefully, it can offer some insights into Business English study in the future.

Critique on Hofstede's Five Dimensions in Relation to China——Taking Intel and Ernst & Young(China)as Examples

The author conducts an empirical research on Chinese performance on Hofstede’s five dimensions in this thesis.Hofstede's Values Survey Module 1994(VSM94)survey instrument is adopted by a sample of 200 Chinese employees of two international companies,Intel and EY to measure personal values.The author compares the personal values of global company employees in China today with Chinese national culture dimensions which were first identified by Hofstede and the results are very different from Hofstede’s conclusions whose data was collected from 1984 to 1996.According to Hofstede,China is a strongly collectivist,"above average"masculine,high power distance,low uncertainty avoidance and long-term orientation country while the findings of this study is that China has changed to strongly individualistic,strongly feminine,low power distance,high uncertainty avoidance and short-term oriented.The result can to some extent reflect the changed Chinese culture and can serve as the guidance in human resource management.

Critique of What Children Think of Animals' Need: Aesthetic and Psycho-social Conceptions

This essay aims to present the strengths and weaknesses of the research in detail. The research problem and the research background will be given. The essay will also comment on the methods employed in this research in respect to interview, sampling, data collection and its analysis. Its validity and reliability will be discussed and the appropriateness of results, weaknesses and ethical problems will be pointed out. At the end it will show the findings and implications of this critique and its further development.

Critique on the Bourgeoisie:Laura’s Assimilating and Interference of Aes⁃thetics and Politics in The Garden Party

As Mansfield’s representative masterpiece,The Garden Party contains her critique on the bourgeoisie.This essay argues that Laura Sheridan is assimilating into the bourgeoisie,taking up Mrs.Sheridan’s role as a matriarch,while she is struggling with the waking sympathies on working class.By depicting the process of assimilating,along with the interference of aesthetics and politics,Mansfield reveals her critique on the bourgeoisie which shows indifference towards the lower class.

Lilly Reich:The architecture and critique of an invisibilized woman

The architectural modernity that prevailed in Germany during the first half of the twentieth century cannot be understood without an appreciation of the work of Lilly Reich,a brilliant designer of interiors,furniture,and ephemeral architecture who exerted significant influence from her active position as a member of the Deutscher Werkbund.Despite the critical recognition she acquired in the media of the time during her solo career,her association with the architect Mies van der Rohe,far from positioning her in the field of contributions,relegated her to the role of a mere collaborator.For this reason,this article aims to shed light on the extensive legacy of Lilly Reich,a woman whose figure is being acknowledged as a result of recent research but who was nevertheless omitted from the leading books on the history of architecture.The methodology employed in the research analyses comparatively“what she did”and“what was said about her”,highlighting the convergences and divergences between“work”and“criticism”.The study and its results yield interesting conclusions regarding both the recognition that Lilly Reich received during her lifetime and the criticism she received after her death and up to the present day.

Western Marxism＇s Misreading of Marx＇s Critique of Capitalism

Since its advent in the early 1920s, Western Marxism has undergone a torturous process from anti-liberalism to virtually liberalism. The main theoretical deficiency behind this process is the over-estimation of Marx＇s cultural critique of capitalism. As his economic research gradually deepened, Marx＇s dual critique of capitalism from economic and cultural perspectives matured. When the leading proponents of Soviet Marxism gave prominence to Marx＇s economic critique, as circumstances required, they and some key figures in the Second International misread his theory with emphasis on economic determinism. In contrast, Georg Luk^cs and most Western Marxists proceeded to develop a Marxian cultural critique with the consequence that his economic research being marginalized. Without the counterbalance of a continuous and consistent economic theory to challenge a confident international capitalism, cultural critique is consequently reorganized in confluence with liberalism, which is centered on an individual ontology. Re-excavating Marxian dual critical theory may help Western Marxism escape the dilemma.

From Sustainability to Gravity: The Research Path of an Engineer

My career as a scientist has been a passionate pursuit of knowledge,objective knowledge devoid of ideology,that could prove useful in understanding and transforming the world.As an engineer,I aimed to produce planning solutions which would be economically feasible,technically viable,and socially acceptable.Disappointed by the ineffectiveness of methodology and planning initiatives to attain sustainability,I turned to the history of science to find answers,and finally to physics,searching for an explanation of gravity.I traced a path from social to natural sciences.My attachment to my values and ideals,my commitment to my goals costed me dearly.It led me to quit applied research,to move to a desert island in the Atlantic Ocean,to be consumed for years by a Galileo-like obsession.“I must create a system,or be enslaved by another man’s.I will not reason and compare:my business is to create”(Blake,2002,p.210),has been my life’s motto.Have I succeeded in my self-appointed task or have I just wasted valuable years of creative research building sand castles?I don’t have the answer to this question.What I know for sure is that I do not regret hanging to what I thought to be right.

The Third Sense of Enlightenment as Seen in the Critique of the Power of Judgment

A critique of the criticisms on modern enlightenment is a task confronting the modern people, for which Kantian philosophy can undoubtedly provide the basic principles and methodologies. Reason still holds a supreme position in today＇s world, but contrary to the expectations of those living in the age of Enlightenment, rather than forming a unitary and internally consistent system, reason seems more diversified and is beleaguered by more internal conflicts. Kant＇s Critique of the Power of Judgment explained whether and how the different fields of reason and their principles could be linked, thus throwing light on the third meaning of enlightenment： Reason manifests itself through different faculties, principles and on different levels, which can be examined separately; the links among different principles and territories may be vague in theory, but they are phenomenally recognized. Further, phenomena should be represented on different levels： Besides those involved in the construction of knowledge concerning natural objects and norms guiding human behavior, under reason should there be faculties and forms regarding emotion and taste. Therefore, any attempt to critique reason should not let itself be confined to just the revealing of the known forms of reason and their structures through an analysis of various existing knowledge, but should examine the possibility of other forms of reason and their structures with a view to finding the conditions for knowledge that exist in other forms and is of a different nature unto that knowledge itself.

A Critique of Nigerian Federalism and Need for Restructuring Towards Achieving Vision 2030

This paper underscores a critique of Nigeria's choice of a federal option,the current state of which has led to the incessant clamour,across the nation for restructuring.Federalism in Nigeria since 1960 was adopted to accommodate the nation^heterogeneous culture with the sole aim of maintaining unity in diversity.The dysfunctional system has been observed to be the main bane of Nigeria underdevelopment,instability,and absence of good governance all of which can negatively affect the achievement of a sustainable national development plan like the Vision 2030.This paper argues that Nigeria is yet to evolve a truly federal system capable of taking care of its numerous challenges.Writing from a historical perspective,the paper uncovers that there are logical inconsistencies in Nigeria’s practice of federalism.What gets here is a hidden unitary framework.The call for restructuring is in a general sense borne out of some apparent degrees of foul play and disparity presently perceived by the part units emerging from defective federalism.Understood in the above is that the necessary ingredients of sustainable democracy and governance are completely lacking in Nigeria.Thus,if the proposed Vision 2030 or any other national development plan is to be accomplished,there has to be a restructuring of the dysfunctional political system;a restructuring that devolves power to the federating units leaving the federal government with vital aspects like defence,foreign affairs among others;a return to the regional arrangement of the past.

A "Symptomatic Reading" of the Mass Culture Critique and Its Implications for the Reconstruction of Contemporary Chinese Literary Theory

The critique of mass culture is a core theory of the Frankfurt School. Entering China in the early 1990s, this critique enjoyed an initial but brief acclaim. As an over-reaction and over-interpretation stemming from painful historical memories, it tended to impede the impartial assessment of mass culture and the culture industry, resulting in obvious theoretical blind spots and gaps and making a “symptomatic reading” necessary. Today, the Frankfurt School’s critique of mass culture is still of value and significance as an intellectual resource and historical reference, but it warrants further scrutiny when used to analyze practical issues. Given the burgeoning of mass culture and the cultural industry presently under way in the Chinese market economy, we should rise above previous intellectual limitations and theoretical misunderstandings to give due weight and active encouragement to the positive energy of mass culture and the cultural industry. The construction of Chinese literary discourse has its own distinctive pattern, and must orient itself toward China and the contemporary era, and particularly toward the practical development of contemporary China in the current period of transition. The academic counterpart of this is a three-dimensional platform consisting of level of thought, value concepts, and Chinese characteristics.