In this paper,the forecasting equations of a 2nd-order space-time differential remainder are deduced from the Navier-Stokes primitive equations and Eulerian operator by Taylor-series expansion.Here we introduce a cubi...In this paper,the forecasting equations of a 2nd-order space-time differential remainder are deduced from the Navier-Stokes primitive equations and Eulerian operator by Taylor-series expansion.Here we introduce a cubic spline numerical model(Spline Model for short),which is with a quasi-Lagrangian time-split integration scheme of fitting cubic spline/bicubic surface to all physical variable fields in the atmospheric equations on spherical discrete latitude-longitude mesh.A new algorithm of"fitting cubic spline—time step integration—fitting cubic spline—……"is developed to determine their first-and2nd-order derivatives and their upstream points for time discrete integral to the governing equations in Spline Model.And the cubic spline function and its mathematical polarities are also discussed to understand the Spline Model’s mathematical foundation of numerical analysis.It is pointed out that the Spline Model has mathematical laws of"convergence"of the cubic spline functions contracting to the original functions as well as its 1st-order and 2nd-order derivatives.The"optimality"of the 2nd-order derivative of the cubic spline functions is optimal approximation to that of the original functions.In addition,a Hermite bicubic patch is equivalent to operate on a grid for a 2nd-order derivative variable field.Besides,the slopes and curvatures of a central difference are identified respectively,with a smoothing coefficient of 1/3,three-point smoothing of that of a cubic spline.Then the slopes and curvatures of a central difference are calculated from the smoothing coefficient 1/3 and three-point smoothing of that of a cubic spline,respectively.Furthermore,a global simulation case of adiabatic,non-frictional and"incompressible"model atmosphere is shown with the quasi-Lagrangian time integration by using a global Spline Model,whose initial condition comes from the NCEP reanalysis data,along with quasi-uniform latitude-longitude grids and the so-called"shallow atmosphere"Navier-Stokes primitive equations in the spherical coordinates.The Spline Model,which adopted the Navier-Stokes primitive equations and quasi-Lagrangian time-split integration scheme,provides an initial ideal case of global atmospheric circulation.In addition,considering the essentially non-linear atmospheric motions,the Spline Model could judge reasonably well simple points of any smoothed variable field according to its fitting spline curvatures that must conform to its physical interpretation.展开更多
Modelling and simulation of projectile flight is at the core of ballistic computer software and is essential to the study of performance of rifles and projectiles in various engagement conditions.An effective and repr...Modelling and simulation of projectile flight is at the core of ballistic computer software and is essential to the study of performance of rifles and projectiles in various engagement conditions.An effective and representative numerical model of projectile flight requires a relatively good approximation of the aerodynamics.The aerodynamic coefficients of the projectile model should be described as a series of piecewise polynomial functions of the Mach number that ideally meet the following conditions:they are continuous,differentiable at least once,and have a relatively low degree.The paper provides the steps needed to generate such piecewise polynomial functions using readily available tools,and then compares Piecewise Cubic Hermite Interpolating Polynomial(PCHIP),cubic splines,and piecewise linear functions,and their variant,as potential curve fitting methods to approximate the aerodynamics of a generic small arms projectile.A key contribution of the paper is the application of PCHIP to the approximation of projectile aerodynamics,and its evaluation against a set of criteria.Finally,the paper provides a baseline assessment of the impact of the polynomial functions on flight trajectory predictions obtained with 6-degree-of-freedom simulations of a generic projectile.展开更多
In this paper,the kernel of the cubic spline interpolation is given.An optimal error bound for the cu- bic spline interpolation of lower smooth functions is obtained.
Hermite interpolation is a very important tool in approximation theory and nu- merical analysis, and provides a popular method for modeling in the area of computer aided geometric design. However, the classical Hermit...Hermite interpolation is a very important tool in approximation theory and nu- merical analysis, and provides a popular method for modeling in the area of computer aided geometric design. However, the classical Hermite interpolant is unique for a prescribed data set, and hence lacks freedom for the choice of an interpolating curve, which is a crucial requirement in design environment. Even though there is a rather well developed fractal theory for Hermite interpolation that offers a large flexibility in the choice of interpolants, it also has the short- coming that the functions that can be well approximated are highly restricted to the class of self-affine functions. The primary objective of this paper is to suggest a gl-cubic Hermite in- terpolation scheme using a fractal methodology, namely, the coalescence hidden variable fractal interpolation, which works equally well for the approximation of a self-affine and non-self-affine data generating functions. The uniform error bound for the proposed fractal interpolant is established to demonstrate that the convergence properties are similar to that of the classical Hermite interpolant. For the Hermite interpolation problem, if the derivative values are not actually prescribed at the knots, then we assign these values so that the interpolant gains global G2-continuity. Consequently, the procedure culminates with the construction of cubic spline coalescence hidden variable fractal interpolants. Thus, the present article also provides an al- ternative to the construction of cubic spline coalescence hidden variable fractal interpolation functions through moments proposed by Chand and Kapoor [Fractals, 15（1） （2007）, pp. 41-53].展开更多
快速扩展随机树算法(rapidly-exploring random trees,RRT)规划移动机器人路径时,存在搜索盲目性强、搜索时间长、收敛速度慢、路径冗余点多且不平滑等问题。鉴于此,提出一种改进的RRT路径规划算法。首先,针对传统RRT算法盲目搜索以及...快速扩展随机树算法(rapidly-exploring random trees,RRT)规划移动机器人路径时,存在搜索盲目性强、搜索时间长、收敛速度慢、路径冗余点多且不平滑等问题。鉴于此,提出一种改进的RRT路径规划算法。首先,针对传统RRT算法盲目搜索以及局部极值的问题,提出概率目标偏置与人工势场结合的采样策略,引导随机树的扩展;其次,针对随机树扩展的避障能力差的问题,提出基于安全距离的碰撞检测以及动态变步长扩展策略;最后,针对路径上冗余点多以及曲率不连续的问题,提出考虑安全距离的剪枝优化和三次B样条曲线对初始路径进行拟合优化。仿真结果表明,在不同地图的路径规划中,相比于传统RRT算法,增强了通过狭窄通道能力,优化了路径的平滑性,搜索时间、迭代次数、路径长度分别减少约70%、40%、15%;相比于RRT衍生算法RRT-Connect,搜索时间、路径长度分别减少约25%、10%。展开更多
目的分析美国国立卫生研究院卒中量表(National Institutes of Health stroke scale,NIHSS)评分、老年营养风险指数(geriatric nutritional risk index,GNRI)、运动功能独立性评定(motor function independence measure,MFIM)评分与卒...目的分析美国国立卫生研究院卒中量表(National Institutes of Health stroke scale,NIHSS)评分、老年营养风险指数(geriatric nutritional risk index,GNRI)、运动功能独立性评定(motor function independence measure,MFIM)评分与卒中相关性肺炎(stroke-related pneumonia,SAP)风险的关系。方法纳入2021年11月至2022年5月卒中入院的患者,收集入院时NIHSS、GNRI、MFIM评分,根据卒中发病后1周内是否发生肺炎分为SAP组和非SAP组。使用受试者工作特征(receiver operating characteristic,ROC)曲线分析各评分最佳截断点并将评分转换为分类变量,采用多因素logistic回归模型和限制性立方样条分析各评分与SAP之间的关系。结果研究共纳入318例卒中患者,SAP组86例,非SAP组232例。logistic回归结果显示,NIHSS评分(OR=32.783,95%CI:16.366~65.671,P<0.001)、MFIM评分(OR=0.052,95%CI:0.027~0.100,P<0.001)和GNRI评分(OR=0.262,95%CI:0.144~0.476,P<0.001)与SAP存在关联。限制性立方样条分析显示,NIHSS评分(P_(总趋势)<0.001,P_(非线性)=0.002)、GNRI评分(P_(总趋势)<0.001,P_(非线性)<0.001)与SAP风险之间存在非线性剂量-反应关系。结论NIHSS、MFIM、GNRI评分和卒中患者SAP发生风险相关,其中NIHSS和GNRI评分与其存在非线性关联。展开更多
文摘In this paper,the forecasting equations of a 2nd-order space-time differential remainder are deduced from the Navier-Stokes primitive equations and Eulerian operator by Taylor-series expansion.Here we introduce a cubic spline numerical model(Spline Model for short),which is with a quasi-Lagrangian time-split integration scheme of fitting cubic spline/bicubic surface to all physical variable fields in the atmospheric equations on spherical discrete latitude-longitude mesh.A new algorithm of"fitting cubic spline—time step integration—fitting cubic spline—……"is developed to determine their first-and2nd-order derivatives and their upstream points for time discrete integral to the governing equations in Spline Model.And the cubic spline function and its mathematical polarities are also discussed to understand the Spline Model’s mathematical foundation of numerical analysis.It is pointed out that the Spline Model has mathematical laws of"convergence"of the cubic spline functions contracting to the original functions as well as its 1st-order and 2nd-order derivatives.The"optimality"of the 2nd-order derivative of the cubic spline functions is optimal approximation to that of the original functions.In addition,a Hermite bicubic patch is equivalent to operate on a grid for a 2nd-order derivative variable field.Besides,the slopes and curvatures of a central difference are identified respectively,with a smoothing coefficient of 1/3,three-point smoothing of that of a cubic spline.Then the slopes and curvatures of a central difference are calculated from the smoothing coefficient 1/3 and three-point smoothing of that of a cubic spline,respectively.Furthermore,a global simulation case of adiabatic,non-frictional and"incompressible"model atmosphere is shown with the quasi-Lagrangian time integration by using a global Spline Model,whose initial condition comes from the NCEP reanalysis data,along with quasi-uniform latitude-longitude grids and the so-called"shallow atmosphere"Navier-Stokes primitive equations in the spherical coordinates.The Spline Model,which adopted the Navier-Stokes primitive equations and quasi-Lagrangian time-split integration scheme,provides an initial ideal case of global atmospheric circulation.In addition,considering the essentially non-linear atmospheric motions,the Spline Model could judge reasonably well simple points of any smoothed variable field according to its fitting spline curvatures that must conform to its physical interpretation.
文摘Modelling and simulation of projectile flight is at the core of ballistic computer software and is essential to the study of performance of rifles and projectiles in various engagement conditions.An effective and representative numerical model of projectile flight requires a relatively good approximation of the aerodynamics.The aerodynamic coefficients of the projectile model should be described as a series of piecewise polynomial functions of the Mach number that ideally meet the following conditions:they are continuous,differentiable at least once,and have a relatively low degree.The paper provides the steps needed to generate such piecewise polynomial functions using readily available tools,and then compares Piecewise Cubic Hermite Interpolating Polynomial(PCHIP),cubic splines,and piecewise linear functions,and their variant,as potential curve fitting methods to approximate the aerodynamics of a generic small arms projectile.A key contribution of the paper is the application of PCHIP to the approximation of projectile aerodynamics,and its evaluation against a set of criteria.Finally,the paper provides a baseline assessment of the impact of the polynomial functions on flight trajectory predictions obtained with 6-degree-of-freedom simulations of a generic projectile.
文摘In this paper,the kernel of the cubic spline interpolation is given.An optimal error bound for the cu- bic spline interpolation of lower smooth functions is obtained.
基金partially supported by the CSIR India(Grant No.09/084(0531)/2010-EMR-I)the SERC,DST India(Project No.SR/S4/MS:694/10)
文摘Hermite interpolation is a very important tool in approximation theory and nu- merical analysis, and provides a popular method for modeling in the area of computer aided geometric design. However, the classical Hermite interpolant is unique for a prescribed data set, and hence lacks freedom for the choice of an interpolating curve, which is a crucial requirement in design environment. Even though there is a rather well developed fractal theory for Hermite interpolation that offers a large flexibility in the choice of interpolants, it also has the short- coming that the functions that can be well approximated are highly restricted to the class of self-affine functions. The primary objective of this paper is to suggest a gl-cubic Hermite in- terpolation scheme using a fractal methodology, namely, the coalescence hidden variable fractal interpolation, which works equally well for the approximation of a self-affine and non-self-affine data generating functions. The uniform error bound for the proposed fractal interpolant is established to demonstrate that the convergence properties are similar to that of the classical Hermite interpolant. For the Hermite interpolation problem, if the derivative values are not actually prescribed at the knots, then we assign these values so that the interpolant gains global G2-continuity. Consequently, the procedure culminates with the construction of cubic spline coalescence hidden variable fractal interpolants. Thus, the present article also provides an al- ternative to the construction of cubic spline coalescence hidden variable fractal interpolation functions through moments proposed by Chand and Kapoor [Fractals, 15（1） （2007）, pp. 41-53].
文摘快速扩展随机树算法(rapidly-exploring random trees,RRT)规划移动机器人路径时,存在搜索盲目性强、搜索时间长、收敛速度慢、路径冗余点多且不平滑等问题。鉴于此,提出一种改进的RRT路径规划算法。首先,针对传统RRT算法盲目搜索以及局部极值的问题,提出概率目标偏置与人工势场结合的采样策略,引导随机树的扩展;其次,针对随机树扩展的避障能力差的问题,提出基于安全距离的碰撞检测以及动态变步长扩展策略;最后,针对路径上冗余点多以及曲率不连续的问题,提出考虑安全距离的剪枝优化和三次B样条曲线对初始路径进行拟合优化。仿真结果表明,在不同地图的路径规划中,相比于传统RRT算法,增强了通过狭窄通道能力,优化了路径的平滑性,搜索时间、迭代次数、路径长度分别减少约70%、40%、15%;相比于RRT衍生算法RRT-Connect,搜索时间、路径长度分别减少约25%、10%。
文摘目的分析美国国立卫生研究院卒中量表(National Institutes of Health stroke scale,NIHSS)评分、老年营养风险指数(geriatric nutritional risk index,GNRI)、运动功能独立性评定(motor function independence measure,MFIM)评分与卒中相关性肺炎(stroke-related pneumonia,SAP)风险的关系。方法纳入2021年11月至2022年5月卒中入院的患者,收集入院时NIHSS、GNRI、MFIM评分,根据卒中发病后1周内是否发生肺炎分为SAP组和非SAP组。使用受试者工作特征(receiver operating characteristic,ROC)曲线分析各评分最佳截断点并将评分转换为分类变量,采用多因素logistic回归模型和限制性立方样条分析各评分与SAP之间的关系。结果研究共纳入318例卒中患者,SAP组86例,非SAP组232例。logistic回归结果显示,NIHSS评分(OR=32.783,95%CI:16.366~65.671,P<0.001)、MFIM评分(OR=0.052,95%CI:0.027~0.100,P<0.001)和GNRI评分(OR=0.262,95%CI:0.144~0.476,P<0.001)与SAP存在关联。限制性立方样条分析显示,NIHSS评分(P_(总趋势)<0.001,P_(非线性)=0.002)、GNRI评分(P_(总趋势)<0.001,P_(非线性)<0.001)与SAP风险之间存在非线性剂量-反应关系。结论NIHSS、MFIM、GNRI评分和卒中患者SAP发生风险相关,其中NIHSS和GNRI评分与其存在非线性关联。
