Performance of Sexually Transmitted Disease Laboratories for Neisseria gonorrhoeae Detection in Southern China From 2020 Through 2022

The rising incidence of gonorrhea presents a global public health challenge,emphasizing the importance of accurate Neisseria gonorrhoeae detection for effective diagnosis,treatment and prevention.This study assessed the performance of sexually transmitted disease laboratories for N.gonorrhoeae detection in Guangdong,southern China.A questionnaire about N.gonorrhoeae detection and external quality assessments(EQAs)with five samples for culture and five for nucleic acid amplification tests(NAATs)were conducted annually from 2020 through 2022.The questionnaire was responded to by 1047 laboratories,with the results showing that Gram staining and culture were most commonly used by 44.3%and 40.4%of the laboratories,respectively,whereas NAATs were adopted by only 11.7%.The number of clinical samples tested for N.gonorrhoeae increased from 536,369 in 363 laboratories in 2020 to 1,093,147 in 582 laboratories in 2022(P>0.05),with an overall male-to-female testing ratio of 1:3.4 and a positive ratio of 3.6:1.The EQA results revealed a concordance rate of 90.8%for gonococcal culture and 93.1%for NAATs.NAATs demonstrated a decreasing detection rate(from 100.0%to 84.5%)with reducing gonococcal DNA copies and 89.0%specificity with the interference-negative sample.The overall concordance rates of four widely used commercial NAAT kits ranged from 95.7%to 88.5%.Gram staining and culture were widely used to detect N.gonorrhoeae in Guangdong.NAAT has long been recognized as a highly sensitive and specific method for detecting gonorrhea and should be more widely implemented in China.

The influence and enlightenment of Confucian cultural education on modern European civilization

Confucianism,not only is the core of Chinese cultural educational thoughts but its influence has been identified in the West by the European scholars.And with the impact of Confucianism civilization,the theological authority in the Dark Ages wavered.The human-based ideas of Confucianism that people are the foundation of the country,the governing way of“Governance with virtue”,the way of personnel placement that men of great virtue and talent are elected who will cultivate mutual trust and promote universal understanding,the nationwide education thought that there should be education for everyone without distinction and the imperial examination system under the idea that those who excellently learned should serve(in the government),have exerted beneficial influences on the European modern civilization.Looking back at the course of Confucian influence in the West and the influence on the Enlightenment and modern civilization,it is easy to find that Confucianism education is of universal value in the pluralistic cultural world,which can enhance the cultural identification and cultural consciousness of a nation,creating a heritage of excellent cultural education and enriching the connotation of the contemporary cultural education.