THE TENSOR DENOTATION OF BELTRAMI SPHERICAL VORTICES AND THEIR SYMMETRY ANALYSIS

One kind of tensor denotation of nth Beltrami axisymmetric and nonaxisymmetric spherical vortices, their classification and symmetries were discussed. Chaotic Phenomena will occur in the dynamic system of the nonaxisymmetric Beltrami spherical vortices. From these aspects, it is shown that the tensor denotation has more meaningful characters and nonaxisymmetric Beltrami shperical vortices are various and very complex.

Towards a Denotational Semantics of Timed RSL Using Duration Calculus

The Timed RAISE Specification Language (Timed RSL) is an extension of RAISE Specification Language by adding time constructors for specifying real-time applications. Duration Calculus (DC) is a real-time interval logic, which can be used to specify and reason about timing and logical constraints on dura- tion properties of Boolean states in a dynamic system. This paper gives a denotational semantics to a subset of Timed RSL expressions, using Duration Calculus extended with super-dense chop modality and notations to capture time point properties of piecewise continuous states of arbitrary types. Using this semantics, the paper presents a proof rule for verifying Timed RSL iterative expressions and implements the rule to prove the satisfaction by a sample Timed RSL specification of its real-time requirements.

Connotation of Words and Translation from English to Chinese in TEM-8

Based on the denotation and connotation, this paper analyses the translation from English into Chinese in TEM-8. Connotation is one key to the understanding of the original text. Students should know connotation of words in understanding and translating.

福多的逆组合原则

逆组合原则是认知科学中的一个基本命题,也是福多关于意义结构路径的一个重要思想。逆组合原则在理解自然语言、解释自然语言的可习得性、反驳推理作用语义学和原型理论等方面具有重要作用和深远影响。然而由于逆组合原则自身的局限性,当前学界对它提出不少质疑,但笔者认为,这些质疑仅仅表明逆组合原则的适用受特定的语境和语义条件的限制,它们并不能从根本上否认逆组合原则是有关人类语言、认知结构上的一个重要论断,因而对逆组合原则进行研究仍然具有重要的方法论意义。

Literature and the Teaching of Stylistics： An Investigation Into the Pragmatics of Community Formation in the Educational Context of Namibia

The author＇s paper is an attempt to investigate the success of the pedagogy of stylistics and pedagogical stylistics in the Namibian context. As an applied linguistics course, stylistics is eminently suitable for study and analysis of literature, because it clearly explicates literary effects through linguistic analysis. Many scholars have illustrated the use of stylistics analysis for the purposes of studying literature and teaching it, which is, pedagogical stylistics. However, this paper combines both the study of Stylistics as a discipline, which is the pedagogy of Stylistics, and the use of stylistics for teaching literature in general and poetry in particular. Namibia adopted English as its official language 22 years ago. Since then, both teachers and students have been struggling with the analysis of poetry. This study is an empirical one using qualitative methods in the author＇s research to determine the impact of the study of Stylistics on the understanding and teaching of literature in Namibia. The author uses traditional British poetry from the 16th century up to the 20th century alongside postcolonial poetry to assess the importance of culture in understanding poetry and examine the advantage of using stylistics to teach the poems that the author selects.

Logic and Sense

In the paper, original formal-logical conception of syntactic and semantic： intensional and extensional senses of expressions of any language L is outlined. Syntax and bi-level intensional and extensional semantics of language L are characterized categorically： in the spirit of some Husserl＇s ideas of pure grammar, Le^niewski-Ajukiewicz＇s theory syntactic/semantic categories and in accordance with Frege＇s ontological canons, Bochefiski＇s famous motto--syntax mirrors ontology and some ideas of Suszko： language should be a linguistic scheme of ontological reality and simultaneously a tool of its cognition. In the logical conception of language L, its expressions should satisfy some general conditions of language adequacy. The adequacy ensures their unambiguous syntactic and semantic senses and mutual, syntactic, and semantic compatibility, correspondence guaranteed by the acceptance of a postulate of categorial compatibility syntactic and semantic （extensional and intensional） categories of expressions of L. From this postulate, three principles of compositionality follow： one syntactic and two semantic already known to Frege. They are treated as conditions of homomorphism partial algebra of L into algebraic models of L： syntactic, intensional, and extensional. In the paper, they are applied to some expressions with quantifiers. Language adequacy connected with the logical senses described in the logical conception of language L is, of course, an idealization, but only expressions with high degrees of precision of their senses, after due justification, may become theorems of science.

Photographic Image: Thematization of Its Discourses

This paper deals with thematization as a fundamental step towards the determination of photography image discourses in order to index them. It deals with questions related to photographic reality, polysemy, denotation and connotation, whose comprehension is fundamentally important for the interpretation of photography discourses. It also approaches aspects that have influenced photography analysis towards its thematization, such as the characterization of an image bank, the functions performed by photos, as well as technical and visual quality.

A Brief Review of Studies on Near Synonyms

This paper first points out the deficiency of listing synonyms by some dictionaries,such as the Cobuild Dictionary and Merriam-Webster’s Dictionary of Synonyms,which,however,have actually failed in distinguishing between some synonyms.Then,the paper attempts to solve the problem by providing a brief review of relevant studies in the past few decades on near synonyms with a focus on differences in denotation,connotation and semantic prosody of words as well as various definitions of semantic prosody and related researches.By evaluating the relevant research and defintions of semantic prosody,the review concluded that the alleged dictionaries would be perfected with the provision of connotations or semantic prosodies for near synonyms before suggesting out the focus of future and further research into near synonyms.

莎士比亚与英语词汇(20)

该词的意思是“震耳欲聋的，震聋；(大声)淹没”。英语的释义是causing deafness；extremely loud or earsplitting。

A Comparative Study of Connotative Meanings of Words in English and Chinese

Many English words and Chinese words have the same denotations but different connotations. This paper attempts to compare these words, and finds out the connotative differences between them and tries to analyze the causes of the differences.

On Syntagmatic and Paradigmatic Relations： a Case Study of ＂Red＂ and ＂Black＂

Through analyzing the paradigmatic and syntagmatic relations and exploring the case study of"red"and"black"in thedifferent culture backgrounds, the problems in the comprehension are put forward for the purpose of enhancing the learners' abilityof words comprehension based on a complex meaning system.

Lorentz Transformation Leads to Invariance of the Difference between the Electric and Magnetic Field Intensity

In course of a direct calculation we demonstrate the activity of parameters of the Lorentz transformation entering the original electric and magnetic field vectors E and H. The validity of the transformation is shown with the aid of the relation E 2- H2 = E'2- H'2 which holds for any suitable pair of the vectors E, H and E', H'. No special geometry of the vector pairs entering (E, H) and (E ', H') is assumed. The only limit applied in the paper concerns the velocity ratio betweeen v and c which should be smaller than unity.

The Application of Semantic Relations and Denotative and Connotative Meanings in Translation Practice

Semantics,the study of meaning,is closely connected with translation,the practice of transferring meaning.The paper uses a lot of examples based on real translation practice to prove that semantics plays a very important role in translation practice.Understanding and making good use of semantic relations,including synonymy,polysemy,homonymy and antonymy,are quite important for a translator to deal with some complicated semantic problems in translation practice.The paper also discusses the concept of denotative and connotative meanings,two basic types of meaning in Semantics.Denotation means the literal meaning of a word which is given in dictionaries;and connotation,the associative and suggestive meanings of a word in its context.Be cause of cultural difference,words with the same denotations may have totally different connotations,which is why the concept of denotation and connotation plays a very important role in English/Chinese translation.In order to translate a text into another language correctly,translator must totally understand the meaning of the original word,both denotative and connotative mean ing,and be aware of the potential connotations of the word in the target language.

Research status of key techniques for shock-induced combustion ramjet(shcramjet) engine

As one of the most promising propulsion systems in the future,shock-induced combustion ramjet engine can remedy the disadvantages in the integrated design of scramjet engine and airframe.It can shorten the length of the combustor,lighten the structure weight of the engine and keep better performance in a broad range of flight Mach number.The elementary principle of shock-induced combustion ramjet engine is introduced.The key technologies of this kind of propulsion system are described,while their research status is presented in detail.Suggestion on the development of shcramjet engine in China is put forward.

Semantic theories of programs with nested interrupts

In the design of dependable software for embed- ded and real-time operating systems, time analysis is a cru- cial but extremely difficult issue, the challenge of which is exacerbated due to the randomness and nondeterminism of interrupt handling behaviors. Thus research into a theory that integrates interrupt behaviors and time analysis seems to be important and challenging. In this paper, we present a pro- gramming language to describe programs with interrupts that is comprised of two essential parts： main program and inter- rupt handling programs. We also explore a timed operational semantics and a denotational semantics to specify the mean- ings of our language. Furthermore, a strategy of deriving de- notational semantics from the timed operational semantics is provided to demonstrate the soundness of our operational se- mantics by showing the consistency between the derived de- notational semantics and the original denotational semantics.

Modeling and Verifying Concurrent Programs with Finite Chu Spaces

Finite Chu spaces are proposed for the modeling and verification of concurrent programs.In order to model not only typical concurrent behaviors but also modern exception handling and synchronization mechanisms,we design an enriched process algebra of Chu spaces from a practical point of view.To illustrate the power of finite Chu spaces and the process algebra while abstracting away from language-specific details,an imaginary concurrent programming language（ICL） is designed.A denotational semantics of ICL is presented using finite Chu spaces and the enriched process algebra.The valuation functions are fairly straightforward since the carefully designed operators have done much of the job.The enriched process algebra is also used as the specification language for Chu spaces,with which process-algebraic properties can be specified.Verification algorithms are presented with their time complexities discussed.

A UTP semantic model for Orc language with execution status and fault handling

The Orc language is a concurrency calculus pro- posed to study the orchestration patterns in service oriented computing. Its special features, such as high concurrency and asynchronism make it a brilliant subject for studying web applications that rely on web services. The conventional se- mantics for Orc does not contain the execution status of ser- vices so that a program cannot determine whether a service has terminated normally or halted with a failure after it pub- lished some results. It means that this kind of failure cannot be captured by the fault handler. Furthermore, such a seman- tic model cannot establish an order saying that a program is better if it fails less often. This paper employs UTP methods to propose a denotational semantic model for Orc that con- rains execution status information. A failure handling seman- tics is defined to recover a failure execution back to normal. A refinement order is defined to compare two systems based on their execution failures. Based on this order, a system that introduces a failure recovery mechanism is considered bet- ter than one without. An extended operational semantics is also proposed and proven to be equivalent to the denotational semantics.