Attribution retraining group therapy for outpatients with major depression disorder,generalized anxiety disorder,and obsessive-compulsive disorder:a pilot study

The aim of this present study is to examine the efficacy of attribution retraining group therapy （ARGT） and to compare the responses of outpatients with major depression disorder （MDD）, generalized anxiety disorder （GAD） and obsessive-compulsive disorder （OCD）. We carried out a prospective uncontrolled intervention study with a 8-weeks of ARGT on sixty three outpatients with MDD, GAD or OCD. Hamilton rating scale for depression, Hamilton rating scale for anxiety, Yale-Brown obsessive-compulsive scale, attribution style questionnaire, self-esteem scale, index of well-being, and social disability screening schedule were administered before and after treatment. Significant improvement in symptoms and psychological and social functions from pre- to posttreatment occurred for all participants. The changes favored MDD patients. Our study suggested that ARGT may improve the symptoms and psychological-social functions of MDD, GAD, and OCD patients. MDD patients showed the best response.

Neuropathological characteristics of abnormal white matter functional signaling in adolescents with major depression

BACKGROUND Major depression disorder(MDD)constitutes a significant mental health concern.Epidemiological surveys indicate that the lifetime prevalence of depression in adolescents is much higher than that in adults,with a corresponding increased risk of suicide.In studying brain dysfunction associated with MDD in adolescents,research on brain white matter(WM)is sparse.Some researchers even mistakenly regard the signals generated by the WM as noise points.In fact,studies have shown that WM exhibits similar blood oxygen level-dependent signal fluctuations.The alterations in WM signals and their relationship with disease severity in adolescents with MDD remain unclear.AIM To explore potential abnormalities in WM functional signals in adolescents with MDD.METHODS This study involved 48 adolescent patients with MDD and 31 healthy controls(HC).All participants were assessed using the Patient Health Questionnaire-9 Scale and the mini international neuropsychiatric interview(MINI)suicide inventory.In addition,a Siemens Skyra 3.0T magnetic resonance scanner was used to obtain the subjects'image data.The DPABI software was utilized to calculate the WM signal of the fractional amplitude of low frequency fluctuations(fALFF)and regional homogeneity,followed by a two-sample t-test between the MDD and HC groups.Independent component analysis(ICA)was also used to evaluate the WM functional signal.Pearson’s correlation was performed to assess the relationship between statistical test results and clinical scales.RESULTS Compared to HC,individuals with MDD demonstrated a decrease in the fALFF of WM in the corpus callosum body,left posterior limb of the internal capsule,right superior corona radiata,and bilateral posterior corona radiata[P<0.001,family-wise error(FWE)voxel correction].The regional homogeneity of WM increased in the right posterior limb of internal capsule and left superior corona radiata,and decreased in the left superior longitudinal fasciculus(P<0.001,FWE voxel correction).The ICA results of WM overlapped with those of regional homogeneity.The fALFF of WM signal in the left posterior limb of the internal capsule was negatively correlated with the MINI suicide scale(P=0.026,r=-0.32),and the right posterior corona radiata was also negatively correlated with the MINI suicide scale(P=0.047,r=-0.288).CONCLUSION Adolescents with MDD involves changes in WM functional signals,and these differences in brain regions may increase the risk of suicide.

Risk Factors of Depression Screened by Two-Sample Mendelian Randomization Analysis:A Systematic Review

Objective This study explored the potentially modifiable factors for depression and major depressive disorder(MDD)from the MR-Base database and further evaluated the associations between drug targets with MDD.Methods We analyzed two-sample of Mendelian randomization(2SMR)using genetic variant depression(n=113,154)and MDD(n=208,811)from Genome-Wide Association Studies(GWAS).Separate calculations were performed with modifiable risk factors from MR-Base for 1,001 genomes.The MR analysis was performed by screening drug targets with MDD in the DrugBank database to explore the therapeutic targets for MDD.Inverse variance weighted(IVW),fixed-effect inverse variance weighted(FE-IVW),MR-Egger,weighted median,and weighted mode were used for complementary calculation.Results The potential causal relationship between modifiable risk factors and depression contained 459 results for depression and 424 for MDD.Also,the associations between drug targets and MDD showed that SLC6A4,GRIN2A,GRIN2C,SCN10A,and IL1B expression are associated with an increased risk of depression.In contrast,ADRB1,CHRNA3,HTR3A,GSTP1,and GABRG2 genes are candidate protective factors against depression.Conclusion This study identified the risk factors causally associated with depression and MDD,and estimated 10 drug targets with significant impact on MDD,providing essential information for formulating strategies to prevent and treat depression.

Research on the Intervention Effect of Vibroacoustic Therapy in the Treatment of Patients with Depression

Research purpose:This study implemented somatosensory music therapy on patients with depressive disorders,and explored the effects of somatosensory music therapy on the degree of depression,positive and negative emotions,intuitive stress and autonomic nervous function of patients.Research method:We collected 66 patients diagnosed with depression from the Department of Psychological Medicine of Henan Provincial People’s Hospital,and divided them into a control group and an intervention group according to the random number table,with 33 people in each group.The control group received routine psychiatric treatment and nursing.On the basis of the control group,the intervention group received somatosensory music therapy 3 times a week,30 min each time,for 4 consecutive weeks.The Hamilton Depression Scale,Positive and Negative Emotion Scale,Perceived Stress Scale,and Heart Rate Variability Index were collected and analyzed at baseline(T0),2 weeks after treatment(T1)and 4 weeks after treatment(T2).Research results:After 4 weeks of treatment,the HAMD scores of the two groups decreased to varying degrees,and the difference between the groups was statistically significant(p<0.05).After 4 weeks of treatment,the scores of positive emotions in both groups increased to varying degrees,and the scores of negative emotions increased to varying degrees.The scores decreased to varying degrees,and there were statistically significant differences between the positive and negative emotion groups(p<0.05).After 4 weeks of treatment,the CPSS scores of the two groups decreased to varying degrees,and the difference between the two groups was statistically significant(p<0.05).Analyzing the main effect of intervention factors alone,after 4 weeks of treatment,SDNN and RMSSD indexes all increased to varying degrees,and the degree of increase in the intervention group was greater than that in the control group,and the difference between the groups was statistically significant(p<0.05).Research conclusion:assisting somatosensory music therapy for patients with depressive disorders can improve depressive symptoms,increase positive emotions,reduce negative emotions,and reduce perceived stress.These are beneficial to restore the balance of autonomic nervous system,and are effective for the treatment of depression.

Vulnerable brain regions in adolescent major depressive disorder:A resting-state functional magnetic resonance imaging activation likelihood estimation meta-analysis

BACKGROUND Adolescent major depressive disorder(MDD)is a significant mental health concern that often leads to recurrent depression in adulthood.Resting-state functional magnetic resonance imaging(rs-fMRI)offers unique insights into the neural mechanisms underlying this condition.However,despite previous research,the specific vulnerable brain regions affected in adolescent MDD patients have not been fully elucidated.AIM To identify consistent vulnerable brain regions in adolescent MDD patients using rs-fMRI and activation likelihood estimation(ALE)meta-analysis.METHODS We performed a comprehensive literature search through July 12,2023,for studies investigating brain functional changes in adolescent MDD patients.We utilized regional homogeneity(ReHo),amplitude of low-frequency fluctuations(ALFF)and fractional ALFF(fALFF)analyses.We compared the regions of aberrant spontaneous neural activity in adolescents with MDD vs healthy controls(HCs)using ALE.RESULTS Ten studies(369 adolescent MDD patients and 313 HCs)were included.Combining the ReHo and ALFF/fALFF data,the results revealed that the activity in the right cuneus and left precuneus was lower in the adolescent MDD patients than in the HCs(voxel size:648 mm3,P<0.05),and no brain region exhibited increased activity.Based on the ALFF data,we found decreased activity in the right cuneus and left precuneus in adolescent MDD patients(voxel size:736 mm3,P<0.05),with no regions exhibiting increased activity.CONCLUSION Through ALE meta-analysis,we consistently identified the right cuneus and left precuneus as vulnerable brain regions in adolescent MDD patients,increasing our understanding of the neuropathology of affected adolescents.

Depression disorder and cardiovascular diseases

Background： Depression disorder coexists in chronic diseases with somatic diseases and has high morbidity, disability and mortality. Current researches have confirmed that depression may be caused by coronary heart disease, hypertension and heart failure. Meanwhile, cardiovascular diseases may cause or worsen depression, leading to prolonged hospitalization and complications.

3DMKDR:3D Multiscale Kernels CNN Model for Depression Recognition Based on EEG

Depression has become a major health threat around the world,especially for older people,so the effective detection method for depression is a great public health challenge.Electroencephalogram(EEG)can be used as a biomarker to effectively explore depression recognition.Motivated by the studies that multiple smaller scale kernels could increase nonlinear expression compared to a larger kernel,this article proposes a model named the three-dimensional multiscale kernels convolutional neural network model for the depression disorder recognition(3DMKDR),which is a three-dimensional convolutional neural network model with multiscale convolutional kernels for depression recognition based on EEG signals.A three-dimensional structure of the EEG is built by extending one-dimensional feature sequences into a two-dimensional electrode matrix to excavate the related spatiotemporal information among electrodes and the collected electrode matrix.By the major depressive disorder(MDD)and the multi-modal open dataset for mental-disorder analysis(MODMA)datasets,the experiment shows that the accuracies of depression recognition are up to99.86%and 98.01%in the subject-dependent experiment,and 95.80%and 82.27%in the subjectindependent experiment,which are higher than alternative competitive methods.The experimental results demonstrate that the proposed 3DMKDR is potentially useful for depression recognition in older persons in the future.

Altered cortical morphology in major depression disorder patients with suicidality

Background:Major depressive disorder(MDD)is associated with high risk of suicide,but the biological under-pinnings of suicidality in MDD patients are far from conclusive.Previous neuroimaging studies using voxel-based morphometry(VBM)demonstrated that depressed individuals with suicidal thoughts or behaviors exhibit specific cortical structure alterations.To complement VBM findings,surface-based morphometry(SBM)can pro-vide more details into gray matter structure,including the cortical complexity,cortical thickness and sulcal depth for brain images.Objective:This study aims to use SBM to investigate cortical morphology alterations to obtain evidence for neuroanatomical alterations in depressed patients with suicidality.Methods:Here,3D T1-weighted MR images of brain from 39 healthy controls,40 depressed patients without suicidality(patient controls),and 39 with suicidality(suicidal groups)were analyzed based on SBM to estimate the fractal dimension,gyrification index,sulcal depth,and cortical thickness using the Computational Anatomy Toolbox.Correlation analyses were performed between clinical data and cortical surface measurements from patients.Results:Surface-based morphometry showed decreased sulcal depth in the parietal,frontal,limbic,occipital and temporal regions and decreased fractal dimension in the frontal regions in depressed patients with sui-cidality compared to both healthy and patient controls.Additionally,in patients with depression,the sulcal depth of the left caudal anterior cingulate cortex was negatively correlated with Hamilton Depression Rating Scale scores.Conclusions:Depressed patients with suicidality had abnormal cortical morphology in some brain regions within the default mode network,frontolimbic circuitry and temporal regions.These structural deficits may be associated with the dysfunction of emotional processing and impulsivity control.This study provides insights into the underlying neurobiology of the suicidal brain.

Meteorological factors, ambient air pollution, and daily hospital admissions for depressive disorder in Harbin: A time-series study

BACKGROUND The literature has discussed the relationship between environmental factors and depressive disorders;however,the results are inconsistent in different studies and regions,as are the interaction effects between environmental factors.We hypo-thesized that meteorological factors and ambient air pollution individually affect and interact to affect depressive disorder morbidity.AIM To investigate the effects of meteorological factors and air pollution on depressive disorders,including their lagged effects and interactions.METHODS The samples were obtained from a class 3 hospital in Harbin,China.Daily hos-pital admission data for depressive disorders from January 1,2015 to December 31,2022 were obtained.Meteorological and air pollution data were also collected during the same period.Generalized additive models with quasi-Poisson regre-ssion were used for time-series modeling to measure the non-linear and delayed effects of environmental factors.We further incorporated each pair of environ-mental factors into a bivariate response surface model to examine the interaction effects on hospital admissions for depressive disorders.RESULTS Data for 2922 d were included in the study,with no missing values.The total number of depressive admissions was 83905.Medium to high correlations existed between environmental factors.Air temperature(AT)and wind speed(WS)significantly affected the number of admissions for depression.An extremely low temperature(-29.0℃)at lag 0 caused a 53%[relative risk(RR)=1.53,95%confidence interval(CI):1.23-1.89]increase in daily hospital admissions relative to the median temperature.Extremely low WSs(0.4 m/s)at lag 7 increased the number of admissions by 58%(RR=1.58,95%CI:1.07-2.31).In contrast,atmospheric pressure and relative humidity had smaller effects.Among the six air pollutants considered in the time-series model,nitrogen dioxide(NO_(2))was the only pollutant that showed significant effects over non-cumulative,cumulative,immediate,and lagged conditions.The cumulative effect of NO_(2) at lag 7 was 0.47%(RR=1.0047,95%CI:1.0024-1.0071).Interaction effects were found between AT and the five air pollutants,atmospheric temperature and the four air pollutants,WS and sulfur dioxide.CONCLUSION Meteorological factors and the air pollutant NO_(2) affect daily hospital admissions for depressive disorders,and interactions exist between meteorological factors and ambient air pollution.

Death-associated protein kinase 1 is associated with cognitive dysfunction in major depressive disorder

We previously showed that death-associated protein kinase 1(DAPK1)expression is increased in hippocampal tissue in a mouse model of major depressive disorde and is related to cognitive dysfunction in Alzheimer's disease.In addition,depression is a risk factor for developing Alzheimer's disease,as well as an early clinical manifestation of Alzheimer's disease.Meanwhile,cognitive dysfunction is a distinctive feature of major depressive disorder.Therefore,DAPK1 may be related to cognitive dysfunction in major depressive disorder.In this study,we established a mouse model of major depressive disorder by housing mice individually and exposing them to chronic,mild,unpredictable stressors.We found that DAPK1 and tau protein levels were increased in the hippocampal CA3 area,and tau was hyperphosphorylated at Thr231,Ser262,and Ser396 in these mice.Furthermore,DAPK1 shifted from axonal expression to overexpression on the cell membrane.Exercise and treatment with the antidepressant drug citalopram decreased DAPK1 expression and tau protein phosphorylation in hippocampal tissue and improved both depressive symptoms and cognitive dysfunction.These results indicate that DAPK1 may be a potential reason and therapeutic target of cognitive dysfunction in major depressive disorder.

Major depressive disorder is correlated with the mitochondrial ND1 T3394C mutation in two Han Chinese families:Two case reports

BACKGROUND Major depressive disorder(MDD)is the most frequent reason of disabled people in the world,as reported by the World Health Organization.However,the diagnosis of MDD is mainly based on clinical symptoms.CASE SUMMARY The clinical,genetic,and molecular characteristics of two Chinese families with MDD are described in this study.There were variable ages of onset and severity in depression among the families.Both Chinese families had a very low prevalence of MDD.The mitochondrial genomes of these pedigrees were sequenced and indicated a homoplasmic T3394C(Y30H)mutation,with the polymorphism located at a highly conserved tyrosine at position 30 of ND1.The analysis also revealed unique sets of mitochondrial DNA(mtDNA)polymorphisms originating from haplogroups M9a3 and M9a.CONCLUSION This finding of the T3394C mutation in two unrelated depressed patients provides strong evidence that this mutation may have a part in the etiology of MDD.However,In these two Chinese families having the T3394C mutation,no functional mt DNA mutation was observed.Therefore,T3394C mutations are related with MDD,and the phenotypic manifestation of these mutations may be affected by changes in nuclear genes or environmental factors.

Kynurenine pathway of tryptophan metabolism in pathophysiology and therapy of major depressive disorder

Serotonin deficiency in major depressive disorder(MDD)has formed the basis of antidepressant drug development and was originally attributed to induction of the major tryptophan(Trp)-degrading enzyme,liver Trp 2,3-dioxygenase(TDO),by cortisol,leading to decreased Trp availability to the brain for serotonin synthesis.Subsequently,the serotonin deficiency was proposed to involve induction of the extrahepatic Trp-degrading enzyme indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase(IDO)by proinflammatory cytokines,with inflammation being the underlying cause.Recent evidence,however,challenges this latter concept,as not all MDD patients are immune-activated and,when present,inflammation is mild and/or transient.A wide range of antidepressant drugs inhibit the activity of liver TDO and bind specifically to the enzyme,but not to IDO.IDO induction is not a major event in MDD,but,when it occurs,its metabolic consequences may be masked and overridden by upregulation of kynurenine monooxygenase(KMO),the gateway to production of modulators of immune and neuronal functions.KMO appears to be activated in MDD by certain proinflammatory cytokines and antidepressants with anti-inflammatory properties may block this activation.We demonstrate the ability of the antidepressant ketamine to dock(bind)to KMO.The pathophysiology of MDD may be underpinned by both the serotonin deficiency and glutamatergic activation mediated respectively by TDO induction and N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor activation.Inhibition of TDO and KMO should be the focus of MDD pharmacotherapy.

Identification and characterization of noncoding RNAs-associated competing endogenous RNA networks in major depressive disorder

BACKGROUND Major depressive disorder(MDD)is a common and serious mental illness.Many novel genes in MDD have been characterized by high-throughput methods such as microarrays or sequencing.Recently,noncoding RNAs(ncRNAs)were suggested to be involved in the complicated environmental-genetic regulatory network of MDD occurrence;however,the interplay among RNA species,including protein-coding RNAs and ncRNAs,in MDD remains unclear.AIM To investigate the RNA expression datasets downloaded from a public database and construct a network based on differentially expressed long noncoding RNA(lncRNAs),microRNAs(miRNAs),and mRNAs between MDD and controls.METHODS Gene expression data were searched in NCBI Gene Expression Omnibus using the search term“major depressive disorder.”Six array datasets from humans were related to the search term:GSE19738,GSE32280,GSE38206,GSE52790,GSE76826,and GSE81152.These datasets were processed for initial assessment and subjected to quality control and differential expression analysis.Differentially expressed lncRNAs,miRNAs,and mRNAs were determined,Gene Ontology and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes enrichment analyses were performed,and protein-protein interaction network was generated.The results were analyzed for their association with MDD.RESULTS After analysis,3 miRNAs,12 lncRNAs,and 33 mRNAs were identified in the competing endogenous RNA network.Two of these miRNAs were earlier shown to be involved in psychiatric disorders,and differentially expressed mRNAs were found to be highly enriched in pathways related to neurogenesis and neuroplasticity as per Gene Ontology and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes enrichment analyses.The expression of hub gene fatty acid 2-hydroxylase was enriched,and the encoded protein was found to be involved in myelin formation,indicating that neurological development and signal transduction are involved in MDD pathogenesis.CONCLUSION The present study presents candidate nc RNAs involved in the neurogenesis and neuroplasticity pathways related to MDD.

Sociopsychological impact factors of depression patients during the COVID-19 epidemic period

Objective:To investigate the impact factors of the COVID-19 epidemic on the mental health of patients with depression.Methods:The relevant data of 242 residents aged 18-50 years in a certain area were collected,118 patients and 124 healthy people were analyzed by general information questionnaire,the PsychoSocial Index(PSI)questionnaire,Social Support Rating Scale(SSRS)and Symptom Checklist 90(SCL-90).Compare the differences in social and psychological factors between the two groups.Then use logistic regression to evaluate the social and psychological influencing factors of depression patients during the epidemic.Results:Two results of logistic regression analysis showed that marital status,occupational status,abnormal pathological behavior,and utilization of support were still significantly associated with depression.Compared to working,unemployed/unemployed/retired,students are closely related to depression,followed by abnormal pathological behavior and utilization of support.Conclusion:Under the epidemic,depression groups lacking social relationships should actively pay attention to their mental health status and comprehensively enhance their social and psychological support.To avoid the exacerbation of psychological and psychological symptoms caused by the epidemic.

Clinical efficacy and safety of Guipi decoction combined with escitalopram oxalate tablets in patients with depression

BACKGROUND Depression is a widespread mental health condition that requires effective treatment.In the treatment of depression,traditional Chinese medicine(TCM)offers obvious advantages,fewer adverse reactions,and a lower recurrence rate.AIM To evaluate the clinical benefits of Guipi decoction combined with escitalopram oxalate tablets for individuals with depression.METHODS In total,80 patients diagnosed as having depression were enrolled in the study and divided into either an experimental group or a control group.All of the patients were orally administered escitalopram oxalate tablets.Additionally,the experimental group received Jiajian Guipi decoction and reduced Governor vessel fumigation over 4 wk.TCM syndrome scores,Hamilton depression rating scale(HAM-D)scores,self-rating depression scale(SDS)scores,and Pittsburgh sleep quality index scores were measured for the two groups and compared before and after the treatment.The two groups were monitored for any adverse reactions.RESULTS After 4 wk of treatment,both groups exhibited a significant reduction in TCM syndrome scores compared with their pre-treatment scores(P<0.05).However,the experimental group exhibited significantly lower TCM syndrome scores than the control group(P<0.05).Similarly,the post-treatment SDS and HAM-D-24 scores were significantly lower in both groups than the pre-treatment scores(P<0.05),with the experimental group exhibiting lower scores than the control group(P<0.05).The total treatment efficiency was significantly better in the experimental group(97.14%)than in the control group(77.78%)(P<0.05).Furthermore,after 4 wk of treatment,the Pittsburgh sleep quality index scores for both groups were significantly lower than those before the treatment(P<0.05),with the experimental group exhibiting lower scores than the control group(P<0.05).The incidence of adverse reactions was significantly lower in the experimental group than in the control group(P<0.05).CONCLUSION The combination of Guipi decoction and escitalopram oxalate tablets was found to be an effective and safe treatment for depression.This combination could reduce TCM syndrome scores,improve depressive symptoms,and enhance sleep quality.

Treatment outcomes and cognitive function following electroconvulsive therapy in patients with severe depression

BACKGROUND Traditional treatments for major depressive disorder(MDD),including medication and therapy,often fail and have undesirable side effects.Electroconvulsive therapy(ECT)uses electrical currents to induce brief seizures in the brain,resulting in rapid and potent antidepressant effects.However,owing to misconceptions and controversies,ECT is not as widely used as it could and often faces stigmatization.AIM To evaluate the efficacy and safety of ECT compared to those of medication and/or therapy in patients with severe MDD.METHODS This prospective cohort study included 220 individuals with severe MDD who were divided into the ECT and non-ECT groups.The patients in the ECT group underwent bilateral ECT three times a wk until they either achieved remission or reached a maximum of 12 sessions.The non-ECT group received medication and/or therapy according to clinical guidelines for MDD.The primary outcome was the variation in the hamilton depression rating scale(HDRS)score from treatment/ECT initiation to week 12.In addition,patients’quality of life,cognitive abilities,and biomarkers were measured throughout the study.RESULTS Although both groups showed significant improvements in their HDRS scores over time,the improvement was more pronounced in the ECT group than in the non-ECT group.Additionally,the ECT group exhibited a more substantial improvement in the quality of life and cognitive function than those of the non-ECT group.Compared with the non-ECT group,the ECT group exhibited evidently lower variations in the brain-derived neurotrophic factor(BDNF)and cytokine interleukin-6(IL-6)levels.The side effects were generally mild and comparable between the two groups.ECT is safer and more potent than medication and/or therapy in mitigating depressive symptoms,enhancing wellbeing,and bolstering cognitive capabilities in individuals with severe MDD.ECT may also affect the levels of BDNF and IL-6,which are indicators of neuroplasticity and inflammation,respectively.CONCLUSION ECT has emerged as a potentially advantageous therapeutic approach for patients with MDD who are unresponsive to alternative treatments.

Anxiety, Depression and Quality of Life in Patients with Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease

Background: Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD) is a common and frequently occurring disease, which not only has a higher fatality rate, but also leads to loss of labor force and an obvious decrease in the quality of life in the course of long-term disease, patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease complicated with anxiety and depression are a major public health problem. Objective: To investigate the status of anxiety, depression and quality of life and related factors in patients with COPD. Methods: One hundred patients admitted to the Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine of the First Affiliated Hospital of Dali University with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease evaluated by anxiety self-assessment scale, depression self-assessment scale and quality of life rating scale for patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Results: The incidence of anxiety in COPD patients was 82.5%, and the incidence of depression was 87.3%. The probability of both anxiety and depression was high, and the prevalence of women was significantly higher than that of men. Correlation analysis and logistic regression results showed that education level was negatively correlated with the occurrence of anxiety, and age was positively correlated with the occurrence of anxiety. Elderly patients were prone to anxiety and had lower quality of life. Conclusion: The older and less educated the COPD patients are, the higher the incidence of anxiety and depression, and the higher the incidence in female patients.

Gastrointestinal Microbiome and related metabolites in Depression and Antidepressants - a comprehensive review

Depression,a prevalent mood disorder,has emerged as a significant health concern in society.While the exact cause of depression remains incompletely understood,there is substantial evidence linking the gastrointestinal microbiome and its metabolites to this condition.Through combined multi-omics analysis,it has been observed that the composition of the gastrointestinal microbiome,including Firmicutes,Bacteroidetes,and Actinobacteria,undergoes significant alterations in depressed individuals.Moreover,the production of short-chain fatty acids,tryptophan,and bile acids by these gut microbes is also found to be modified in depression.Furthermore,studies have demonstrated that antidepressant medications exert their therapeutic effects by interacting with the gastrointestinal microbiome and their metabolites.This review provides an overview of the association between the gastrointestinal microbiome,related metabolites,and depression.It highlights the potential of these factors to serve as mechanisms of action for antidepressant medications.Additionally,the review summarizes the commonly used technical tools in depression research.

The role of microglia in depression

According to studies,neuroinflammation is increasingly being linked to the development of major depressive disorder(MDD).In response to inflammatory stimuli,brain microglia,which are immune cells,can change into reactive states.Because of this,microglia play an essentiall role in the early stages of neuroinflammation.Experiments have shown that microglia are able to detect infected or damaged cells,which then activates a cytotoxic response that further exacerbates the harm to brain cells.It has been proven that microglia are quite good at recognizing infections and damaged cells.Microglia,on the other hand,have been found to respond in a number of ways to injury and may even help regenerate damaged tissues.Chronic activation of microglia has been observed in persons with MDD.Deficits in neuroplasticity have been linked to depression,and recent studies show that this may be related to changes in microglia shape and function brought on by either excessive inflammatory activity or the natural aging process.Changing the phenotype of microglia by regulation of inflammatory pathways may be necessary for harnessing neuroinflammation in MDD.Recent research has linked several microglial phenotypes to individual metabolic pathways,showing that energy metabolism plays a pivotal role in coordinating microglial activity.In this study,we investigate whether or not traditional pro-inflammatory,anti-inflammatory,and metabolic pathways in microglia can be used as novel therapeutic routes for regulating neuroinflammation in brain diseases.The focus of this essay is on MDD,although we will also discuss related mental health issues.

Mechanism of Zuojin Pill in the treatment of anxiety disorder and Major depressive disorder based on network pharmacology and molecular docking validation

Background:Zuojin Pill(ZJP)is a classic Chinese herbal prescription with good efficacy in the treatment of Anxiety disorder(AD)and Major depressive disorder(MDD).Nevertheless,the potential mechanisms of ZJP remain unclear.Based on network pharmacology and molecular docking methods,this study aims to elucidate the possible mechanism of ZJP in the treatment of AD and MDD.Methods:The components and targets of Rhizoma Coptidis and Fructus Evodiae were collected from TCMSP,ETCM,HERB,SWISSADME and STITCH databases.The disease targets related to MDD and AD were collected from DISGENET,GENECARDS and OMIM databases.Protein-protein interaction network was constructed by STRING database,GO and KEGG enrichment analysis was performed by METASCAPE database,and“drugs-components-targets network”was constructed by Cytoscape software.Molecular docking verification was performed by Sailvina2.0 software.Results:ZJP may act on AKT1,IL6,TNF and other targets through caffeine,isorhamnetin,berberine and other components,regulating the Inflammatory mediator regulation of TRP channels,Serotonergic synapse,Dopaminergic synapse,PI3K/AKT signaling pathway,and other pathways.The results of molecular docking showed that berberine had the best binding activity with the core target.Conclusion:ZJP can exert anti-anxiety and anti-depression effects through multiple components,multiple targets and multiple pathways.