The Intersection of Privacy by Design and Behavioral Economics: Nudging Users towards Privacy-Friendly Choices

This paper conducts a comprehensive review of existing research on Privacy by Design (PbD) and behavioral economics, explores the intersection of Privacy by Design (PbD) and behavioral economics, and how designers can leverage “nudges” to encourage users towards privacy-friendly choices. We analyze the limitations of rational choice in the context of privacy decision-making and identify key opportunities for integrating behavioral economics into PbD. We propose a user-centered design framework for integrating behavioral economics into PbD, which includes strategies for simplifying complex choices, making privacy visible, providing feedback and control, and testing and iterating. Our analysis highlights the need for a more nuanced understanding of user behavior and decision-making in the context of privacy, and demonstrates the potential of behavioral economics to inform the design of more effective PbD solutions.

Analysis of the method on industrial design guided by individual spontaneous behavior

There is a close relationship between individual spontaneous behavior and Industrial design. As individual spontaneous behavior can sent especial meaning for industrial design, there is a great necessity for creating design guided by this behavior. The design method carries out in four steps, first step is to focus on the analysis of individual action phase, pay attention to the explora- tion of the relationship between actions and tool ,and then list the importance order in the action phase, the third step is to take out the in-depth anatomical analysis of the stage, analyze the reason of the operational difficulty .and at last carries out the design concept to resolve the problem. All in all, this method revolves around the main stage of spontaneous behavior, and analyzes it in interim and solves the problem in stage.

Behavioral fragmentation of waterfowl habitat and its landscape ecological design in Shuangtai-hekou Reserve,Liaoning,China

Behavioral fragmentation of wildlife habitat is discussed. Using “buffer” module in ARC/INFO, behavioral fragmentation habitat of Red crowned crane, Saunders gull, Oriental white stork and Siberian white crane was calculated in the Shuangtai hekou National Reserve, Liaoning Province, China. The result showed that breeding Red crowned crane, Siberian white crane and breeding Saunders gull are very sensitive to fragmentation factors. Suitable habitat is so little for more than 2000 Saunders gull to breed. The reserve only has a capacity of 38 pairs for breeding Red crowed crane. Two key measures were made. First, dismantles all the abandoned oil wells and recovers the original ecosystem to decrease the fragmentation effect, directly benefit to breeding or migration of Red crowned crane and Oriental white stork. Second, recovers the Suaeda tidal mud flat from artificial shrimp and crab pond in the kernel zone of the reserve to enlarge the habitat area of Saunders gull and Siberian white crane.

A New Approach to Analyzing Behavioral Change Propagation in Redesigning of Drone Camera Stabilizer

Redesigning of complex products is not an easy task. Engineering change requirements can be extracted at any stage of the product redesign process, and it makes the management of engineering change become a challenging mission. The motivation for this study is to find the shortest path of behavioral change propagation (BCP), minimize the BCP, access to the special behavioral elements in order to better managing the BCP and classifying the behavioral attribute of the elements in terms of their relationship to change by betweenness centrality coefficient (BNCC), clustering coefficient (CLC), reachability coefficient (RC) and change propagation index (CPI). In this article, the procedure of managerial decision-making is proposed by combining system restrictions in behavioral clustering design structure matrix (BCDSM) with optimization algorithms. The practicality of suggested method is verified in redesign procedure of a phantom drone camera stabilizer as a case study. The results, indicate that the absorption of change by behavioral elements is dominant in the mechanical (63.9%), electrical (61.1%) and thermal (38.9%) behaviors of the drone camera stabilizer system in redesign process. These elements are best candidates for reducing the cost and time of behavioral changes in the system redesign and are desirable for the designer.

Suburban Sightseeing Farm Design from the Perspective of Behaviordriven Design

Suburban sightseeing farm has always been restrained by such problems as focusing on form and visual effect, low design level, poor depth, similarity with others, poor sustainability and so on. This paper proposed major characteristics of sightseeing farm design based on core connotations of behavior-driven design from the perspective of cognitive psychology. Cases were taken to analyze the design techniques of sightseeing farm, and it was concluded that sightseeing farm design based on behavior-driven perspective should orient to performancebased, refi ned, individualized and participatory from the four perspectives of highlighting functions, deepening the details, stressing originality, and optimizing experience, in order to provide new thoughts for solving existing problems of current sightseeing farm design.

Prosumer Cooperation Behavior:Implications for Prosumer Community Design

The decentralization of the energy sector＇s infrastructure is commonly understood as an important step towards an efficient and sustainable energy system. However, technical measures only have a limited impact on the systems goals. The decentralization of decision-making, the empowerment of households and the occurrence of prosumer communities require more human-centric approaches to meet future challenges; the application of the subsidiarity principle and decentralization seems inevitable but also unclear in its implementation in an energy system, the cooperation behavior of community members gains in importance and the design of prosumer communities must overcome economic problems. This article emphasizes the human-centered challenges which go along with prosumer communities. We apply economic principles to reveal major problems which go with the shifts in energy-related decision-making towards prosumers and integrate behavioral science for prosumer community design. We highlight the importance of energy as an interpersonal construct; a view on energy which will gain in importance within a prosumer communities shaped network.

Research on Landscape Design in Middle School

To the middle school environment,combining education with scenery and environment is particularly important.The study described that during the landscape design of middle school,the planners should grasp the characteristics of school culture.To arrange the layout of school reasonably,designers should be familiar with the psychological and behavioral characteristics of middle school students with considering of the natural elements around the school.Landscape design needs to respect natural environment,taking cost savings,and the features of the school traffic into account.With the pursuit of natural,fresh,simple,and bright color style,landscape design in middle school should retain the feature of school history and the unique humanity environment.The whole planning is best to meet the public aesthetic,avoiding of blind pursuit of the novel,unique,and particular design style.Designers should also work hard at the design conception.With the help of modern language and materials,positive elements should be added into the school environment with the enlightenment of education,which highlight the appeal of school environment and the sense of the times.

Highway bridge seismic design:summary of FHWA/MCEER project on seismic vulnerability of new highway construction

The Federal Highway Administration (FHWA) sponsored a large,multi-year project conducted by the Multidisciplinary Center for Earthquake Engineering Research (MCEER) titled'Seismic Vulnerability of New Highway Construction'(MCEER Project 112),which was completed in 1998.MCEER coordinated the work of many researchers,who performed studies on the seismic design and vulnerability analysis of highway bridges,tunnels,and retaining structures. Extensive research was conducted to provide revisions and improvements to current design and detailing approaches and national design specifications for highway bridges.The program included both analytical and experimental studies,and addressed seismic hazard exposure and ground motion input for the U.S.highway system;foundation design and soil behavior: structural importance,analysis,and response:structural design issues and details;and structural design criteria.

Probabilistic fragility analysis:A tool for assessing design rules of RC buildings

In this work, fragility analysis is performed to assess two groups of reinforced concrete structures. The first group of structures is composed of buildings that implement three common design practices; namely, fully infilled, weak ground story and short columns. The three design practices are applied during the design process of a reinforced concrete building. The structures of the second group vary according to the value of the behavioral factors used to define the seismic forces as specified in design procedures. Most seismic design codes belong to the class of prescriptive procedures where if certain constraints are fulfilled, the structure is considered safe. Prescriptive design procedures express the ability of the structure to absorb energy through inelastic deformation using the behavior factor. The basic objective of this work is to assess both groups of structures with reference to the limit-state probability of exceedance. Thus, four limit state fragility curves are developed on the basis of nonlinear static analysis for both groups of structures. Moreover, the 95% confidence intervals of the fragility curves are also calculated, taking into account two types of random variables that influence structural capacity and seismic demand.

OPTIMAL DESIGN PROCEDURE BASED ON VISCOPLASTIC MATERIAL BEHAVIOUR

The optimization problems belong to the family of the most important engineering problems. The objective of this paper is to proposed a very efficient numerical algo- rithm which is involved in an optimal design procedure in the field of viscoplasticity phenomena. Because of the complexity of design procedure, particularly in the field of viscoplas- ticity, the finite element method is used. This method provides a good structural discretization and very efficient mathematical describing of time-rate effects. Accord- ing to the design specifications, which will dictate a limiting design strain, using the proposed algorithm, the design life of the considered structure will be covered. For the justification of the proposed method an example is presented. On the basis of specifications data and environment conditions, an operating pressure of a pressure vessel is obtained.

Spatial Design Strategies for Community Parks Based on Environmental Perception

By applying environmental perception theories, spatial configurations of community parks were analyzed, and spatial design strategies meeting perceptual psychology of users were proposed to integrate the community park environment into daily life of local residents, and create a harmonious and vital living environment.

现代伦理学中利他主义的地位

一种适用于广博的陌生人社会、对每一个人都平等有效且不受空间或情感距离影响的稳定持久的利他主义,即能够体现道德原则普遍性特质的利他主义,不能奠立在缺乏坚定性、稳定性和可靠度的情感主义的基础之上,也不能表现为行为主体纯粹单方面的无私付出——所谓极端理解的利他主义。在宏大的匿名环境里,善意、仁爱、团结的利他主义倾向往往并不呈现在作为个体的行为主体直接的行为动机上,而是渗透在作为社会框架性条件的有控制系统和制裁机制的制度设计里,体现在能够使善好的道德意图转化为对逐利的战略性举措的行为激励上。这样一种对等性利他主义,能够产生出人际互相的行为期待的可靠性,让道德的规范性依靠制度和激励走入现实并发挥其应有的效力。

基于SAPAD-QFD的施工升降机驾驶室设计研究

目的 为提高施工升降机驾驶员工作效率,改善其工作体验,设计出满足驾驶员实际需求的施工升降机驾驶室。方法 以SAPAD理论和QFD理论为理论框架,梳理出用户需求及与其对应的设计特征,并在此基础上开展设计实践。首先,通过观察法和访谈法来获取驾驶员日常行为信息,根据SAPAD理论完成“行为-产品-意义”的映射分析,并借助聚类分析法获取用户需求;其次,利用AHP法对用户需求进行权重分析并计算权重值;最后,根据QFD理论构建施工升降机驾驶室的质量屋,将各项用户需求转化为设计特征,指导设计实践。结果 根据研究结果,提出一种符合驾驶员实际需求的施工升降机驾驶室设计方案。结论 SAPAD理论与QFD理论的综合应用,一方面可以挖掘出用户的核心需求,另一方面增加了设计方案的科学性,在优化施工升降机驾驶室用户体验的同时,也为其他工业产品设计提供了有价值的参考。

基于行为设计的儿童洗护品包装设计策略研究

为提升儿童在日常洗护过程中的体验感,从而培养儿童良好的日常卫生清洁习惯,同时提高儿童洗护品牌的服务质量与核心竞争力,从行为设计的角度为儿童洗护品包装提出相关设计策略。首先,通过线上与线下调研的方式了解当前市面上儿童洗护品包装设计现状,并归纳整理设计特点;然后,基于儿童洗护品包装设计现状与儿童对洗护行为的态度,明确在儿童洗护品包装设计中介入行为设计的合理性与必要性;最后,基于行为设计在儿童洗护品包装中的设计要点,结合福格行为模型与峰终定律,从提升用户动机、降低使用难度、增强包装行为提示效果、把握用户体验过程中的“峰值”与“终点”4个方面提出相关设计策略,并运用案例分析法诠释相关设计策略的具体实施方法,侧面印证了设计策略的可用性与可靠性,期望能为儿童洗护品包装设计提供新的设计思路。

新时期文化产品创新设计研究综述

目的从文化三层次的视角出发分析文化产品创新设计的研究现状与发展趋势,为相关领域的研究和创新提供一定的参考。方法首先明晰文化产品的概念与范畴,利用CiteSpace软件对Web of Science和CNKI数据库中检索出的2000余篇文章进行可视化共现,分析文化产品的基本研究现状;其次,基于器物文化、行为文化、精神文化三层次的理论视角,对文化产品创新发展进程进行梳理;最后,对文化产品的创新发展趋势进行展望。结论技术的进步和国际化发展使得文化产品的创新经历了由简单的图形复制到产品交互的系统创新、由物质载体创新到整体意境打造、从跟随潮流到形成风格的过程。未来文化产品的创新设计应该基于新技术充分挖掘文化资源、重塑文化产品的创新设计流程、创新文化产品交互方式、探索文化产品传播新途径、注重文化背后精神价值的塑造、更好地构建文化认同和文化自信感,创造多维立体的文化消费新场景,打造具备民族风格的国际化文化新产品。

舒肌汤抗帕金森病大鼠肌张力障碍的最佳配伍比例研究

[目的]探究舒肌汤治疗帕金森病(Parkinson’s disease,PD)大鼠肌张力障碍的最佳配伍比例。[方法]采用6-羟基多巴胺诱导制备大鼠PD肌张力障碍模型,以正交试验法设计实验,随机分为模型组(等体积0.9%氯化钠溶液)、舒肌汤1-16组[按L;16;(2;15;)正交试验表配伍比例给药],同时设假手术组(等体积0.9%氯化钠溶液)作为对照,给药1次/d,连续28 d。采用步进试验、悬挂试验和异常不自主运动量(abnormal involuntary movement,AIM)评分检测行为学表现;透射电镜观察膈肌神经接头超微结构变化;免疫组织化学检测脑组织酪氨酸羟化酶(tyrosine hydroxylase,TH)表达水平。[结果]正交试验结果显示,舒肌汤最佳配伍组方为舒肌汤4组即厚朴:青风藤:粉防己:毛叶轮环藤:山梗菜(1:1:2:2:1)。与假手术组比较,模型组大鼠调整步数显著下降,潜伏期和AIM评分显著升高(P<0.01);与模型组比较,舒肌汤组大鼠调整步数均显著升高、潜伏期和AIM评分均显著降低(P<0.01),其中舒肌汤4组作用效果最明显(P<0.01)。透射电镜观察显示,舒肌汤可减少突触前膜囊泡、线粒体数目和突触后膜褶皱,减轻神经元结构损伤。免疫组化显示,与模型组比较,舒肌汤组大鼠TH蛋白表达水平均显著升高(P<0.05),其中舒肌汤4组的TH蛋白表达水平最高(P<0.01)。[结论]舒肌汤治疗PD大鼠肌张力障碍的最佳配伍比例是厚朴:青风藤:粉防己:毛叶轮环藤:山梗菜=1:1:2:2:1。

基于Jeffries模拟教学框架的教学设计对学生行为表现的影响

目的:探讨基于Jeffries模拟教学框架的教学设计对护生在高仿真教学中行为表现的影响。方法:在“成人护理”课程中基于临床护理岗位工作过程,对2019级84名护生实施高仿真教学,采用由美国护理联盟开发的模拟教学设计量表、高仿真模拟教学学生行为表现自评量表评价实训效果及影响因素。结果:研究表明护生沟通能力和评判性思维较差,高仿真教学中学生行为表现与教学设计密切相关,尤其教学目标/信息和引导性反馈学生两个维度是教学效果的强预测因子。结论:教学设计影响学生在高仿真教学中的行为表现,教师应精心设计教学方案,达到最佳学习效果。

Household Drill Innovative Design under the Guidance of Ergonomics

The household drill is named 90 Degree, designed by Industrial Design Pilot Program Center(Hereinafter referred to as IDPPC) of Luxun Academy of Fine Arts(Hereinafter referred to as LAFA), which is the only national pilot program center in Chinese industrial design field. 90 Degree is designed for home environment, it helps inexperience users, such as women and the elderly, complete the operation easily, and it makes sure that safe operation and assistance users solve the precise punching, location, storage trash and other operations. According to research among users who can understand or manipulate a drill, the designers find problems of users from the user central perspective, and then they integrate product innovative design methods to propose solutions. When the designers intend to design 90 Degree, they attempt using the user behavior record and analysis system, and start ergonomics study in subjects by double hands operation analysis, using gesture analysis, details of work analysis, time and motion study, etc; meanwhile taking advantages of user experience analysis, behavior intention analysis to do user subjective perceptual evaluation. The functions, structure, shape, color, material, details of 90 Degree should be consistent with the standard of usability evaluation. There are two characteristics in 90 Degree, the first one is a transparent cover installed in front of the drill, which can collect the dust, rubbish when drilling and keep the work environment clean. So it is applicable for households. When the transparent cover of the drill is removed, it also can be used as a normal hand drill; the second one is the shape of 90 Degree makes it and the operating surface fitting together, thus enhancing the stability in operation, so it is best for inexperienced users. When 90 Degree contacts with the operating surface, it can emit the laser ray which helps the user to punch accurately, and make array punch more easily. After obtaining the data, charts, creating Shadow observation by the designers, they make a comprehensive evaluation on research results; verification advantages of 90 Degree meet the requirement of usability, reducing operating failure rate; and increasing safety factors. 90 Degree, in 2011, wined German Red Dot Design Award, which had become a representative excellent design example to resolve several drilling difficulties. The designers introduce ergonomics theory into design practice, and use scientific program and methods to evaluate the products which is useful to the development and promotion of products.

A System Status Definition to Improve Behavior Description in Specifications Based on Constructal Law

System behavior description using states faces problems like state explosion, lack of clear definition of state, state identification and coordination between multiple agents. The goals of this work are to ease design activity, to reduce engineering efforts, and to mitigate project risks. The proposed way is to improve information flow during design by adding definitions and some protocols or rules for communicating a specification or design description. This work presented an objective definition of system status (way of interaction with the rest of the world) along other concepts. This work focused in definitions as mind entities and their importance to rationalize work and mitigate project risks during design. This article presented some simple examples to illustrate the advantages of each aspect of proposed definition of system status and discussed limits and exceptions for such definition. The key finding was the proposed definition which was the simplest while keeping completeness at a given product breakdown level. Such definition of status enforced formal segregation of needs and solutions, and eased the inclusion of behavior definition in specifications.

Optimization design of wide face water slots for medium-thick slab casting mold

A three-dimensional finite-element model has been established to investigate the thermal behavior of the medium-thick slab copper casting mold with different cooling water slot designs. The mold wall temperatures measured using thermocouples buried in different positions of the mold with the original designed cooling system were analyzed to determine the corresponding heat flux profile. This profile was then used for simulation to predict the temperature distribution and the thermal stress distribution of the molds. The predicted temperatures during operation matched the plant measurements. The results showed that the maximum temperature, about 635 K in the wide hot surface, was found about 60 mm below the meniscus and 226 mm from the center of the mold. For the mold with the type I modified design, there was an insignificant decrease in temperature of about 5 K, and for the mold with the type II modified design, the maximum temperature was decreased by about 15 K and the temperature of the hot surface was distributed more uniformly along the length of the mold. The corresponding maximum thermal stress at the hot surface of the mold was reduced from 408 MPa to 386 MPa with the type II modified design. The results indicated that the modified design II is beneficial to the increase of mold life and the quality of casting slabs.