Endoscopic sinus surgery plays an essential role in systematic treatment of odontogenic maxillary sinusitis

Purpose:Odontogenic maxillary sinusitis(OMS)is frequently encountered in otorhinolaryngologists'clinical practice.Endoscopic sinus surgery(ESS)instead of surgeries in intraoral approach has been widely applied among OMS.However appropriate treatments due to the causes of the OMS as well as the outcome have been less investigated,meanwhile the inherent incidence of OMS may be still on the rise.This study was designed to conclude our systematic treatment within follow-up examination.Materials and methods:In this retrospective study patients confirmed diagnosis of OMS who had systematic follow-up examinations were analyzed.Medical histories of otorhinolaryngologists and dentists were reviewed as well as preoperative examination protocols.Result:Consecutive 29 Patients(10 women,19 men)were included.41.4%(12/29)patients experienced facial pain as the most frequent symptom.69.0%(20/29)patients admitted firstly to otorhinolaryngologists,13 patients were treated with surgical procedure while 7 patients lacking of surgical indication were transferred to dentists.31.0%(9/29)patients were advised by dentist for being suspected of maxillary sinusitis,including 7 patients suffered from sinonasal complications of dental treatment(SCDT).Conventional dental treatment(root planning,root end surgery,extraction)was the most common cause.Follow up for a mean of 15.1(ranges from 6 to 96)months showed 29 patients maintaining open maxillary ostium on endoscopic examination or improving on CT except recurrence in one patient with SCDT.Conclusion:Patients should be inspected by dentists carefully when the patient has symptoms rather than sinusitis-like symptoms,the possibility of OMS should always be considered.Dental examination can help to determine whether a maxillary sinusitis has a dental origin,periodontitis and odontogenic radicular cysts still are the most common causes comparing with iatrogenic factors.Patients treated with ESS showed better tolerance and fewer postsurgical complications.Not all patients with OMS including SDCT need definitely surgery whether ESS or intraoral approach,removing dental focus followed with antibiotics would be optimistic choice.

Computed tomography scans of paranasal sinuses before functional endoscopic sinus surgery

This review aims to familiarize the radiologist with the common types of sinus surgery including their indications and techniques.We also illustrate how surgeons interpret 3D sinus anatomy when evaluating computed tomography(CT)studies.Preoperative evaluation by CT is mandatory for all patients undergoing functional endoscopic sinus surgery(FESS).In the past decade in particular,CT of the paranasal sinuses has become a roadmap for FESS.The radiologist's goal is to report on five key points:the extent of sinus opacification,opacification of sinus drainage pathways,anatomical variants,critical variants,and condition of surrounding soft tissues of the neck,brain and orbits.We present a systematic approach to the use of coronal,axial,and sagittal images in CT evaluation before FESS.

Socioeconomic Status Impacts the Prognosis of Chronic Rhinosinusitis Treated by Endoscopic Sinus Surgery:An Observational Cohort Study in Northeast China

Objective To explore the association between socioeconomic status(SES)and postoperative outcomes in patients with chronic sinusitis(CRS)after functional endoscopic sinus surgery(ESS).Methods We conducted an observational cohort study of 1,047 patients with CRS undergoing ESS.Discharged patients were followed up to 72 weeks for all-cause recurrence events.Baseline SES was established based on occupation,education level,and family income of the patients 1 year before the operation.Kaplan–Meier method was used to calculate the recovery rate after ESS,and Cox proportional hazards regression analysis was used to evaluate the relationship between SES and prognosis.Results Patients of middle SES had lower unadjusted all-cause recurrence than those of low or high SES;24-week overall recovery rate was 90.4%[95%confidence interval(CI):89.6%–91.2%]in patients of middle SES,13.5%(95%CI:12.8%–14.2%)in patients of low SES,and 31.7%(95%CI:30.7%–32.7%)in patients of high SES(both log-rank P<0.001).After adjustment for covariates,hazard ratios(HRs)were7.69(95%CI:6.17–9.71,Ptrend<0.001)for all-cause recurrence for low SES versus middle SES,and 6.19(95%CI:4.78–7.93,Ptrend<0.001)for middle SES versus high SES.Conclusion Low SES and high SES were more associated with the worse prognosis of CRS patients after ESS than middle SES.

Evaluating the Efficacy of Remifentanil-Propofol versus Isoflurane in Reducing Blood Loss with Considering Depth of Anesthesia during Endoscopic Sinus Surgery

Several methods have been suggested to decrease bleeding during surgery, one of which is the usage of hypotensive anesthetic agents. Endoscopic Sinus Surgery (ESS) is one of the surgeries which need a clear field and the amount of bleeding profoundly impacts the ability of surgeons. Current study was designed to evaluate the effect of remifentanil combined with propofol versus Isoflurane on blood loss during ESS and its possible interaction with Depth of Anesthesia. Fifty one patients comprising 15 females and 36 males undergoing ESS were chosen for this study. One group received propofol and remifentanil to induce and maintain anesthesia and the second group received Isoflurane. Mean Arterial Blood Pressure (MAP), Depth of Anesthesia and total blood loss were recorded for the patients of both group. Data were analyzed using t-test, Repeated Measures ANOVA and Pearson’s correlation. P 0.05 was considered statistically significant. Both agents induced hypotension during surgery. No significant difference was observed in total blood loss between two groups. DA was decreased in both groups, but no significant correlation was found between DA and MAP or DA and blood loss. There is no significant difference between remifentanil combined with propofol and Isoflurane in decreasing blood loss during ESS, thus we suggest usage of hypotensive anesthetic agent regardless of its type is ESS.

Lamb's head: The model for novice education in endoscopic sinus surgery

Structured training in endonasal endoscopic sinus surgery(EESS) and skull base surgery is essential considering serious potential complications. We have developed a detailed concept on training these surgical skills on the lamb's head. This simple and extremely cheap model offers the possibility of training even more demanding and advanced procedures in human endonasal endoscopic surgery such as: frontal sinus surgery, orbital decompression, cerebrospinal fluid-leak repair followed also by the naso-septal flap, etc. Unfortunately, the sphenoid sinus surgery cannot be practiced since quadrupeds do not have this sinus. Still, despite this anatomical limitation, it seems that the lamb's head can be very useful even for the surgeons already practicing EESS, but in a limited edition because of a lack of the experience and dexterity. Only after gaining the essential surgical skills of this demanding field it makes sense to go for the expensive trainings on the human cadaveric model.

Cervico-Facial Soft Tissue Emphysema with Pneumo-Mediastinum Following Endoscopic Sinus Surgery: A Dilemma of Related or Unrelated Complication

We present a rare and unusual complication of cervico-facial soft tissue emphysema with pneumo-mediastinum which occurred in a 30-year-old female Jordanian patient in our hospital in October 2010 in Abu Dhabi following FESS. CT scan evaluation of aero-digestive tract in the immediate post-operative period was done to ascertain the cause pertaining to any surgical trauma or anaesthesia related complications. Such a case previously unreported has been included in this study. A simple close monitoring after establishing the cause is usually sufficient in management of such related or unrelated complications during FESS which in our case was likely to be anaesthesia related. Published data of such a complication assists in building up a good and effective medical audit based on ethical practice. This paper stresses the importance of immediate CT scan of aero-digestive tract in evaluating the cause.

Antibiotic Treatment for Chronic Rhinosinusitis after Endoscopic Surgery: How Long Should Macrolide Antibiotics Be Given?

Background: The purpose of this study was to determine an appropriate period for macrolide antibiotic therapy, and to investigate whether this period could be shorter, for patients with chronicrhino sinusitis (CRS) after functional endoscopic sinus surgery (FESS). Methods: A retrospective analysis of 41 patients undergoing FESS for CRS was performed. All patients underwent pre-operative computed tomography (CT). Patients with fungal sinusitis, allergic fungal sinusitis, and eosinophilic sinusitis were excluded. After FESS, normalized sinus mucosa was confirmed by CT and endoscopy in all patients. Postoperative antibiotic therapy consisted of first-line and second-line regimens. Garenoxacin (GRNX), or clarithromycin (CAM, 400 mg/day) was used as the first-line regimens and low-dose macrolide therapy (CAM, 200 mg/day) was used as the second-line regimen and was prescribed at outpatient visits based on our clinical criteria. Results: Second-line antibiotic therapy (low-dose CAM) was not necessary in 12 of 41 (29%) patients, while it was prescribed in 29 of 41 (71%). The mean duration of low-dose CAM therapy after FESS was 36 days (range 7 to 122 days;median, 25 days). Patients who received second-line therapy (n = 29) were divided into two groups based on the choice of first-line therapy, a GRNX group (n = 13) and a non-GRNX group (n = 16). Those in the non-GRNX had longer periods of postoperative CAM therapy than those in the GRNX group. Conclusion: GRNX was associated with a shorter duration of low-dose macrolide therapy after FESS, and 29% of patients did not need any low-dose macrolide therapy postoperatively. Therefore, macrolide antibiotics should not be routinely prescribed after FESS.

Orbital Injury in Endoscopic Sinus Surgery for Sinonasal Inflammatory Disorders: Juntendo’s Ten-Year Experience

Orbital injury and complications are commonly encountered in endoscopic sinus surgery (ESS) despite advances in techniques and instrumentation. For the recent 10 years, we summarized the experience of the rhinology unit of our department regarding orbital injury and complications of ESS for sinonasal inflammatory disorders. One thousand seventy-three patients (1869 sides) from January 1, 2003 to December 31, 2012 undergoing ESS for sinonasal inflammatory diseases were enrolled in the present study. The age of the patients ranged from 8 to 81 years, mean age 49 years. Orbital injury and complications were observed in 13 patients (13 sides), which corresponded to 0.7% of the operated sides and 1.2% of the patients. Eight patients showed herniation of orbital fat alone through the injury of the lamina papyracea. The protruding orbital fat was snipped and cut using forceps in 2 patients. Removal of exposed orbital fat using powered instruments was performed in 3 patients, two of whom transiently showed periorbital edema postoperatively. No permanent complications were observed. Meticulous preoperative and perioperative planning is critical to prevent orbital complications. Especially, exposure of the periorbit and herniation of orbital fat after lamina injury with powered instrumentation dramatically increases the potential for more severe complications.

Effects of Desloratadine Citrate Disodium combined with Budesonide suspension on serum IgE, EOS and inflammatory factors in patients with CRS after endoscopic sinus surgery

Objective: To observe the clinical application of Desloratadine Citrate Disodium combined with Budesonide suspension in patients with chronic rhinosinusitis CRS after endoscopic sinus surgery, and analyze the change of serum immunoglobulin E (IgE), eosinophils (EOS) and inflammatory factors level in patients. Method: A total of 90 cases of patients with CRS were randomly divided into control group (n=45) and observation group (n=45) according to the lottery method. Both groups were treated with endoscopic sinus surgery. On the basis of this, control group was given Budesonide suspension and observation group was treated with Desloratadine Citrate Disodium combined with Budesonide suspension. The change of serum IgE, EOS and inflammatory factors were measured before and after operation in all subjects. Results: There was no significant difference in IgE and EOS levels between control group and observation group before treatment. After treatment, the levels of serum IgE and EOS in the two groups were significantly lower than those before treatment. Moreover, after treatment, observation group was lower than control group, and the difference was significant. There was no significant difference in inflammatory factors level between control group and observation group before treatment. After treatment, the levels of serum IL-6, IL-8, TNF-α and hs-CRP were significantly lower than those before treatment. After treatment, observation group was lower than the control group in the same period, the difference was significant. Conclusion:Combined Desloratadine Citrate Disodium treatment for CRS patients on the basis of endoscopic sinus surgery and Budesonide Nasal Spray treatment, it can more effectively reduce serum IgE and EOS levels, decrease the inflammatory response. Therefore it was a potential effective treatment for patients with CRS.

Compressive Optic Neuropathy Caused by Cholesterol Granuloma in the PosteriorEthmoid Sinus

Purpose:.Cholesterol granuloma is usually associated with chronic middle ear disease..Involvement of the ethmoid sinus by cholesterol granuloma is rare..We describe a case with cholesterol granuloma of the posterior ethmoid sinus causing optic nerve compression..No previous reports were found in our review of the literature.Case report:.A 48-year-old man had impaired visual acuity and a relative afferent pupillary defect in the right eye. Fundus fluorescein angiography showed a swollen optic nerve head and optic disc leakage. Automated perimetry revealed a severe peripheral visual field defect with tunnel vision. Computerized tomography demonstrated an expansile,.isodense mass in the right posterior ethmoid sinus, remodeling of the bony walls of the right sphenoid sinus, and lateral displacement of the optic nerve in the right orbit..Compressive optic neuropathy caused by posterior ethmoid sinus lesion was diagnosed..A transnasal endoscopic exploration of the right ethmoid sinuses demonstrated a soft expansile cystic lesion with a thick yellow cap sule that filled the inside of the posterior ethmoid sinus.Brownish fluid with shiny crystals was drained by fine needle aspiration. The capsule was removed completely, and the mucociliary clearance of the sinus was reestablished..The pathologic pictures confirmed the diagnosis of cholesterol granuloma, which included typical cholesterol clefts surrounded by inflammatory cells with focal multi-nucleated giant cells. Visual function fully recovered without recurrent lesions after a three-year follow-up.Conclusion:.Compressive optic neuropathy can be rarely caused by cholesterol granuloma in the posterior ethmoid sinus. The visual prognosis may be good after transnasal endoscopic decompression in such patients.

Endoscopic Surgical Procedures for Fungal Maxillary Sinusitis: How to Do It, a Review

Fungal rhinosinusitis (FRS) is categorized as being either invasive or non-invasive based on the histopathological evidence of tissue invasion by fungi. Endoscopic sinus surgery (ESS) has become the gold standard treatment for non-invasive FRS including sinus fungal ball. It is considered to be an effective and safe procedure. It is important to keep a sufficient field of view in order to remove the fungal debris completely. ESS should also prevent damage to the nasal cavity structures including the inferior turbinate. This report mainly describes the endoscopic surgical procedures for fungal ball of the maxillary sinus (sinus mycelia) based on our methods and review of the literature, including written articles in Japanese. ESS procedures include the middle meatus approach for the maxillary sinus, the combined approach (both middle and inferior meatal antrostomy) for the maxillary sinus, and endoscopic modified medial maxillectomy (EMMM).

The Endonasal Endoscopic Management of Paranasal Sinuses Mucoceles

Introduction: Paranasal sinuses mucoceles are benign, epithelial lined, mucus filled lesions, causing destruction of the adjacent sinus walls, and with further gradual extension to adjacent structures, serious morbidities and mortalities may occur. Objective: To emphasize on the efficacy of endonasal endoscopic marsupialization in the treatment of paranasal sinus mucoceles. Method: Retrospective descriptive study on paranasal sinus mucocele cases operated on endoscopically by the author (AAM), in the 10-year-period from to 2009-2019. Result: Total of 23 cases were included, 16 were males and 7 females, age ranging between 14 - 76 years, with a mean age of 45 years Location of mucoceles varied between: Frontal 7 cases (30%), Fronto-ethmoidal 6 cases (26%), Isolated Ethmoidal accounted for 3 cases (13%), sphenoidal 4 cases (17%), maxillary were 3 cases (13%) all of the 23 cases underwent endonasal endoscopic complete marsupialization, none of them required combination with external approach in-spite of different locations and complications, with no recurrence in a mean follow up period of 2.4 years. Conclusion: Endonasal endoscopic approach is a safe, efficient approach in the treatment of most paranasal sinus mucocele case in their different presentations and locations.

瑞芬太尼-异丙酚全凭静脉麻醉对FESS手术应激反应及麻醉复苏的影响

【目的】评价异丙酚复合瑞芬太尼全凭静脉麻醉对鼻内镜(FESS)手术应激反应及麻醉复苏的影响。【方法】ASAⅠ～Ⅱ级择期行FESS手术病人60例,年龄23～57岁,随机分为静吸复合麻醉组(A组)和异丙酚瑞芬太尼麻醉组(B组),每组30例。检测术中不同时点血浆皮质醇(Cor)、去甲肾上腺素(NE)、肾上腺素(E)、促肾上腺皮质激素(ACTH)浓度并观察平均动脉压(MAP)和心率(HR)的变化,记录术毕停药后拔管时间,拔管后即刻和离开术后恢复室(PACU)的意识状态(OAAS)评分以及离开PACU时间;观察恶心呕吐等不良反应并记录术中知晓的发生率。【结果】两组手术开始后各时点Cor、NE、E、ACTH浓度与术前相比均显著增高(P<0.05),A组各指标显著高于同时点B组(P<0.05);MAP和HR的变化无统计学差异(P>0.05)。B组术后拔管时间明显快于A组(P<0.05);B组在拔管后即刻及离开PACU时OAAS评分高于A组(P<0.05);B组离开PACU时间早于A组(P<0.05);两组术后恶心、呕吐发生率无统计学差异(P>0.05)。所有病人术后随访均未出现术中知晓。【结论】FESS手术使用异丙酚复合瑞芬太尼全凭静脉麻醉可有效抑制应激反应,病人苏醒质量明显改善。

改良鼻腔支撑系统在FESS术后鼻腔填塞中的应用研究

目的探讨改良鼻腔支撑系统应用于功能性鼻内镜鼻窦手术(FESS)术后的临床效果。方法选取2017年8月-2018年8月于徐州市中心医院实施FESS治疗的106例患者为研究对象,选取实施FESS治疗的106例患者为研究对象,按照随机数表法分为观察组与对照组,各53例。观察组采用改良鼻腔支撑系统进行鼻腔填塞,对照组则应用高分子膨胀海绵进行鼻腔填塞。比较拔管前5 min(T0)、拔管后15 min(T1)、离开复苏室前即刻(T2)、术后6 h(T3)及抽取填塞物(T4)时,2组患者血氧饱和度(SpO2)、平均动脉压(MAP)、心率(HR)的变化,分析T3、T4时2组头痛、鼻痛、鼻塞、流泪、口干症状严重程度差异,对比T4时2组鼻黏膜水肿程度及出院前再填塞例数区别。结果T1~T4时,观察组SpO2、MAP、HR水平均较T0时无明显变化(P>0.05),对照组T1、T3时SpO2水平与T0时比较差异有统计学意义(P<0.05);观察组T1、T3时SpO2水平明显高于对照组(P<0.05),其余组间同一时间SpO2、MAP、HR水平比较差异均无统计学意义(P>0.05)。T3、T4时,观察组头痛、鼻痛、鼻塞、流泪、口干症状VAS评分均明显低于同一时间对照组(P<0.05)。T4时,观察组LK评分明显低于对照组(P<0.05)。出院前,观察组再填塞率明显低于对照组(P<0.05)。结论改良鼻腔支撑系统可有效改善FESS术后患者鼻腔填塞过程中的通气功能并减少不适感,促进鼻黏膜恢复并降低再填塞率,有较高临床应用价值。

康复新液在FESS术后冲洗的临床研究

目的观察康复新液对慢性鼻窦炎伴鼻息肉患者功能性内窥镜鼻窦手术(functional endoscopic sinus surgery,FESS)术后术腔冲洗的临床症状、体征、粘膜上皮化时间等的影响,探索促进本病患者术后康复更加有效的治疗手段。方法收集2013年1月~2016年12月我院60例(120侧)慢性鼻窦炎伴鼻息肉术后患者,随机分为两组,将康复新液与0.9%生理盐水1∶10混合液500ml作为治疗组冲洗液,对照组则以0.9%生理盐水500ml冲洗,每组各30例(60侧)。自术后第3天患者自行冲洗术腔并定期来门诊行鼻腔清洗,随访3个月。分别于术后1月、2月及3月进行鼻内窥镜下复查,记录观察患者的症状及窦腔粘膜情况。结果 (1)术后1月两组患者内镜下评分及主观症状评分均无显著性差异(P>0.05);(2)术后2月及3月两组患者术后鼻内镜下评分及主观症状评分均有显著性差异(P<0.05)。结论 FESS术后应用康复新液组冲洗术腔疗效显著,可以缩短粘膜修复时间。

中医序贯疗法联合FESS治疗慢性鼻窦炎的临床研究

目的观察中医序贯疗法联合功能性内镜鼻窦手术(FESS)治疗慢性鼻窦炎的临床疗效。方法将符合纳入条件的80例慢性鼻窦炎Ⅱ型患者,常规行FESS,术后按1:1随机分为对照组及治疗组,比较两组治疗前、治疗后3月、治疗后6月症状体征积分、鼻黏膜纤毛传输速率指标的差异。结果两组患者症状体征积分、鼻黏膜纤毛传输速率(MTR)治疗后3月、治疗后6月与治疗前比较差异均有显著性(P<0.05)、治疗后6月与治疗后3月比较差异有显著性(P<0.05),两组间治疗后3月、治疗后6月比较差异有显著性(P<0.05);治疗组与对照组疗效相比,差异均有显著性(P<0.05),治疗组疗效优于对照组。结论中医序贯治疗能促进鼻窦炎术后黏膜上皮化、有效预防术后复发。

尖吻蝮蛇血凝酶在慢性鼻窦炎FESS手术中的止血效果和安全性分析

目的分析尖吻蝮蛇血凝酶(haemocoagulase agkistrodon,HCA,商品名苏灵)在双侧慢性鼻-鼻窦炎伴鼻息肉(chronicrhinosi nusitis with nasalpolyps,CRSWNP)患者FESS手术中的止血效果和安全性。方法采取双盲和随机对照的方法,将50例手术患者随机分为试验组A组(25例),术前半小时静注尖吻蝮蛇血凝酶2 U;对照组B组(25例),术前半小时静注生理盐水作为安慰剂模拟尖吻蝮蛇血凝酶。记录术中出血量、单位时间出血量,并于事前及术后第1天观察对比凝血功能、血常规和肝肾功能等安全性指标。结果实验组出血量及单位时间出血量均明显少于对照组(P<0.05);在凝血功能及肝肾功能等方面,两组结果差异无统计学意义(P>0.05);实验组、对照组血常规的变化均存在差异,但应用HCA的差异并不以血常规形式体现。结论尖吻蝮蛇凝血酶对慢性鼻窦炎手术切口有较好的止血效果和安全性。

FESS术后应用鼻腔冲洗器冲洗鼻腔的护理

功能性鼻窦内窥镜手术（FESS）在我国广泛开展以来，目前该治疗方法已日趋广泛或走向成熟，且疗效显著。