Assessment of soil erosion in the Irga watershed on the eastern edge of the Chota Nagpur Plateau,India

Human activities to improve the quality of life have accelerated the natural rate of soil erosion.In turn,these natural disasters have taken a great impact on humans.Human activities,particularly the conversion of vegetated land into agricultural land and built-up area,stand out as primary contributors to soil erosion.The present study investigated the risk of soil erosion in the Irga watershed located on the eastern fringe of the Chota Nagpur Plateau in Jharkhand,India,which is dominated by sandy loam and sandy clay loam soil with low soil organic carbon(SOC)content.The study used the Revised Universal Soil Loss Equation(RUSLE)and Geographical Information System(GIS)technique to determine the rate of soil erosion.The five parameters(rainfall-runoff erosivity(R)factor,soil erodibility(K)factor,slope length and steepness(LS)factor,cover-management(C)factor,and support practice(P)factor)of the RUSLE were applied to present a more accurate distribution characteristic of soil erosion in the Irga watershed.The result shows that the R factor is positively correlated with rainfall and follows the same distribution pattern as the rainfall.The K factor values in the northern part of the study area are relatively low,while they are relatively high in the southern part.The mean value of the LS factor is 2.74,which is low due to the flat terrain of the Irga watershed.There is a negative linear correlation between Normalized Difference Vegetation Index(NDVI)and the C factor,and the high values of the C factor are observed in places with low NDVI.The mean value of the P factor is 0.210,with a range from 0.000 to 1.000.After calculating all parameters,we obtained the average soil erosion rate of 1.43 t/(hm^(2)•a),with the highest rate reaching as high as 32.71 t/(hm^(2)•a).Therefore,the study area faces a low risk of soil erosion.However,preventative measures are essential to avoid future damage to productive and constructive activities caused by soil erosion.This study also identifies the spatial distribution of soil erosion rate,which will help policy-makers to implement targeted soil erosion control measures.

Quantitative Analysis of Factors Influencing Soil Erosion and Construction of Conceptual Model

[Objective] The aim was to research soil erosion in boundary areas of Dongchuan City and Huize County in Yunnan Province through quantitative analysis on factors influencing soil erosion and establishment of conceptual model, providing method for land use and treatment of soil erosion. [Method] Based on Universal Soil Loss Equation （USLE）, quantitative indices determined and the conceptual model of of six factors influencing soil erosion were soil erosion was established. In addition. pixel-loss map was obtained through multiplication and soil erosive areas and the treatment schemes were proposed through statistical work of pixel-loss map and soil erosion map. [Result] In the research, annual loss modulus averaged 5 962 t/hm2, indicating the area was heavily eroded; from soil erosion map, it can be concluded that the heavily erosive area was near rivers, where wasteland and bare land dominated with slope of 30°-40° and without protective measures. [Conclusion] The research indicated that land use in the area is unreasonable erosive region should be paid more attention. In addition, the to be changed into terrace cultivation. and 51.6% of heavily wasteland is suggested to be changed into terrace cultivation.

Analysis on Status and Development Trend of Wind Erosion in Black Earth Region of Northeast China

In this paper,areas and main factors of wind erosion in black earth region of Northeast China were systematically analyzed,as well as the development trend of wind erosion in black earth region of Northeast China.In addition,development trend of wind erosion in black earth region of Northeast China was analyzed from the aspects of the geographic position,climatic change law in recent 40 years and effects of northeast sand land desertification on wind erosion in black earth region,which had provided references for the research and prevention of wind erosion in soil of black earth region of Northeast China.

RESEARCH ON EROSION OF SILICON CARBIDE CERAMIC BLADE

In this paper, three linds of silicon carbide ceramic materials are chosen to perform the tests of material erosive wear. The relationship of ambient parameters, abrasive property and target property is studied in these experiments. Some main factors affecting erosive wear rate are determined by analysis of testing results, step wise regression analysis is completed according to the nondimensional quantities obtained by dimensional analysis. Relative hardness (partide to target Hp/Ht and erosion factor (Hpd1/2/Kic) are put for-ward to evaluate erosion property.

Erosion and Sediment Production in Small Watershed in Purple Hilly Areas and Prevention Techniques

Purple Soil distributes extensively and mainly in China. Because of abundant easily weatherable parent rocks/ materials and unstable soil structure, and also influenced by parent materials, usage systems, and slope gradients, erosion and sediment production of purple soils are very severe with main fashions of water erosion and gravitational erosion. Basing on observed data in small watersheds, rainfall erosivity, vegetation coverage, previous soil water content, flow and relating factors such as climate, topograph of small watershed, land usage, and soil kinds are all the influence factors of erosion and erodibility of purple soil as well as sediment production and transport in small watershed of purple hilly areas. The effective technological countermeasures of ecosystem restoration, agricultural tillage for water conservation and erosion prevention, agriculture project, and soil changing for fertility and anti-erosion were provided.

Spatio-temporal Variation of Wind Erosion in Inner Mongolia of China Between 2001 and 2010

Using Geographic Information System(GIS), based on wind speed, precipitation, topographic, soil, vegetation coverage and land use data of Inner Mongolia between 2001 and 2010, we applied the revised wind erosion equation(RWEQ) model to simulate wind erosion intensity. The results showed that an area of approximately 47.8 × 10~4 km^2 experienced wind erosion in 2010, 23.2% of this erosion could be rated as severe, and 46.0% as moderate. Both the area and the intensity of wind erosion had decreased from 2001 to 2010, the wind erosion area reduced 10.1%, and wind erosion intensity decreased by 29.4%. Precipitation, wind speed, population size and urbanization in rural areas, and gross domestic product of primary industry(GDP1) were the main factors influencing wind erosion. Overall, these factors accounted for 88.8% of the wind erosion. These results indicated that the decrease in wind erosion over the past decade related to the increase in precipitation and the decrease in the number of windy days, while modest urban development and optimization of the economic structure might partially reduced the level of ecological pressure, highlighting the importance of human activities in controlling wind erosion.

莱州湾南岸海岸侵蚀过程与原因研究

采用历史资料对比分析的方法，对莱州湾南岸1958-2004年的海岸侵蚀进行了研究。结果表明，1958-1984年，莱州湾南岸岸线平均侵蚀后退速率为27m／a，0m等深线后退速率为27～65m／a，岸滩平均蚀低速率为2．1cm／a。1984-2004年，莱州湾南岸岸线位置基本无变化，岸滩平均蚀低速率为1.04cm／a，水深5m以浅的区域表层沉积物变粗。海面相对上升、入海泥沙量减少和风暴潮是研究区海岸侵蚀主要原因，三者对海岸侵蚀影响权重比为3：5：2。

决定区域成矿特点的因素浅析

决定大区域成矿类型的究竟是什么，是否是岩浆岩的时代和成分、含矿岩基侵蚀断面的深度、沉积岩的成分和分散在其中的金属受到岩浆的同化作用？根据近年来最新研究资料，对这些问题作了否定回答，并提出了决定区域成矿特性的一系列因素。

海水进退、滩坪出没、云化岩溶等与碳酸盐岩储层关系研究——以上扬子地台龙王庙组为例

大量的油气勘探开发实践证实碳酸盐岩储层类型主要有礁滩储层、白云岩储层、岩溶储层及裂缝性(灰岩)储层。因此,在进一步的油气勘探生产中,能否成功预测这些储层的分布及评价就成为了关键任务。应用碳酸盐岩台地滩坪组合快速分析法对四川盆地及其周缘6条野外基干剖面进行实测、2口钻井基干剖面进行描述以及81个露头和钻井等资料点的重新解释以及岩石薄片、阴极发光等室内分析。在此基础上,编制了大量的单因素图、综合沉积模式图、储层分布预测图等,并经过综合研究,总结出了"滩、云滩、云溶滩"(加裂缝),储层物性渐次变好的规律。并认为:1)扬子台地龙王庙组,在特殊气候异常蒸发风暴发育时期,海水进退、滩坪出没、云化岩溶等因素共同控制了滩体储层的发育、云化、岩溶等储层优化作用。2)因初始孔隙系统的重要性及其对后期演化提供有利条件,所以同生、准同生及准同生后早期的白云化作用及岩溶作用对储层形成意义重大;表生岩溶作用(及裂缝),既可大大改善储层物性,也可形成新的储集空间。3)扬子台地龙王庙期滩相发育的特殊时期和环境条件——台平、坡陡、盆深的古地理沉积格局,适用"碳酸盐岩台地滩坪组合快速沉积相分析法"。即"以滩为原点"取相对古水深10 m(最佳区间在5～15 m之间),通过岩性、沉积构造(如滩条组合或滩坪组合)等沉积特征快速识别浅水环境和相对深水环境,快速识别沉积相;并对其定量赋值取20 m和0 m,恢复古水深。通过该方法可以快速绘制相对海平面升降变化曲线,识别层序、划分体系域,最终在研究区识别出了"台地之上滩连滩"以及"滩坪组合"的新型沉积模式,为储层的成因和分布研究奠定了可靠的地质学基础。

A new procedure to estimate the rainfall erosivity factor based on Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission(TRMM) data

Soil erosion by water is the most important land degradation problem worldwide. In this paper a new procedure was developed to estimate the rainfall-runoff erosivity factor （R） based on Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission （TRMM） satellite-estimated precipitation data, which consists of 3-h rainfall intensity data. In this method, R was calculated as the product of the maximum 180-min rainfall intensity and the rainfall energy. This procedure was applied to the Daling River basin in Liaoning Province, China, R in terms of yearly, monthly and event-based rainfall in 2005 was computed separately using TRMM 3B42 data. The TRMM data showed a significant correlation with the interpolated rain-gauge data. Furthermore, because the TRMM data are based on rainfall intensity, they can represent the impact on erosion more accurately. It reflects both the spatial distribution and the intensity of rainfall. The procedure is a new approach to estimate the rainfall erosivity for soil water erosion modeling, especially in areas lacking rain-gange stations.

Cogitation on developing a dynamic model of soil wind erosion

Studies on soil wind erosion began with single factors affecting soil wind erosion; with increasing quantities of data being accumulated,the wind erosion equation(WEQ),the revised wind erosion equation(RWEQ),the wind erosion prediction system(WEPS),and other soil wind erosion models have been successively established,and great advances have been achieved.Here we briefly review the soil wind erosion research course and analyze the advantages and disadvantages of the current soil wind erosion models.From the perspective of the dynamics of wind erosion,we classified the factors affecting soil wind erosion into three categories,namely,wind erosivity factors(WEF),soil antierodibility factors(SAF),and roughness interference factors(RIF).We proposed the concept of a standard plot of soil wind erosion to solve the problem of uncertainty of the soil wind erosion modulus on a spatial scale,and provided methods to set similarity conditions in wind tunnel simulation experiments and to convert the spatial scale of the wind erosion modulus from the standard plot to a large scale field.We also proposed a conceptual model on the basis of the dynamics of soil wind erosion with the theoretical basis that wind produces a shear force on the soil surface.This shear force is partitioned by barely erodible soil surfaces and roughness elements on the ground,and the amount of soil loss by wind should be calculated by comparing the shear force of the wind on barely erodible soil surfaces with the anti-erosion force of the surface soil.One advantage of this conceptual model is that the calculated soil wind erosion modulus is not subject to changes of spatial scale.Finally,we recommended continual improvement of the existing models while also establishing new models.